谈谈安全肉污染物的来源和控制措施

安全肉是指肉品在生产、运输、加工、贮藏、销售过程中，既没有发生生物性的危害(包括无微生物细菌、细菌毒素、霉菌和霉菌毒素污染；无人畜共患寄生虫如囊尾蚴、旋毛虫、弓形虫和棘球蚴污染)，也没有诸如农药、禁用治疗药物、工业三废和食品添加剂所含的重金属、非金属、有机化合物等化学性污染；还没有物理性如生活脏物、尿液、粪便、放射性元素之类的污染。也就是说，肉品在从田间生产到餐桌消费的过程中，不存在生物性、化学性和物理性等方面致人急慢性的污染     

警惕——霉菌毒素

霉菌毒素中毒症是由有毒真菌代谢产物(真菌毒素)所致的一种疾病。在所有霉菌中，92％的霉菌是无毒的；4％会造成家禽的霉菌性疾病，如禽的曲霉菌病等；4％的霉菌会产生霉菌毒素，如串珠镰刀菌毒素会产生串珠镰刀菌毒素、赭曲霉能产生赭曲霉毒素等。据有关资料报道，全世界供应的谷物中有25％受到霉菌毒素污染。中国禽场所使用的饲料中大部分存在不同程度的霉菌污染情况，此应引起广大同行的注意。     

潍坊地区肉鸡场料袋和料线中微生物污染的调查分析

为了解潍坊地区肉鸡场料袋和料线中微生物污染现状，从山东高密、寒亭、安丘3个不同地区的肉鸡场采集料带和料线中的饲料样品，对其中的细菌总数、霉菌总数，沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌以及主要霉菌毒素（黄曲霉毒素B1、伏马毒素、呕吐毒素和玉米赤酶烯酮）进行了检测及分析。结果显示，1场30 d料袋样品中细菌总数、霉菌总数明显高于1 d样品，2、3场差异不明显；30 d料袋样品2场细菌总数、霉菌总数明显低于1、3场；1、2、3场料线样品中细菌总数均明显高于其料袋样品，1、2、3场30 d料线样品中细菌总数、霉菌总数分别明显高于其1 d料线样品；2场料线样品中细菌总数、霉菌总数明显低于1、3场；1场30 d样品中4种霉菌毒素均超标，3场30 d样品中玉米赤酶烯酮含量超标；1、3场30 d样品中4种霉菌毒素含量明显高于1 d;1 d样品2场黄曲霉毒素B1、玉米赤酶烯酮含量明显低于3场。以上结果说明，料袋和料线中微生物的污染与场内饲料储存时间、储存条件、料线的管理密切相关，肉鸡场重视饲料及料线的管理是非常必要的。     

动物养殖业所面临的挑战和机会（续）

(上接第17期) 霉菌毒素的污染 饲料原料和垫草受到霉菌毒素污染的现象在亚太地区是广泛存在的(Leeson等,1995).亚太的大部分地区属于高温湿热的气候,这给霉菌的生长与繁殖以及产生霉菌毒素提供了有利的条件.由于全球极端的气候条件以及饲料原料的进口,通常没有霉菌毒素问题的国家,如澳大利亚,现在也不得不考虑预防霉菌毒素的问题.人们常常误解:"霉菌毒素是一个季节性的问题".     

浅谈肉品污染及卫生检验

1肉品污染分析肉品污染 ,是指肉品中原来含有或者加工时人为添加的生物性或化学性生物 ,其共同特点是指对人体健康有急性或慢性的危害。肉品的污染问题性质复杂 ,涉及面广 ,种类繁多。一般可分为生物性污染、化学性污染、放射性污染三种。1.1生物性污染1.1.1微生物污染主要有细菌与细菌毒素、霉菌与霉菌毒素。肉品中的细菌 ,包括人畜共患传染病的病原体 ,以食品为传染媒介的致病菌 ,以及引起人们食物中毒的细菌 ,真菌以及毒素。这类微生物很多 ,如 :炭疽杆菌、结核杆菌、布氏杆菌、沙门氏菌等。1.1.2寄生虫污染主要是人畜共患寄生虫 ,通过肉…     

“猪用饲料添加剂概况”专栏(一)霉菌抑制剂、霉菌毒素结合剂和抗氧化剂

饲料原料如谷物易于霉菌的生长及霉菌毒素的污染。在日粮中添加霉菌抑制剂,如有机酸可防止霉菌生长,但是不能有效地预防霉菌毒素的污染。向日粮中添加霉菌毒素结合剂可防止猪通过采食受污染的饲料而摄入毒素。常见的霉菌毒素结合剂能够有效地预防黄曲霉毒素的污染,而对其他霉菌毒素的作用很有限。在含有易于酸败（由于脂肪含量较高）的饲料原料的日粮中,添加抗氧化剂看来是可行的。     

饲料污染的因素及处理方法

1饲料的污染因素1．1生物性污染 生物污染是指由微生物,包括细菌与细菌毒素及霉菌和霉菌毒素、寄生虫及虫卵、昆虫等引起的饲料污染。饲料在微生物作用下,将蛋白质分解为氨、硫化氢、硫醇、粪臭素等,脂肪分解产生酸、醛,霉菌污染饲料后,可产生多种毒索,这些物质对动物机体都是有害的。     

饲料污染对生态环境和人类健康的影响及控制对策

民以食为天，吃饭是天下头等大事，是人类生存、发展之首。消费者最关心的是食品的安全（药物残留和污染等）。动物性食品的安全，首先源于饲料的安全。随着社会经济的发展和科学技术水平的提高，饲料安全问题越来越突出，它不仅关系到动物的安全和生产效率，更直接影响到人的身体健康和生命安全。１饲料的污染源因素１．１生物性污染生物污染是指由微生物，包括细菌与细菌毒素及霉菌和霉菌毒素、寄生虫及虫卵、昆虫等引起的污染。细菌、细菌毒素、霉菌毒素可能对饲料造成的污染，饲料在微生物作用下，蛋白质分解为氨、硫化氢、硫醇、粪臭素…     

饲料中有害微生物及毒素的控制措施

饲料污染主要包含有害细菌及毒素污染,这两种污染也是影响饲料安全生产的主要因素.本文从有害细菌与霉菌毒素的来源、危害及控制与预防措施等方面进行讨论.     

控制霉菌毒素产品的选择(续)

5 饲料安全的三叉式解决方法 霉菌毒素是由真菌产生的次生代谢物.根据世界粮农组织(FAO)统计,世界上25％的谷类作物受到霉菌毒素的污染.霉菌毒素的影响取决于许多因素,如动物品种、年龄、多种霉菌毒素的同时污染、可影响动物生理状况的应激因子以及污染的浓度和频率.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.