Gastrointestinal allergy to soyabean protein in preruminant calves. Allergenic constituents of soyabean products

Preruminant calves fed heated soyabean flour produced high titres of serum antibodies with specificity mainly for soyabean glycinin and beta-conglycinin. Various soyabean products that had been processed by different methods were analysed by immunological techniques to determine their content of glycinin and beta-conglycinin in soluble and undenatured form. The presence of such proteins in soyabean flour fed to preruminant calves was associated with the development of digestive disturbances and the production of serum antibodies. It is suggested that the suitability of soyabean products for calf nutrition could be assessed by simple immunological methods to detect these constituents.     

Research Progress on Milk Fat Globule Membrane Proteins

Milk fat globule membrane protein is packaged outside the fat granule during mammary gland lactating. Milk fat globule membrane has three-layered structure composed of phospholipids,sphingolipids and proteins. Milk fat globule membrane protein contains more than one hundred kinds of proteins,of which there are the most abundant of eight kinds of proteins including mucin 1,xanthine oxidoreductase,mucin 15,CD36,butyrophilin,lactadherin,adipophilin,fatty acid binding protein .Milk fat globule membrane protein has been shown to have special value which reflects the physiological state of cow,affects the growth of calf and maternal immune as a source of nutrition and immunity for calves,and affects the human and animal's immunity regulation and physical fitness,it may be applied to treat diseases in the future. This article summaries the study of milk fat globule membrane protein in recent years aimed at describing the source,composition of the milk fat globule membrane proteins,introducing a novel established structure of milk fat globule membrane protein,explaining the physiological characteristics of some main proteins and progress in milk fat globule membrane proteins research and making recommendations for future research directions.     

乳脂球膜蛋白的研究进展

乳脂球膜蛋白是乳腺在泌乳时包被在脂肪滴外的膜蛋白。乳脂肪球膜（milk fat globule membrane,MFGM）是磷脂、鞘脂和多种蛋白质组成的3层膜结构。乳脂球膜蛋白包含100余种蛋白质,含量最丰富的8种蛋白质为黏液素1、黄嘌呤氧化还原酶、黏液素15、CD36、嗜乳脂蛋白、乳凝集素、脂肪分化相关蛋白和脂肪酸结合蛋白。乳脂球膜蛋白已被证明具有丰富的开发利用价值,包括：反映奶牛母体的生理状态;作为幼体的营养和免疫来源,会影响犊牛的发育和母源抗体;会影响人和动物的免疫调节和体质,未来可能应用于疾病的治疗。作者介绍了乳脂球膜蛋白的来源、组成及一种新建立的乳脂球膜蛋白结构,阐述了几个主要蛋白的生理特性及乳脂球膜蛋白的研究进展,并对未来的研究方向提出建议。     

酸化乳饲喂哺乳犊牛的研究进展

新生犊牛的消化道系统发育尚未完全,尤其是瘤胃和网胃。在此时期,犊牛营养主要依靠皱胃和肠道进行吸收,与单胃动物类似,液体饲料成为哺乳犊牛阶段最为理想的日粮。酸化乳是指以牛乳(含废弃乳和异常乳)或犊牛代乳粉为原料,添加酸度调节剂,使牛乳的pH保持在4.0~4.5,可以限制牛乳中病菌增殖,从而降低了犊牛的腹泻率,提高其对营养物质的消化、吸收能力,并且可以较长时间保存,节省了人工成本。本文阐述了近10 年来饲喂酸化乳对犊牛生长性能、肠道菌群结构以及免疫功能影响的研究。     

高原犊牛全哺乳培育效果观测

本试验研究表明,高原犊牛施行全哺乳培育效果好。牦犊牛全哺乳培育平均日增重比半哺乳培育高140 g; 同在全哺乳的情况下,杂犊牛和西黄犊牛平均日增重比牦牛高80 g和230 g。因此,可研究营养丰富、高效、价格适宜的 代乳品、代乳料类用于生产挤奶母牛的犊牛施行哺喂。     

Cryptosporidiosis in calves during the period of milk nutrition

It has been found out by examining faeces of 83 calves from calf house in Uhercice (Breclav district) that 52 calves excreted coccidium oocysts, genus Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, during the period of milk nutrition. The calves excreted oocysts from the eighth day of age, and at the end of the milk nutrition period (43rd-47th ridium Tyzzer, 1907, during the period of milk nutrition. The calves excreted oocysts of cryptosporidia were found in two thirds of calves suffering from diarrheas. By histological examination of a 27-day-old calf, developmental stages of this coccidium were found on the surface of villus epithelium in the distal part of ileum. Villi were shortened and expanded, submucous connective tissue was penetrated by inflammatory infiltrate with large quantity of eosinophil granulocytes. For demonstration of oocysts in faeces, Breza flotation method combined with sedimentation and staining by modified Giemsa panoptic method were used.     

Metabolic reactions of calves to the feeding with Laktosan or unpasteurized whole milk]

The acid-base and other metabolic reactions to nutrition with Laktosan produced by two feed plants and with unpasteurized whole milk after transport to a dairy plant were studied in calves up to the ninth week of age. Laktosan feeding reduces the metabolic component of the acid-base balance; the use of a lower-quality Laktosan mixture, containing drum-dried milk, gives a picture of metabolic acidosis lasting about 11 days. The changes are cuased by an increased intensity of dissimilation, by the release of metabolic H+, and, in part, by the loss of bases during diarrhoea. With the use of low-quality Laktosan, the utilization of the nutrients of the feed ration is much lower than the utilization of the nutrients of unpasteurized milk or high-quality Laktosan. The use of high-quality Laktosan causes much lower acid-base changes, far from reaching pathological values. At the same time, the utilization of nutrients is higher than with the use of unpasteurized milk. This milk which cannot be considered microbially or chemically undamaged offers no advantages from the health-condition and economic point of view. The facts, revealed by the study, emphasize the high health and economic importance of the production of calf feed mixtures. At the same time the results show that enither milk nor Laktosan feeding provides enough magnesium for the calves to grow. Other metabolic aspects of different calf nutrition are discussed.     

Nutrient supply of health and sick fluid fed calves]

In the department for calves being fed with fluid feed of a specialised enterprise for calf rearing the daily intake of fluid feed (skim milk improved with milk substitute), concentrated feed and hay of a total of 341 female animals and the daily intake of energy and protein was calculated thereof. The average consumption of nutrients of the 206 healthy calves was compared with some international and national norms for the demand of nutrients. The comparison with some international values of demand and the results of the partial correlation analysis between energy and protein intake and live weight increase showed that the applied nutrition regime (particularly the kind of fluid feed) has resulted in an excessive supply of the calves with proteins and an insufficient supply with energy. This could not be realised from the GDR nutrients norm for the raising of calves published in 1976. Based on theoretical considerations and some recent findings of the science of nutrition we derived values of the protein and energy demand of our own. Subsequently an attempt is made to assess the supply with nutrients for sick calves.     

大豆蛋白在犊牛代乳料中的应用

大豆蛋白作为优质的蛋白原料在犊牛代乳料中的应用越来越受到人们的关注。本文根据犊牛消化系统的营养需要特点,从影响代乳料的营养因素等方面论述了大豆粉、大豆分离蛋白、大豆浓缩蛋白3种不同加工处理的大豆蛋白制品在犊牛代乳料中的应用现状,为大豆蛋白在犊牛代乳料中的应用提供理论依据。     

Pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam in ruminant and preruminant calves

The pharmacokinetics of oral meloxicam has been studied in ruminant, but not preruminant calves. Oral meloxicam was administered at 0.5 mg/kg to six ruminant calves via gavage (RG); to six preruminant calves via gavage (PRG); and to six preruminant calves via suckling in milk replacer (PRF). Plasma drug concentrations, determined over 120-h postadministration, were analyzed by compartmental and noncompartmental methods. The rate of drug absorption was faster (P<0.01) in PRF (0.237±0.0478/h) than RG calves (0.0815±0.0188/h), while absorption in PRG calves (0.153±0.128/h) was not different from other groups. C(max) was lower (P=0.03) in PRF (1.27±0.430 μg/mL) than in PRG calves (2.20±0.467 μg/mL), while C(max) of RG calves (1.95±0.955 μg/mL) was not different from other groups. V/F was higher in PRF calves (365±57 mL/kg) than either PRG (177±63 mL/kg, P<0.01) or RG (232±83 mL/kg, P=0.01) calves. These observations were likely due to differences in bioavailability, physiological maturity, and timing of the drug delivery into different compartments of the ruminant gastrointestinal tract. Results suggest that an adjustment in meloxicam dose may be necessary when administered with milk replacer.     

日粮组成对牛奶中乳成分合成与调控机制影响的研究

牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量的高低直接关系到牛奶的品质和风味。牛奶中乳蛋白主要可以分为酪蛋白和乳清蛋白两种类型,其合成代谢过程均受到mTOR信号分子通路、JAK-STAT信号分子通路、GCN2-eIF2a信号分子通路的影响。牛奶中乳脂肪主要为三酰基甘油酯、磷脂等,对于牛奶的营养和风味均有重要影响,其受到脂肪酸相关酶ACACA、FAS、SCD1的调控。饲料营养是影响牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪的关键因素之一,包括精粗饲料配比及饲料添加剂的应用等方面。本文对牛奶中乳蛋白和乳脂肪的合成调控机理,及日粮组成对其的影响机制进行阐述,为改善乳品质提供参考。     

Preparing Holstein steer calves for the feedlot.

It is increasingly common to raise Holstein steer calves for entry to feedlot production systems rather than more traditional milk-fed veal production systems. Providing adequate nutritional support for the maintenance and growth of Holstein calves is essential in preparing them for a commercial feedlot environment. In this article, the dietary requirements of preruminant calves are reviewed and examples of evaluating milk diets for Holstein calves are detailed. The importance of the transition between milk feeding and grain-forage diets is discussed. Aspects of disease prevention, such as coccidiosis control and colostrum feeding, are also discussed. The reader will gain practical tools to use in preventive medicine programs involving Holstein steers being prepared for commercial feedlots.     

Feeding and growth in a captive-born bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus

The feeding and growth of a captive-born bottlenose dolphin Tursiops trunÄtus calf were studied for 30 months post partum. Changes in the behaviours associated with suckling were monitored and suggested that the mammary glands need tactile stimulation before the calf can feed. The calf exhibited no teat preference and mean duration of each suckling bout (4 s) remained constant throughout the suckling period. Suckling frequency declined rapidly during the first two months and continued decreasing steadily for the remainder of the study. A reduced growth rate from seven months suggests that nutrition obtained only from milk is insufficient; however, growth rate increased from 11 months, after the calf started feeding on fish. Solid food intake increased rapidly until completion of the study, by which time the calf was eating 16 kg of fish daily. Short-term reductions in food intake after weaning resulted in corresponding reductions in weight, but appeared to have no effect on linear growth.     

Responses of serum folates of preruminant and ruminant calves to a dietary supplement of folic acid.

The effect of dietary supplemental folic acid on serum folates of preruminant and ruminant calves was studied. In Trial 1, doses of 0, .07, .14, .28, and .56 mg of folic acid per kilogram of BW were added to the milk of preruminant calves. In Trial 2, doses of 0, .5, 1, 2, and 4 mg of folic acid per kilogram of BW were incorporated into the concentrates of ruminant heifers. In the first part of each trial, serum folates were determined in blood samples taken 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 (both trials), and 32 h (Trial 2) after a single meal supplemented with folic acid. In the second part of the two trials, the supplement of folic acid was given in feed during seven consecutive days. Blood samples were taken the day before the trial and subsequently every day during 7 d. In preruminant and ruminant calves, the area under the curve and the peak of concentration of serum folates after a meal increased with the dose ingested (P less than or equal to .05, linear and quadratic effect of doses, respectively) but the amount of folic acid needed to obtain a similar response was lower for preruminant than for ruminant calves. In preruminants, the time to reach the maximal concentration was 3 to 4 h after the meal, whatever the dose ingested (P less than or equal to .05), whereas in ruminants this time decreased with the dose ingested (quadratic effect of treatment, P less than or equal to .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Age of cow and age of dam effects on milk production of Hereford cows

Milk production in Hereford cows was studied utilizing 2,487 lactation records on 926 cows. Data were collected over 17 yr (1968 to 1984) from two related herds. Estimates of daily milk yield were obtained at bimonthly intervals by the calf suckling technique. The sum of three monthly measures (TMY), a predicted sum of seven monthly observations (PMY) and 205-d weight of the calf were studied. Year, age of cow, age of dam at cow's birth and calf birth weight affected (P less than .05) all traits. Birth weight affected all measures of milk, with heavier calves obtaining more milk. Age of cow effects were significantly curvilinear, with PMY and TMY increasing for cows from 2 to 5 yr of age, but not differing for cows 6 yr and older. Age of cow effects on 205-d weight were similar to those for milk. As age of cow increased from 2 to 4 yr, 205-d calf weight increased. A leveling off in 205-d weight was observed for calves of cows 5 yr and older. Effects of age of dam of cow also were significant for all milk traits studied. As age of dam increased, PMY and TMY decreased. Highest milk yields were for cows born to and reared by 2-yr-old dams, intermediate milk yields for those by 3- and 4-yr-old dams and lowest yields by daughters of mature dams. Cows born to and reared by older dams produced less milk and weaned lighter calves. There were no interactions between age of cow and age of dam. This suggests a lasting detrimental effect of older cows on lactation yield of daughters. Thus, it appears that age of dam should be considered in evaluation of cow performance.     

Antibodies to iron-regulated outer membrane proteins of coliform bacteria isolated from bovine intramammary infections

Expression of iron-regulated outer membrane proteins (OMP) by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae initially isolated from bovine intramammary infections (IMI) was investigated. Additionally, the presence of antibodies in bovine serum and mammary secretion directed against the iron-regulated OMP was examined. Outer membrane proteins were separated by sodium-dodecyl polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Detection of immunoglobulin G directed against OMP was by immunoblotting. All Gram-negative bacteria expressed iron-regulated OMP when grown in skim milk or trypticase soy broth plus iron chelator, alpha-alpha'-dipyridyl. Immunoglobulin G directed against the iron-regulated OMP, as well as the major OMP and several other proteins, was detected in serum and milk of lactating cows with or without Gram-negative bacterial IMI. Antibody against the iron-regulated OMP was detected also in colostrum, secretion from the involuted gland, and in newborn calf serum 4 days after ingesting colostrum.     

Milk production and calf rearing practices in the smallholder areas in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa

Farmer perceptions on milk production and calf rearing practices on communal rangelands in the smallholder areas of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa were evaluated on a total of 218 cattle farmers using structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews with key informants and personal observations. Nearly 70% of the households in the small-scale areas milked twice a day compared to 60% in the communal areas. About 62% of the interviewees weaned calves between 6 and 12 months of age. Milk yield/cow/day (7.5 ± 0.5 litres), fresh milk consumption/household/day (3.2 ± 0.5 litres) and sales/household/day (3.1 ± 1.1 litres) were highest in the sour-veld, small-scale farms (P < 0.05). Sour milk consumption/household/day (2.6 ± 0.2 litres) and sales/household/day (0.8 ± 0.2 litres) were significantly high in communal farms with a sour-veld. It was concluded that, calf rearing practices were poor and milk yield, consumption and sales were generally low and varied with production system and rangeland type. Further research is required to improve calf management practices, cow nutrition, milk yield and quality and how milk production can be used as a toll for rural development in the smallholder areas of South Africa.     

牛奶中活性蛋白和活性脂肪酸生物活性研究进展

当前牛奶已成为人们膳食结构中重要的组成部分，其不仅能提供丰富的营养，还具有一定的保健功能。牛奶营养功能的挖掘与评价是当前食品营养领域的研究热点，而牛奶营养功能的发挥主要依赖其含有的活性因子，包括活性蛋白/多肽、活性脂肪酸等。作者查阅和归纳了近年来关于牛奶中活性因子功能评价的文献，从中筛选出几种重要的活性蛋白，主要包括乳铁蛋白、α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白，对这3种活性蛋白的抗炎、抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤及免疫调节功能等相关活性和作用机制进行系统的阐述。同时也总结了牛奶中几种重要的活性脂肪酸，主要包括油酸、亚麻酸和二十二碳六烯酸，并对其抗炎、降血压、预防心脑血管病等相关活性和机制进行阐述。对于牛奶中活性蛋白和活性脂肪酸的具体阐述，均以相关的试验调研为切入点，其机制为活性因子直接或间接作用于靶细胞并发挥相关的作用。     

The effect of biotechnological treatment of milk-replacer feeding mixtures on hematologic and biochemical parameters and its utilization in calves

A trial was performed with cellulase administration (3 cx per g of ingested feed dry matter) to early weaned calves fed minimum amounts of milk replacer (21 kg per milk nutrition period) and sweet (C, D) and sour (A, B) diets. The groups B and D were supplemented with an enzyme till the age of 90 days. The calves were given free choice of COT concentrate mixture, hay and water. Liveweight gains, feed and nutrient intake and health condition of calves were the characteristics investigated in this trial. Hematocrit value, hemoglobin, glucose and urea contents were determined in blood, in blood plasma buffer capacity was investigated. Although the differences in calf performance are not statistically significant, the best growth of calves in the vegetable nutrition period was observed in calves in group D. Nutrient conversion was also higher in calves of group D in the vegetable nutrition period. In conversion of nutrient consumption per 1 kg liveweight gain the difference in the intake of digestible crude protein and starch units between the group of calves fed sweet milk without enzyme addition in the milk nutrient period (A--digestible crude protein 0.40 +/- 0.005; starch units 1.74 +/- 0.008) and group D (sour diet + 3 cx cellulase--digestible crude protein 0.34 +/- 0.007; starch units 1.52 +/- 0.044) was statistically significant (P less than 0.025 and P less than 0.05) in favour of group D. An analysis of the results of hematological and biochemical investigations during the trial demonstrates that the sour diet is better in view of changes in glucose concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Oral fluid therapy in neonatal ruminants and swine

Definitive recommendations regarding the best method to treat the diarrheic calf cannot be made at this time. The exact recommendation will probably depend on the situation. At the present time, I do not believe it is detrimental to withdraw milk from the diet for periods up to 24 to 36 hours, as long as the calf is in good condition and is returned to a full ration (maintenance plus) of milk within 3 to 5 days from the start of milk withdrawal. Milk withdrawal is most likely to be beneficial in those situations in which the calf is depressed and has lost its sucking reflex. Oral electrolyte solutions should be fed at the rate of 4-6 L/day if diarrhea is profuse or if the calf is depressed. As the calf feels better and the severity of diarrhea decreases, the amount of oral electrolyte solution can be reduced. It is sensible to continue feeding oral electrolyte solution, perhaps at the rate of 2 L/day, as long as the calf scours. Products containing 40-80 mEq/L of alkalizing agent give the best results. The higher concentrations may be more effective in older calves. Products containing bicarbonate or metabolizable base can be used when the calf is held off milk, whereas only solutions that contain a metabolizable base should be used if the calf is fed milk that day. Milk withdrawal may only be beneficial in calves that are losing their interest in sucking. Early reintroduction to milk and avoidance of milk deprivation in bright calves will help maintain condition and may boost immune function and mucosal repair. Calves that are held off milk for more than 2 days and calves that are deprived of milk while in poor condition should be fed a high-energy electrolyte solution. Beef calves tend to be treated while they are still on the dam, and if they are separated from the cow, it is usually only for a short period. This maintains the cow's lactation and maternal instincts. Cow's milk is better digested than many milk replacers and is available at a steady rate because calves suck frequently. Calves maintained on cow's milk should be fed an oral electrolyte solution containing a metabolizable base. Gastric fill from the electrolyte solution will tend to reduce milk consumption. It is important to prevent the calf from gorging on milk, which sometimes happens when a calf that is depressed and not sucking regains its appetite and has access to a very full udder. Cows that have been separated from their calf or that have distended udders should be milked out.