全球环境变化对土壤N2O排放影响的研究进展

全球环境变化一直是人们广泛关注的热点问题,由人类活动和化石燃料燃烧引起的温度持续升高、温室气体排放增加、极端天气频繁发生等现象对土壤理化性质及微生物活动产生深刻影响。N₂O作为一种具有强增温潜势的温室气体,对生态环境造成极大威胁。因此,全面深入地探究全球变化下不同环境因子对土壤N₂O排放的影响有重要意义。论文综述了模拟全球变暖、CO₂浓度倍增、降水格局改变以及氮沉降对土壤N₂O排放的影响及微生物作用机制,阐述不同变化因子对N₂O排放的交互效应。温度升高、CO₂浓度增加和氮沉降均能促进N₂O排放,但不同变化因子交互作用对N₂O排放的影响存在差异。未来应加强对多个变化因子交互作用的研究,不仅有助于进一步了解N₂O产生的影响因素,而且能为将来土壤生态系统对全球环境变化的响应研究和预测模型的建立提供理论基础。     

藏北高寒草甸温室气体排放对长期增温的响应

为深入认识高寒草甸温室气体通量对长期气候变暖的响应,利用开顶式生长室（OTC,Open Top Chamber）模拟增温2a（2Y,2015-2016年）和6a（6Y,2011-2016年）对藏北高寒草甸生长季CO₂、CH₄和N₂O通量的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,生长季（6-8月）增温6Y处理和增温2Y处理分别增加和降低高寒草甸土壤CO₂排放通量,其中7月增温6Y处理CO₂排放通量显著高于增温2Y处理;增温6Y和2Y处理增加了高寒草甸CH₄吸收通量,但是处理间差异均不显著;高寒草甸N₂O排放通量表现为增温6Y＞2Y＞CK,处理间无显著差异。环境因子与温室气体排放通量的相关分析表明,CO₂、CH₄和N₂O排放通量与0～5cm土壤温度相关不显著;土壤湿度、植物地上生物量、微生物生物量碳和蔗糖酶是影响高寒草甸CO₂排放通量的关键因子;NO₃--N是影响CH₄吸收通量的关键因素;脲酶和NO₃--N是影响N₂O排放通量的主要因子。因此,增温6Y处理通过增加植物地上部生物量、蔗糖酶活性,从而提高了土壤CO₂排放通量,增温6Y和2Y处理通过增加土壤脲酶和NO₃--N含量,从而促进了土壤N₂O排放和CH₄的吸收通量。     

基施控释氮肥提高华北露地大白菜产量并减少土壤NH3和N2O排放

  【目的】  控制土壤氮素气态损失是提升菜地氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要措施。在滴灌条件下,研究控释氮肥一次性基施和减少氮肥投入对华北地区大白菜土壤NH₃和N₂O排放及其经济效益的影响,为华北地区大白菜生产提供最优氮肥管理方案。  【方法】  在河北赵县设置田间小区试验,4个处理分别为:不施氮(CK);常规施氮(施用尿素,总施氮量为N 400 kg/hm2,基施氮∶追肥氮=4∶6,U);优化施氮(在常规施氮的基础上减氮10%,总施氮量为N 360 kg/hm2,基施氮∶追肥氮=4∶6,90U);控释氮肥一次性基施(减氮10%,总施氮量为N 360 kg/hm2,90CRU) 。采用通气法和密闭式静态箱–气相色谱法,分析了不同处理下土壤NH₃和N₂O排放动态变化及大白菜产量和氮素吸收的差异。  【结果】  U、90U处理基肥期土壤NH₃排放峰出现在基施后3～6天,追肥后峰值出现在施肥后3～5天,而90CRU处理峰值延迟到基施后9～11天出现,且其峰值显著降低。与U处理相比,整个生育期90U处理土壤NH₃排放通量和总量分别降低了11.0%和10.4%,而90CRU处理其排放通量和总量分别显著降低了46.9%和27.6% (P< 0.05)。U、90U处理基肥期土壤N₂O 排放峰值出现在基施后7～9天,追肥后峰值出现在4～6天,而90CRU处理峰值出现在基施后14～17天,其峰值显著降低。施氮处理基肥期NH₃和N₂O排放峰值均高于追肥后。与U处理相比,90U处理土壤N₂O 排放通量和总量分别降低了11.1%和8.8%,90CRU处理其排放通量和总量分别显著降低了50.5%和23.2% (P<0.05)。与U处理相比,90CRU处理大白菜氮素利用率提高了5.7个百分点,产量和净经济效益分别增加了7.8%和8.0%,但差异不显著。相关分析表明,土壤温度和湿度与NH₃和N₂O排放通量成线性正相关关系,由于基肥期土壤温度和湿度高于追肥期,因此基肥期NH₃和N₂O排放通量高于追肥期。土壤脲酶活性与NH₃排放通量间呈线性正相关关系,90CRU处理通过降低其活性而显著降低了NH₃排放通量;土壤NO₃–-N含量和功能基因AOB-amoA和nirK数量与N₂O排放通量呈线性正相关关系,90CRU处理通过降低上述指标而显著降低了N₂O排放通量。  【结论】  控释氮肥一次性基施在减少氮肥和劳动力投入、提高大白菜产量、经济效益与降低土壤NH₃和N₂O排放通量方面起到积极作用,为华北地区秋季大白菜种植提供了有效的氮肥管理方式。     

控释氮肥与水溶肥配施减少设施土壤N2O排放的机理

【目的】控制N₂O排放是提高氮肥利用和环境效益的一个重要任务。在滴灌条件下,研究以控释氮肥替代尿素基施减少设施土壤N₂O排放的机制,并探讨减少氮肥投入的可能性。【方法】在大棚内布设小区试验,供试番茄品种为‘盛世辉煌’,氮肥40%基施,60%分3次随水滴灌追施。试验以不施氮肥为对照 (CK),设:常规化肥用量 (基施尿素,总N量440 kg/hm2,U);常规化肥用量减氮20% (基施尿素,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%U);控释氮肥常规用量 (基施控释氮肥,总N量440 kg/hm2,CRU);控释氮肥常规用量减氮20% (基施控释氮肥,总N量376 kg/hm2,–20%CRU) 4个处理。施底肥后15天内每天取气体样1次;追肥后每2天取气体样1次,连续取样3次;其余时间间隔5～7天取气体样1次。静态箱–色谱法测定土壤N₂O排放通量;在定植后40、80和120天取土样测定土壤理化性质;用实时荧光定量PCR检测相关功能基因数量变化;收获后测产。【结果】控释氮肥与水溶肥配施导致基肥N₂O排放峰值出现时间从第8～13天延迟到第28～32天,并且显著降低了其N₂O排放峰值,所有处理追水溶肥后均在3～5天出现N₂O排放峰值,而控释氮肥与水溶肥配施降低了此阶段N₂O排放峰值。相同氮肥施用量条件下,控释氮肥与水溶肥配施显著降低了基肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,降低了追肥期土壤N₂O排放通量和累积排放量,显著降低了番茄生长季土壤NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量与微生物功能基因AOA amoA、AOB amoA和nirK数量,降低了nirS数量。与U处理相比,CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,生长季土壤N₂O累积排放量减少了24.8%,差异显著,同时显著降低了N₂O排放强度;与–20%U处理相比,–20%CRU处理增加番茄产量和经济效益,N₂O累积排放量减少了22.1%,亦显著降低了N₂O排放强度 (P < 0.05)。【结论】在常规用氮量和减氮20%用量下,以缓释氮肥代替尿素基施,不仅可显著增加番茄的产量和效益,还显著推迟了番茄生长初期N₂O释放高峰的出现,减少了整个生育期N₂O的排放强度和累积排放量。其主要原因在于缓释氮肥有效控制了土壤中NH₄+-N和NO₃?-N含量的变化,进而减少了与硝化和反硝化相关的微生物数量。在使用缓释肥做基肥时,适当减少氮肥投入不会降低番茄的产量。     

农田土壤N2O排放的关键过程及影响因素

一氧化二氮 (N₂O) 作为重要的温室气体之一,在全球气候变化研究中引人关注。随着氮肥使用量的增加,农田土壤N₂O排放已经成为全球关注和研究的热点。人们普遍认为土壤硝化、反硝化过程是N₂O产生的两个主导途径,而诸如施肥、灌水等农田管理措施以及土壤pH、温度等环境因子均会影响农田土壤N₂O产生和排放。本文系统论述了土壤N₂O产生的各主要途径,并综述了氮源、碳源、水分含量、氧气含量、土壤pH和温度以及其他调控因子对N₂O排放的影响,旨在阐明各过程对N₂O排放的产生机制及主要环境因子的影响,以期为后续研究提供参考和理论依据。农田土壤硝化过程本身对N₂O排放的直接贡献较小,N₂O产生的主要来源是包含硝化细菌的反硝化、硝化–反硝化耦合作用在内的生物反硝化过程。真菌反硝化和化学反硝化在酸性土壤以及硝酸异化还原成铵过程在高有机质和厌氧土壤环境中对N₂O排放具有重要作用。未来研究可从农田土壤N₂O的产生和消耗机制、降低N₂O/N₂产物比、N₂O的还原过程及相关影响因素进行深入研究。此外,利用新技术方法,探究土壤物理、化学和生物学因素对氮素转化过程的影响,重点关注N₂O峰值排放及相关联微生物的响应,并构建土壤氮素平衡和N₂O排放模型,可进一步加深对农田土壤N₂O排放机制和影响因素的理解。     

基于不同监测与估算方法的设施菜田N2O排放量比较

  【目的】  为了分析微气象学方法中反演式气体扩散模型在设施菜田N₂O排放测定分析中的应用效果及精确度,本研究结合静态箱/气相色谱法同步观测结果,比较了两种观测值之间的差异及其形成的各因素,以验证该方法在测定温室气体排放中的可行性。  【方法】  在设施蔬菜大棚中,设置了施肥区和非施肥区,通过箱式法和微气象学方法分别对设施菜田种植区进行72 h的高频监测和全生长季监测,构建N₂O浓度特征曲线和排放通量特征曲线。  【结果】  田闲期棚区上方3.5 m处N₂O浓度明显低于种植期,但田闲期夜间浓度较高,种植期白天浓度较高。棚室内N₂O浓度随高度增加呈下降趋势,且差异明显,而且都高于棚室外背景浓度。静态箱/气相色谱法和反演式气体扩散模型测得棚区N₂O日排放特征具有较好的一致性,但前者测定结果普遍高于后者,静态箱/气相色谱法测得平均排放通量为252.51 μg/(m2·h),反演式气体扩散模型测得平均排放通量为192.21 μg/(m2·h),前者比后者高26.75%;在设施番茄全生长季观测中,两种方法测定的N₂O排放通量特征曲线趋势一致,静态箱/气相色谱法测得土壤净排放通量为1817.49 g/hm2,排放系数为0.45%;反演式气体扩散模型测得土壤净排放通量为1250.95 g/hm2,排放系数为0.32%,较静态箱/气相色谱法测得结果降低了29%。  【结论】  反演式气体扩散模型、静态箱/气相色谱法对设施菜田种植区N₂O排放通量的测定结果,趋势上一致性较好,但反演式气体扩散模型观测结果明显低于静态箱/气相色谱法,不过反演式气体扩散模型自动化程度高,可以高密监测设施菜田N₂O排放全过程,且适用于较大区域的观测,为建立多元化的N₂O排放监测体系提供了新的研究方法和思路。     

设施菜田土壤pH和初始C/NO3– 对反硝化产物比的影响

【目的】设施菜田土壤反硝化作用是N₂O排放和氮素损失的重要途径。本研究通过室内厌氧培养试验,在不同pH和初始C/NO₃–条件下,比较设施菜田土壤反硝化氮素气体排放及产物比的变化特征。【方法】以设施菜田土壤为研究对象,通过添加一定量低浓度的酸碱溶液调节土壤pH分别为酸性、中性和碱性条件,调节后的实测pH分别为5.63、6.65和7.83;同时以谷氨酸钠作为有效性碳,除未添加有效性碳作为对照处理 (CK) 外,其他有效性碳与硝酸盐 (C/NO₃–) 的比值分别调节为5∶1、15∶1和30∶1,三种pH条件下均设置 4 个 C/NO₃– 水平,每个水平3次重复。利用自动连续在线培养系统 (Robot系统),在厌氧条件下监测不同处理土壤产生的 N₂O、NO、N₂和CO₂浓度的动态变化,通过计算N₂O/(N₂O + NO + N₂)指数估算反硝化过程N₂O的产物比。【结果】增加土壤的pH能显著减少设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO的产生量,酸性 (pH 5.63) 土壤的N₂O、NO产生量峰值在不同初始C/NO₃– 比下均显著高于中性 (pH 6.65) 和碱性 (pH 7.83) 土壤 (P < 0.05)。中性和碱性土壤在高C/NO₃– 下有利于减少反硝化过程N₂O的产生,而酸性土壤条件下差异并不显著。中性土壤条件下增加有机碳含量会降低NO产生量,而在酸性和碱性土壤上有机碳的添加对NO产生量没有显著影响。土壤pH和初始C/NO₃– 比对土壤N₂O的产生有极显著的交互效应 (P < 0.001)。酸性和中性土壤上添加有机碳能够显著增加土壤N₂的产生速率 (P < 0.05),且与对照相比,不同pH的土壤添加有机碳后均显著促进反硝化过程中N₂O向N₂的转化。在不同初始C/NO₃– 下碱性土壤的CO₂产生量显著高于酸性和中性土壤,同时与对照相比,添加有机碳显著增加了土壤的CO₂产生量 (P < 0.05)。酸性土壤的N₂O产物比在不同初始C/NO₃– 下均极显著高于碱性土壤 (P < 0.01),且不同初始C/NO₃– 下的土壤N₂O产物比随pH的增加显著下降,二者呈极显著线性负相关关系 (P < 0.01)。【结论】土壤pH降低是设施菜田土壤N₂O和NO排放量较高的重要原因。而且,增加初始土壤有效碳含量促进了土壤的反硝化损失,并在中性和碱性土壤中N₂O的产生量减少。土壤pH升高和初始C/NO₃– 增加均降低了产物比,但增加了土壤反硝化作用速率。在利用N₂O排放通量和产物比估算土壤反硝化氮素损失时,土壤pH和有效碳含量是必须考虑的两个重要因素。     

施氮量对海南燥红壤和砖红壤N2O/CO2排放的影响

利用室内培养实验,分析燥红壤和砖红壤中分别施加N0（不添加氮素）、N1（氮添加量为100mg·kg⁻¹）、N2（氮添加量为200mg·kg⁻¹）和N3（氮添加量为300mg.kg⁻¹）4个水平氮后对土壤性质及N₂O、CO₂排放的影响。结果表明：氮肥添加显著降低了土壤pH和有机碳含量。相较于N0,燥红壤N1、N2和N3处理pH和有机碳降幅分别为8%～18%和4%～12%,砖红壤降幅分别为5%～23%和3%～15%;添加氮肥后各处理土壤全氮含量显著增加,燥红壤和砖红壤分别增加15%～54%和13%～52%。氮施入增加了土壤NH₄⁺−N和NO₃⁻−N含量,各处理土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量均表现为N3>N2>N1>N0。氮添加促进土壤N₂O和CO₂排放,相较于N0,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂累积排放量分别增加1176%～2425%和124%～281%,砖红壤分别增加1054%～1887%和138%～256%。施氮量和土壤类型是影响农田土壤N₂O和CO₂排放的重要因素。土壤N₂O和CO₂排放与施氮量呈线性显著相关,减少施肥是降低土壤N₂O排放最直接和最有效的措施。与砖红壤相比,燥红壤N₂O和CO₂排放对氮素添加的响应更敏感。     

生物质炭对集约化菜地N2O排放和蔬菜产量的影响

【目的】 本试验评价了生物质炭对菜地土壤温室气体排放和产量的长期效应。 【方法】 田间试验在江苏省南京市集约化种植菜地进行。共设置4个处理,分别为对照 (CK)、单施氮肥处理 (N)、施用氮肥 + 新生物质炭 (NC_F,C_F在2016年6月施用) 以及施用氮肥 + 4年陈化生物质炭 (NC_A,C_A在 2012 年6月施用)。生物质炭施用量为40 t/hm2。2016年11月至2017年11月连续种植4季蔬菜,分别为小青菜、空心菜、苋菜、菠菜,并伴有休耕期。每季蔬菜施氮量均为N 240 kg/hm2,其中空心菜收获三茬,在第一茬收获后按照N 240 kg/hm2 追肥一次。采用静态暗箱–气相色谱法测定N₂O浓度。 【结果】 观测期内各处理菜地N₂O排放主要集中在第二季和第三季,其单位产量N₂O排放量分别为0.038～0.131 kg/t和0.107～0.482 kg/t,而第一季和第四季的单位产量N₂O排放量分别是0.033～0.209 kg/t和0.007～0.070 kg/t。土壤温度和矿质氮变化未显著影响土壤N₂O排放通量;整个观测期内土壤充水孔隙度 (WFPS) 介于37%～93%之间,土壤含水量变化显著影响 (P < 0.01) 土壤N ₂O排放通量。与N处理相比,整个轮作周期内NC_F和NC_A处理N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数均显著降低,两个施生物质炭处理之间差异不显著;NC_F处理N₂O周年累积排放量和周年排放系数降幅分别为35.6%和46.2%,NC_A处理降幅分别达38.8%和49.9%。与N处理相比,NC_F和NC_A处理均增加了集约化菜地蔬菜产量,增幅分别为4.6%和17.9%,NC_A处理达到显著水平,两个施生物质炭处理之间差异不显著。此外,NC_F和NC_A处理分别显著降低单位产量N₂O排放量49.8%和41.3% (P < 0.01)。 【结论】 在集约化菜地土壤中经4年陈化后的生物质炭仍然具有较强的减排和增产能力。与新施入的生物质炭相比,施用4年后的生物质炭增产效果更显著;施用生物质炭对集约化蔬菜生态系统减排和改善作物生产具有长期效应。      

秸秆还田的小麦–玉米农田 N2O 周年排放的量化分析

【目的】N₂O 是重要的温室气体之一,主要来源于农田土壤。华北平原是我国的粮食主产区,秸秆还田是该地区主要的农田管理措施,明确不同秸秆还田量对小麦玉米农田周年土壤温度和含水量的影响以及与 N₂O 排放之间的量化关系,对发挥秸秆还田的生态效应,明确硝化和反硝化作用机制具有重要意义。【方法】以冬小麦、夏玉米为研究对象,设置 5 种不同秸秆还田量处理:小麦、玉米秸秆均不还田 (T0);小麦秸秆 1875 kg/hm2 + 玉米秸秆 2000 kg/hm2 还田 (T1);小麦秸秆 3750 kg/hm2 + 玉米秸秆 4000 kg/hm2 还田 (T2);小麦秸秆 5625 kg/hm2 + 玉米秸秆 6000 kg/hm2 还田 (T3);小麦秸秆 7500 kg/hm2 + 玉米秸秆 8000 kg/hm2 还田 (T4)。于 2014 年 10 月～2015 年 10 月,采用静态箱–气相色谱法对农田 N₂O 排放进行测定,探究不同秸秆还田量下小麦玉米农田 N₂O 排放的周年变化,并量化分析土壤温度、含水量与 N₂O 排放的关系。【结果】秸秆还田量显著影响 N₂O 的排放,随着秸秆还田量的增加,周年内 N₂O 排放总量呈增加的趋势,增加量为 1.33～3.50 kg/hm2,增加率为 32.3%～85.0%;通量增加量为 15.52～40.87 μg/(m2·h),增加率为 32.3%～85.1%。玉米季 N₂O 排放通量和总量分别是小麦季的 2.42～2.62 和 1.05～1.14 倍。秸秆还田可提高 0—10 cm 土壤温度和 0—20 cm 土壤含水量,增加范围分别为 0.63～2.14℃ 和 0.6%～1.8%。相关性分析表明,各处理土壤温度和 N₂O 排放通量无相关关系(P > 0.05)。T0、T1、T2 处理土壤含水量与 N₂O 排放通量呈显著正相关(P < 0.05),而 T3、T4 处理与 N₂O 排放通量之间不相关(P > 0.05)。【结论】随着秸秆还田量的增加,N₂O 排放通量和总量均呈现增加趋势,且玉米季高于小麦季。秸秆还田显著促进 N₂O 排放并可提高 0—20 cm 土壤含水量和 0—10 cm 土壤温度,周年秸秆还田量在 7750 kg/hm2 及以下时,N₂O 排放通量与土壤含水量之间呈显著正相关,而与土壤温度之间不相关。     

Wavelet analysis of wintertime and spring thaw CO2 and N2O fluxes from agricultural fields

Fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ are not limited to the growing season; winter and spring thaw can represent a significant emission period. The objective of this study was to apply wavelet analysis to winter and spring thaw CO₂ and N₂O fluxes and soil temperatures, to yield additional information about underlying processes, examining temporal patterns and relationships among them. Fluxes used in this analysis were measured over 4 years using micrometeorological methods, in a study comparing two agricultural management practices, best management (BM) and conventional (CONV) practices. Cross-wavelet transform (XWT) and wavelet coherence (WCO) were applied to daily mean time series of N₂O fluxes for BM and CONV replicates and treatments, CO₂ vs. N₂O fluxes, CO₂ flux vs. air and soil temperatures, and N₂O flux vs. air and soil temperatures. N₂O fluxes for replicate plots had small differences in temporal variation while N₂O fluxes from BM and CONV treatments showed a large difference in their time series. XWT and WCO analysis confirmed differences in N₂O fluxes between management practices due to differences in temporal trends in the time series. Field emissions of N₂O and CO₂ fluxes showed times of common high fluxes, such as thaw events. Nitrous oxide and CO₂ flux time series showed a strong coherence with surface (air) temperatures. The relationship between N₂O fluxes and temperature decreased with depth but the relationship between CO₂ flux and temperature was similar for surface and at depth. The strong coherence between emissions and surface conditions does not support the suggested mechanism of trapped gas release. A release of trapped gases from below the ice formation would have been indicated by a strong coherence from CO₂ and N₂O with temperatures at depth as the trapping ice barrier melted. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of wavelets as a tool to investigate temporal relationships in GHG emissions, which is a relatively new application for this type of analysis.     

Net fluxes of CO2, but not N2O or CH4, are affected following agronomic-scale additions of urea to prairie and arable soils

While experimental addition of nitrogen (N) tends to enhance soil fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), and nitrous oxide (N₂O), it is not known if lower and agronomic-scale additions of urea-N applied also enhance trace gas fluxes, particularly for semi-arid agricultural lands in the northern plains. We aimed to test if this were true at agronomic rates [low (11 kg N ha⁻¹), moderate (56 kg N ha⁻¹), and high (112 kg N ha⁻¹)] for central North Dakota arable and prairie soils using intact soil cores to minimize disturbance and simulate field conditions. Additions of urea to cores incubated at 21 °C and 57% water-filled pore space enhanced fluxes of CO₂ but not CH₄ and N₂O. At low, moderate, and high urea-N, CO₂ fluxes were significantly greater than control but not fluxes of CH₄ and N₂O. The increases in CO₂ emission with rate of urea-N application indicate that agronomic-scale N inputs may stimulate microbial carbon cycling in these soils, and that the contribution of CO₂ to net greenhouse gas source strength following fertilization of semi-arid agroecosystems may at times be greater than contributions by N₂O and CH₄.     

Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O from Southern European peatlands

Peatlands play an important role in emissions of the greenhouse gases CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O, which are produced during mineralization of the peat organic matter. To examine the influence of soil type (fen, bog soil) and environmental factors (temperature, groundwater level), emission of CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O and soil temperature and groundwater level were measured weekly or biweekly in loco over a one-year period at four sites located in Ljubljana Marsh, Slovenia using the static chamber technique. The study involved two fen and two bog soils differing in organic carbon and nitrogen content, pH, bulk density, water holding capacity and groundwater level. The lowest CO₂ fluxes occurred during the winter, fluxes of N₂O were highest during summer and early spring (February, March) and fluxes of CH₄ were highest during autumn. The temporal variation in CO₂ fluxes could be explained by seasonal temperature variations, whereas CH₄ and N₂O fluxes could be correlated to groundwater level and soil carbon content. The experimental sites were net sources of measured greenhouse gases except for the drained bog site, which was a net sink of CH₄. The mean fluxes of CO₂ ranged between 139 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the undrained bog and 206 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; mean fluxes of CH₄ were between −0.04 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog and 0.05 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen; and mean fluxes of N₂O were between 0.43 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained fen and 1.03 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ in the drained bog. These results indicate that the examined peatlands emit similar amounts of CO₂ and CH₄ to peatlands in Central and Northern Europe and significantly higher amounts of N₂O.     

下辽河平原大豆田CO2和N2O排放通量及相关影响因素研究

采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法测定了2004年及2005年大豆田CO2和N2O排放通量。结果表明:在2年的观测期内,大豆田的CO2和N2O排放均具有明显的季节变化规律。在2个生长季的观测中,CO2和N2O的排放通量分别呈现出相似的变化趋势。大豆田在休闲期内基本没有CO2排放,冻融期有少量的N2O排放。分析相关影响因素得知,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响大豆田释放CO2和N2O的重要因素。大豆植株对于N2O的排放具有不可忽视的作用。2年观测中常规处理的N2O通量总量分别是无作物处理的2.28倍和1.80倍。     

不同耕作条件下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体的排放及影响因素研究

为了研究耕作措施对双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体的排放及影响, 采用CO₂分析仪、静态箱 气相色谱法在陇中黄土高原半干旱区对传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作+秸秆还田4种耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体(CO₂、N₂O和CH₄)的排放及影响因素进行了连续测定和分析。结果表明: 测定期内4种耕作措施下农田土壤均表现为CO₂源、N₂O源和CH₄净吸收汇; 除传统耕作不覆盖措施, 其他3种耕作措施不同程度地减少了2种轮作序列土壤的N₂O排放通量, 并显著增加了土壤对CH4的吸收。CO₂和N₂O的排放通量分别与地表、地下5 cm处、地下10 cm处的土壤温度呈极显著和显著正相关关系, 相关系数分别为0.92^**和0.89^**、0.95^**和0.91^**、0.77^*和0.62^*; 而CH₄吸收通量与不同地层的温度之间无明显的相关关系; CO₂和CH₄的通量与0~5 cm、5~10 cm的土壤含水量均呈显著正相关关系, 相关系数分别为0.69^*和0.72^*、0.77^*和0.64^*, 而与10~30 cm土壤含水量无明显相关关系; N₂O排放通量与各层次的土壤含水量之间均呈不显著负相关关系。对2种轮作序列各处理下土壤中排放的3种温室气体的增温潜势计算综合得出: 4种耕作措施中, 免耕不覆盖处理可相对减少土壤温室气体的排放量, 进而降低温室效应。     

水分类型对土壤排放的温室气体组成和综合温室效应的影响

实验室研究表明,土壤排放出的温室气体（ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ）组成及总理显著地受土壤水分类型和施用秸秆的影响。连续淹水条件下,土壤仅排放微理的Ｎ２Ｏ,但排放出大量的Ｃ睡Ｃ敢条件下,土壤不排放Ｃ上键合的但排放出大量的Ｎ２Ｏ;虽然淹水的土壤排水促进Ｎ２Ｏ排放,但显著抑制ＣＨ４的排放,淹水好气交替处理的土壤其排放的ＣＯ２、ＣＨ４和Ｎ２Ｏ均在好气和连续淹水之间。根据各种温室产生温室效应的相对潜力,计算土壤     

Seasonal variation and fire effects on CH4, N2O and CO2 exchange in savanna soils of northern Australia

Tropical savanna ecosystems are a major contributor to global CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O greenhouse gas exchange. Savanna fire events represent large, discrete C emissions but the importance of ongoing soil-atmosphere gas exchange is less well understood. Seasonal rainfall and fire events are likely to impact upon savanna soil microbial processes involved in N₂O and CH₄ exchange. We measured soil CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes in savanna woodland (Eucalyptus tetrodonta/Eucalyptus miniata trees above sorghum grass) at Howard Springs, Australia over a 16 month period from October 2007 to January 2009 using manual chambers and a field-based gas chromatograph connected to automated chambers. The effect of fire on soil gas exchange was investigated through two controlled burns and protected unburnt areas. Fire is a frequent natural and management action in these savanna (every 1-2 years). There was no seasonal change and no fire effect upon soil N₂O exchange. Soil N₂O fluxes were very low, generally between −1.0 and 1.0 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹, and often below the minimum detection limit. There was an increase in soil NH₄⁺ in the months after the 2008 fire event, but no change in soil NO₃⁻. There was considerable nitrification in the early wet season but minimal nitrification at all other times.Savanna soil was generally a net CH₄ sink that equated to between −2.0 and −1.6 kg CH₄ ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ with no clear seasonal pattern in response to changing soil moisture conditions. Irrigation in the dry season significantly reduced soil gas diffusion and as a consequence soil CH₄ uptake. There were short periods of soil CH₄ emission, up to 20 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹, likely to have been caused by termite activity in, or beneath, automated chambers. Soil CO₂ fluxes showed a strong bimodal seasonal pattern, increasing fivefold from the dry into the wet season. Soil moisture showed a weak relationship with soil CH₄ fluxes, but a much stronger relationship with soil CO₂ fluxes, explaining up to 70% of the variation in unburnt treatments. Australian savanna soils are a small N₂O source, and possibly even a sink. Annual soil CH₄ flux measurements suggest that the 1.9 million km² of Australian savanna soils may provide a C sink of between −7.7 and −9.4 Tg CO₂-e per year. This sink estimate would offset potentially 10% of Australian transport related CO₂-e emissions. This CH₄ sink estimate does not include concurrent CH₄ emissions from termite mounds or ephemeral wetlands in Australian savannas.     

Emissions of N2O and CO2, denitrification measurements and soil properties in red clover and ryegrass stands

The relationships between the fluxes of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), and their concentrations in the soil air, three different measures of potential denitrification, soil moisture, soil temperature and precipitation were investigated in soils from beneath ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and mixture of ryegrass-red clover stands on a gleic cambisol. Investigations were carried out in order to test the hypothesis that the measure(s) of potential denitrification are good predictor(s) of N₂O fluxes and thus may be used in empirical models of N₂O emission. Potential denitrification characteristics used in this study involved (i) short-term denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), (ii) long-term denitrification potential (DP), both determined in soils amended with nitrate and glucose, and (iii) denitrification rate (DR) measured using intact soil cores. Flux measurements were made using cylindrical chambers (internal diameter 31 cm, volume 0.015 m³). The fluxes of N₂O and CO₂ and many other characteristics showed large spatial and temporal variability. Emissions of N₂O from the grass plots were closely related to N₂O concentrations in the soil atmosphere at 22.5 cm depth. Most soil properties did not correlate with N₂O fluxes. It was concluded that DP was not a good predictor for N₂O flux. DEA did not show significant relationship with N₂O flux, but it is suggested that if determined in representative, large soil samples, DEA could be a predictor of N₂O fluxes; this assumption needs, however, verification. The only potential denitrification characteristic which was significantly related to N₂O emission both in grass and clover treatments was DR, which was determined in soil cores.     

Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2, prolonged summer drought and temperature increase on N2O and CH4 fluxes in a temperate heathland

In temperate regions, climate change is predicted to increase annual mean temperature and intensify the duration and frequency of summer droughts, which together with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations, may affect the exchange of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. We report results from the CLIMAITE experiment, where the effects of these three climate change parameters were investigated solely and in all combinations in a temperate heathland. Field measurements of N₂O and CH₄ fluxes took place 1-2 years after the climate change manipulations were initiated. The soil was generally a net sink for atmospheric CH₄. Elevated temperature (T) increased the CH₄ uptake by on average 10 μg C m⁻² h⁻¹, corresponding to a rise in the uptake rate of about 20%. However, during winter elevated CO₂ (CO₂) reduced the CH₄ uptake, which outweighed the positive effect of warming when analyzed across the study period. Emissions of N₂O were generally low (<10 μg N m⁻² h⁻¹). As single experimental factors, elevated CO₂, temperature and summer drought (D) had no major effect on the N₂O fluxes, but the combination of CO₂ and warming (TCO₂) stimulated N₂O emission, whereas the N₂O emission ceased when CO₂ was combined with drought (DCO₂). We suggest that these N₂O responses are related to increased rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ combined with increased and reduced nitrogen turnover rates caused by warming and drought, respectively. The N₂O flux in the multifactor treatment TDCO₂ was not different from the ambient control treatment. Overall, our study suggests that in the future, CH₄ uptake may increase slightly, while N₂O emission will remain unchanged in temperate ecosystems on well-aerated soils. However, we propose that continued exposure to altered climate could potentially change the greenhouse gas flux pattern in the investigated heathland.     

等高绿篱--坡地农业复合系统土壤N2O排放特征

N2O是一种重要的温室气体, 具有很强的温室效应。当前全球变化条件下, 人类活动和农业生产行为产生的N₂O排放增加是当前倍受关注的问题。本研究于2008年11月-2009年10月, 利用静态箱 气相色谱技术对亚热带地区紫穗槐(Amorpha fruticosa L.)绿篱枝叶还田条件下冬小麦 夏玉米轮作田土壤N₂O排放通量进行原位监测, 观测紫穗槐枝叶移出(AR)、翻施(AI)、表施(AC)及作物单作(CK)4种处理下整个生长季土壤N₂O的排放量, 对等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N₂O排放通量变化及其影响机制进行研究。结果表明, 整个冬小麦 夏玉米轮作期, 4个处理土壤N₂O排放通量呈现出相似的季节变化特征, AR、AI、AC、CK处理全生长季的排放总量为127.62 mg·m^-2、209.66 mg·m^-2、208.73 mg·m^-2、77.52 mg·m^-2。作物不同生育阶段N₂O日均排放通量在冬小麦季表现为: 开花-成熟期>拔节-开花期>出苗-拔节期; 在夏玉米季表现为: 拔节-抽雄期>播种-拔节期>抽雄-成熟期。本试验综合评估了等高绿篱 坡地农业复合生态系统土壤N2O排放通量变化及其影响机制。研究显示, 土壤N₂O排放通量在冬小麦季与土壤温度相关性显著, 在夏玉米季与土壤水分相关性显著。在复合生态系统中紫穗槐复合种植及枝叶还田显著促进土壤N2O排放, 翻施处理产生的N2O量大于表施处理。