玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆共热解特性试验研究

针对当前多原料混合共热解特性研究不清的问题,采用量大面广的玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆进行共热解试验。通过设定不同的炭化温度、升温速率、保温时间以及原料掺混比进行四因素三水平试验,分析不同工艺条件下的生物炭比表面积、固定碳含量、生物炭得率、热值和SEM等指标。结果表明:在炭化温度为550℃、升温速率为2℃/min、保温时间为45min、玉米秸秆与小麦秸秆掺混比为3∶7时,比表面积、固定碳含量、生物炭得率、热值四项指标综合较优。该研究可为生物质共热解工艺优化和设备开发提供参考。     

冬小麦产量及水分利用效率对生物炭与秸秆还田的响应研究

探讨生物炭与秸秆还田两种还田方式对潮土区冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响,可为秸秆资源高效农业利用提供理论依据.通过田间小区试验,设置对照(CK,无秸秆及生物炭还田),秸秆还田量为玉米秸秆干物质量的0.5(S0.5)、1.0(S1.0)、1.5(S1.5)、2.0(S2.0)倍,生物炭为等量玉米秸秆炭化(450℃)后还田...     

生物质连续式分段热解炭化设备研究

针对目前连续式炭化设备的热解温度场难以梯级调控,不能满足多种热解温度工艺试验要求,采用分段式加热技术,设计了5段独立热解炭化炉,并结合连续式输送原理,集成生物炭循环水冷技术、热解气二次催化裂解技术和油气二级冷凝分离技术等,研发了连续式分段热解炭化设备。以粉碎的玉米秸秆为原料开展了热解炭化试验,结果表明,本炭化设备实现了连续炭化和分段加热,当5段炉温设为550℃、600℃、600℃、600℃、550℃时,生物炭得率29.97%,低位热值26.21 MJ/kg,固定碳含量55.63%,热解后的油气能较好地实现分离,达到了设计要求,实现了生物质的分段控温加热和连续热解。     

棉秆热裂解工艺参数优化与固体产物性质分析

对未经粉碎的棉秆进行了直接热解炭化实验研究。研究表明,未经粉碎的棉秆在热解温度400℃时进行热解炭化后,生成的秸秆炭的比例最高,且秸秆炭中的固定碳含量最高。在棉秆热解过程中,随着反应温度的增加,热解固体产物质量不断减小;热解温度高于400℃以后,随着反应温度的增加,固体产物中固定碳含量开始下降。通过正交试验得到了最优组合的热解工艺参数为：热解温度400℃,升温速率5℃/min,保温时间2 h。得炭率可达49.98%。     

节水灌溉下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N2O排放与产量的影响

为探寻不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对黑土区稻田N2O排放与产量的影响,于2023年进行大田试验,设置常规灌溉（F）与控制灌溉（C）两种灌溉模式,同时设置秸秆还田（S）、秸秆炭化为生物炭还田（B）、秸秆过牛腹为有机肥还田（O）3种还田形式,以及秸秆不还田（N）作为对照组,共计8个处理。分析不同灌溉模式下秸秆还田形式对稻田N2O排放通量与水稻产量的影响,测定了水稻各生育期稻田土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量、pH值,并分析了N2O排放总量和水稻产量与土壤环境因子之间的关系。结果表明：除返青期外,与秸秆不还田处理相比,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理土壤铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量、微生物氮含量均表现为增加。相同秸秆还田形式下,控制灌溉模式下各处理生育期内土壤平均铵态氮含量、硝态氮含量较常规灌溉模式高36.23%~60.82%、14.16%~19.61%。同时,秸秆还田与生物炭还田能提高稻田土壤pH值。相同灌溉模式下,与秸秆不还田处理相比较,秸秆还田与有机肥还田处理N2O排放总量分别增加14.44%~24.09%、8.22%~14.44%,生物炭还田处理N2O排放总量降低14.31%~23.90%。生物炭还田与有机肥还田各处理水稻产量提高3.28%~13.07%,其中控制灌溉模式下生物炭还田处理产量最高。综上所述,控制灌溉下生物炭还田可以实现节水、增产、减排的目的。     

动物骨热解过程中产物特性变化规律研究

热解法是屠宰废弃骨合理处理与利用的有效手段,且动物骨原料差异对其热解特性与产物特性具有显著影响。以牛、猪骨为研究对象,基于热重、红外光谱和质谱（TG-FTIR-MS）及扫描电镜-能谱（SEM-EDX）等方法,研究了动物骨的热解过程及产物变化规律。结果表明：主要热解阶段为350～600℃,产生了CO₂、NH₃等无机气体和CH₄等有机气体。炭化阶段后CO释放,在骨炭中生成了金属羰基。热解温度升高,骨炭的碱性及灰分含量提高,900℃时灰分质量分数超过90%。由于猪骨含有较多的脂肪,脂肪酸裂解生成大量短链烃。而牛骨灰分更多,炭产率可达60%。500℃牛骨炭比表面积为172 m²/g,孔隙特征更利于物理吸附作用。     

基于炭气原位耦合重整的秸秆热解设备的研制

针对当前生物质热解炭化设备存在产物质量较差、能量损耗严重等问题，采用多级布风搅拌和气体回流重整等方法，提出生物质炭气原位耦合重整工艺路线，并对炉体、压实机构和多级布风搅拌出料机构进行设计，研发立式移动床生物质炭化设备。以花生壳为原料开展热解炭化试验，结果表明，原料处理能力1312 kg/h，生物炭得率27.8%，热解气热值6.3 MJ/m3，焦油转化率71.3%，各项性能指标均达到设计要求。      

工业烟气中CO2直接用于增施气肥的流动及扩散特性分析

工业烟气中的CO₂浓度较低,并且含有不同污染物,能否直接用作增施气肥存在一定的不确定性。为研究将工业烟气中CO₂直接用于农业生产中增施气肥的可行性,对工业烟气排放后的烟气特性、CO₂组成、污染特性进行了分析和评估。基于CFD数值模拟技术,对工业烟气在大棚内的CO₂扩散特性进行了模拟分析。研究结果表明,工业烟气中含有不同的污染物成分可能会对大棚内的环境空气质量产生影响,需经过合理评估并采取适当措施后方可满足农业生产的要求。基于燃煤电厂排放的烟气特点,在CO₂吸收速率为5×10?8 m3/s、烟气稀释倍数为100,控制进入大棚内的SO₂、NO₂、Hg、HF和PM等污染物浓度达到15 mg/m3、8 mg/m3、5 μg/m3、0.2 mg/m3和7.5 mg/m3时,可实现大棚内的污染物浓度达到环境空气质量标准的一级标准（GB 3095—2012）,并且CO₂浓度满足植物生长的浓度要求。不同入口布置方式对大棚内的CO₂浓度影响较大,采用两边和中间同时布点的方案可以较好实现CO₂浓度在大棚内的均匀性要求。因此,工业烟气中的CO₂直接用于农业生产具有可行性,但在实际应用中,应结合烟气中的CO₂浓度、植物的吸收速率、CO₂喷入位置、稀释倍数和污染物浓度进行综合评估,并应用于农业生产。      

不同改性方法对污泥生物质炭磷吸附能力的影响研究

为了给市政污泥寻找一种合适的处理方法,以市政污泥为原材料,用热解和氯化镧改性两种方法制备生物质炭材料,用于处理含磷废水。探析了pH值、磷初始浓度以及干扰离子对污泥生物质炭除磷效果的影响,并讨论了污泥生物质炭磷吸附的热力学过程。结果表明：氯化镧改性污泥生物质炭对磷的最大平衡吸附量为58.76 mg·g^-1,是热解污泥生物质炭磷最大吸附量(5.50 mg·g^-1)的近11倍;热解污泥生物质炭磷吸附的最适pH值为6.0～10.0,而氯化镧改性污泥生物质炭磷吸附的最适pH值为4.0～6.0。Langmuir等温吸附模型能够很好地拟合热解污泥生物质炭吸附磷的热力学过程(R²=0.9436),Freundlich等温吸附模型能很好地拟合氯化镧改性污泥生物质炭吸附磷的热力学过程(R²=0.9652)。氯化镧改性污泥生物质炭对磷吸附有较高的选择性,当干扰阴离子Cl^-、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-在很高浓度(0.5 ...     

响应面法优化水稻秸秆炭化工艺参数

采用响应面法优化水稻秸秆炭化工艺条件。在单因素实验基础上,选择热解温度、升温速率和保温时间为随机因子,进行3因素3水平的Box-Behnken中心组合设计,采用响应面法分析3个因素对水稻秸秆产炭率的影响,并建立产炭率的二次多项式数学模型。结果表明:水稻秸秆炭化时,最佳产炭条件为热解温度300℃、升温速率7.56℃/min、保温时间0.98h,在此条件下的产炭率为44.49%。随机选择水稻秸秆炭化条件,所得实验值与理论值的偏差为4.3%左右,理论值与实验值较接近,说明回归方程拟合度较高,该优化方法可行。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。