Long-term effect of soil solarization in controlling verticillium wilt of globe artichokes in Greece

Soil solarization, either singly or in combination with a reduced dosage (34 g/m²) of methyl bromide, was effective in controlling verticillium wilt of globe artichokes for three successive cropping seasons. Both treatments resulted in greatly reduced natural populations of Verticillium dahliae microsclerotia, which were positively correlated with significant reductions in diseased plants as well as with the early formation of primary artichoke heads and increased yield. Propagules of Talaromyces flavus increased and survived better in solarized than in solarized and fumigated soils and could be partially involved in the effectiveness of solarization. Propagules of Aspergillus terreus invariably increased in treated plots but their involvement in the longevity of the treatment is questionable.     

Viruses of tomato in plastic houses in Crete

Tomatoes grown in plastic houses in Crete have been inspected since 1980 for virus diseases. Plants with virus-like symptoms were checked by sap inoculation to test plants and the isolated viruses were identified by host reaction and serology. The most common viruses were, in order of frequency, tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), potato virus X, tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), potato virus Y and cucumber mosaic virus. The large use of ToMV-resistant cultivars reduces gradually the importance of ToMV while TBSV tends to become a serious problem of tomato in Crete.Samenvatting Van 1980–1984 werden op Kreta de in plasticfolie-kassen geteelde tomaten geïnventariseerd op de aanwezigheid van virussen. Verdachte plante werden door sapinoculatie op toetsplanten onderzocht. De daarbij geïsoleerde virussen werden daarna via de symptomen op de waardplanten en serologisch geïdentificeerd. In volgorde van belangrijkheid werden de volgende virussen het meest aangetroffen: tomatemozaïekvirus, aardappelvirus X, tomatedwerggroeivirus, aardappel Y virus en komkommermozaïekvirus, De laatste jaren is door de toenemende teelt van tomaterassen met resistentie tegen tomatemozaïekvirus het belang van dit virus sterk verminderd, terwijl het tomatedwerggroeivirus een steeds ernstiger probleem lijkt te worden.     

Soil solarization in Greece

Soil solarization (SS) was tested in outdoor conditions in mid Greece by mulching wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets to examine its effectiveness as a weed control treatment in maize and soybean planted as second season crops. Three or 4 weeks of solarization gave bet-ter weed control than preemergence herbicides and effectively controlled volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum), Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus spp. and other weeds. The weed control effects lasted for more than 4 months. In mulched soil the maximum temperature at 7.5 cm depth was generally 7–9°C warmer than in the unmulched soil. Polyethylene thicknesses of 0.015–0.030 mm were equally effective. Plants grown on solarized plots out yielded those on clean weeded hoe treatments. The weed flora present caused maize and soybean losses of 20–48%. These losses would economically justify the use of polyethylene mulches. Solarisation du sol en grece La solarisation du sol (SS) a été testée en conditions extérieures en Grèce centrale, en recouvrant le sol humide avec des feuilles de polyéthylene transparent pour examiner son efficacité comme traitement herbicide sur du ma'is et du soja plantés comme secondes culturesde la saison. Trois ou 4 semaines de solarisation ont donné une meilleure destruction des adventices que des herbicides de pré1evée et ont détruit efficacement les repousses de blé (Triticum aesti-vum), Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus spp. et d'autres adventices. Les effets herbicides ont duré plus de 4 mois. Dans le sol couvert le maximum de témpérature à 7.5 cm de profondeur a été généale-ment de 7–9°C plus chaud qu'en sol nu. Des épaisseurs de polyéthylene de 0,015–0,030 mm ont é'té pareillement efficaces. Les plantes cul-tivées sur parcelles solarisées produisent autant que celles sur des sols tenus propres par binage. La flore adventice présente a entrainé des pertes de maïs et de soja de 20–48%. Ces pertes justi-fieraient économiquement l'utilisation de films de polyéthylène. Boden-Solarisation in Griechenland In Mittelgriechenland wurde die Solarisation feuchten Bodens, überdeckt mil transparenter Polyethylenfolie, auf ihre Wirksamkeit zur Unk-rautbekämpfung in Mais und Sojabohnen als 2. Kultur der Vegetationsperiode untersucht. Mit 3 oder 4 Wochen Solarisation ließen sich Weizenaufschlag (Triticum aestivum), Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis, Solanum nigrum, Amaranthus spp. und andere Unkräuter besser als mil Vorauflauf-Herbiziden bekämpfen. Die Wirkung hielt > 4 Monate an. Bei der Solarisa-tion lag die Bodentemperature in 7,5 cm Tiefe um 7.9°C höher als bei offenem Boden. Folien von 0,015.0,030 mm Stärke waren gleich wirk-sam. Der Ertrag lag in den solarisierten Parzellen über dem gehackter Parzellen. In den unbehan-delten Parzellen ging der Ertrag um 20.48% zurück, so daß die Solarisation unter Polyethylenfolie ein wirtschaftliches Verfahren ist.     

上海地区种植的21个番茄品种抗细菌性溃疡病的鉴定

番茄溃疡病是由密执安棒形杆菌密执安亚种引起的番茄最具毁灭性病害之一,选育和种植抗耐病品种是防治该病最经济有效的防治手段。本研究收集上海种植的21个番茄品种进行温室育苗,在苗期和成株期分别采用打顶法接种进行抗病性测定。分级调查病情,根据病情指数划分反应型,确定供试品种的抗感类型。在供试的21个番茄品种中,只有欧宝318、粉丽、浙粉202和世纪粉冠王表现为中度感病,其余全为高感品种,没有免疫、抗病或耐病品种。     

Spatiotemporal distribution of tomato plants naturally infected with bacterial canker in greenhouses

The distribution of plants with tomato bacterial canker within a greenhouse was analyzed using Morisita’s binomial index of dispersion, I _B , to assess spatial distribution patterns. The distribution patterns of diseased plants were similar in four commercial greenhouses. The degree of clustering of added together diseased plants based on the I _B index did not increase with time, but the statistical significance of the cluster distribution did increase, suggesting that new independent cluster points had formed during the investigation. Therefore, a scattered pattern of potentially or apparently diseased plants caused by primary inoculum from residual plants in the soil emerged with time.     

拮抗菌Z-L-22不同剂型对番茄溃疡病的防治效果

以对番茄溃疡病菌拮抗效果良好的西唐链霉菌(Streptomyces setonii)菌株Z-L-22为研究对象,开发出3种大田应用剂型——水剂、颗粒剂和片剂,确定了片剂最佳发酵组分,并测定不同剂型在温室和棚室对番茄溃疡病的防治效果。温室试验结果表明,10×发酵液稀释液、固体发酵物5g和片剂1g于番茄定植时施用,对番茄溃疡病防效可达到80%以上;棚室番茄定植75d后,经过水剂、颗粒剂、片剂处理后的番茄发病率和严重度均显著低于硫酸链霉素处理和空白对照。其中片剂由于具有成本低、易储存运输、持效期长等优点,有很高的开发价值。     

Enhanced tomato resistance to bacterial canker by application of turtle oil

Pretreatment with oil of sea turtle Caretta caretta protected tomato plants against bacterial canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm). The turtle oil was ineffective in inhibiting Cmm in an agar diffusion test, suggesting a mechanism of induced resistance. Under controlled conditions in the greenhouse, turtle oil lowered the disease index and had reduced the growth of bacteria up to 50.4% by 7 days after inoculation. Applying turtle oil to the foliage of tomato plants increased per-oxidase and lipoxygenase activities. Gas chromatography analyses of turtle oil indicated the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. These fatty acids may lead to the higher activity of the enzymes and probably induced plant resistance against the pathogen.     

番茄溃疡病菌单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

为制备并鉴定番茄溃疡病菌(Clavibacter michiganensis subsp.michiganensis,Cmm)的单克隆抗体(McAbs),用全菌皮下免疫BALB/C小鼠,采用B细胞杂交瘤技术,经免疫、融合、间接ELISA筛选和克隆等,获得稳定分泌抗体的阳性杂交瘤细胞株,得到了抗番茄溃疡病菌的单克隆抗体。经免疫后获得3株单抗分别为1A4、1C3和1B7,经亚类鉴定分别是IgM、IgG1、IgG1;纯化腹水间接ELISA效价分别为1:3.2×106、1:8.1×105、1:3.2×106;与其他同属不同亚种无交叉反应。结果表明:3株单克隆抗体均具有较高特异性和敏感性,可作为番茄溃疡病菌的检测抗体,其中,1A4的效果最好。番茄溃疡病菌单克隆抗体的获得为进一步研发番茄溃疡病检测试剂盒奠定了基础。     

Weed control in squash and tomato fields by soil solarization in the Jordan Valley

Black (BPE) and clear polyethylene mulches (CPE), 0.08 and 0.06 mm thick, respectively, were compared for their effectiveness for soil solarization over three seasons during 1986–1989 in weedy fields. Solarization for 6 weeks reduced weed growth and enhanced crop yields. However, further mulching with BPE after solarization with either BPE or CPE gave the best results. Not all weeds were sensitive to solarization. Some weed species were completely controlled; others were reduced to varying degrees; yet other weed species seemed to be enhanced by solarization. Solarization without further mulching was no better than farmer-practice in reducing weed growth or in increasing crop yield. Weeds required further removal after the middle of the growing season. Any soil disturbance after solarization reduced the weed control effect of solarization. Crops grew best in plots after solarization with BPE if they were planted in the same mulch after it was perforated.     

抗放线菌St-145对番茄青枯病的防治效果

室内测定结果表明,先接种放线菌St-145菌株2d后再接种茄青枯雷尔氏菌的植株对番茄青枯病的防治效果为73.83%;先接种病原菌2d后再接种St-145菌株对该病的防效为30.86%.St-145菌株对番茄青枯病的大田防治效果为16.39%.     

The effects of soil solarization and soil fumigation on Fusarium wilt of watermelon grown in plastic house in south-eastern Spain

The effects of pre-planting solarization or fumigation with metham-sodium of sand-mulched soil on fusarium wilt of watermelon in plastic house culture were investigated at Almeria, south-eastern Spain. In two trials, 2 months' solarization increased the average maximum soil temperature by c. 5°C to 44-48° C at 10 cm depth and by 4-5° C to 40-42° C at 20-30 cm. The amount of Fusarium oxysporum in the upper 15 cm of a naturally infested soil was reduced by solarization and by fumigation. During the 9 months following treatment, the F. oxysporum population stabilized at a low level in soil solarized for 2 months, but fluctuated in soil solarized for 1 month and increased in fumigated soil. The amount of wilt in watermelon sown into this soil after treatment was generally low; plants growing in solarized or fumigated soil suffered less wilt than plants in untreated soil but the differences were not significant. In a soil artificially infested with the highly pathogenic race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, F. oxysporum populations were greatly reduced following solarization or fumigation, and fluctuated erratically thereafter. Solarization for 2 months completely controlled wilt in watermelon and gave a fruit yield almost five times that of plants in untreated soil. Solarization for 1 month only slowed disease development slightly but gave a yield more than twice that in untreated soil. Fumigation with metham-sodium retarded disease development considerably and tripled fruit yield. Plant performance was significantly better in soil solarized for 2 months than in uninfested control soil, suggesting beneficial effects of this treatment additional to wilt control.     

Adaptation of soil solarization to the integrated management of soilborne pests of tomato under humid conditions

ABSTRACT Soil solarization was shown to be cost effective, compatible with other pest management tactics, readily integrated into standard production systems, and a valid alternative to preplant fumigation with methyl bromide under the tested conditions. Solarization using clear, photoselective, or gas-impermeable plastic was evaluated in combination with metham sodium, 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin, methyl bromide + chloropicrin, pebulate, or cabbage residue. Strip solarization, applied to 20-cm-high, 0.9-m-wide beds, was conducted to achieve compatibility with standard production practices and resulted in soil temperatures 2 to 4 degrees C above those temperatures resulting when using conventional flatbed solarization. Soil temperatures were 1 to 2 degrees C higher at the edges of the raised beds, eliminating any border effects associated with solarization. Following a 40- to 55-day solarization period, the plastic was painted white and used as a production mulch for a subsequent tomato crop. The incidence of Southern blight and the density of Paratrichodorus minor and Criconemella spp. were lower (P < 0.05) in solarized plots. No differences (P < 0.05) in the incidence of Fusarium wilt and the density of nutsedge and Helicotylenchus spp. were observed between plots receiving solarization and plots fumigated with a mixture of methyl bromide + chloropicrin. The severity of root galling was lower (P < 0.05) when soil solarization was combined with 1,3-dichloropropene + chloropicrin (16.2 + 3.4 g/m(2)) and a gas-impermeable film. The incidence of bacterial wilt was not affected by soil treatments. Marketable yields in plots using various combinations of soil solarization and other tactics were similar (P < 0.05) to yields obtained in plots fumigated with methyl bromide + chloropicrin. The results were validated in several large scale field experiments conducted by commercial growers.     

芽孢杆菌B47菌株对番茄青枯病的防治作用

用不同接种方法测定番茄内生芽孢杆菌B47菌株对番茄青枯病的室内防效，结果表明，接种B47菌17d后再接种茄青枯雷尔氏菌的植株能较好地防治番茄青枯病，防治效果为81．25％；B47菌和茄青枯雷尔氏菌同时接种的植株对该病的防效较低，仅为16．67％。B47菌株与根围链霉菌St103菌株混合施用室内对番茄青枯病的防效为62．52％，田间防效为81．82％。     

Soil solarization for the control of verticillium wilt of greenhouse tomato

Verticillium dahliae, the causal agent of Verticillium wilt of tomato, causes serious damage to crops grown in unheated greenhouses. To control this disease, growers are obliged to employ strong soil disinfestants. The possibility of controllingV. dahliae by using soil solarization during the months of June — August was examined. The soil was covered with transparent polyethylene sheets for 10 weeks. The pathogen could not be isolated from the solarized soil, whereas the inoculum level in the nonsolarized soil remained high (1379–1806 propagules/g soil). The yield from the solarized soil was increased by 112.4% in comparison with the control, and no infected plants were observed. The percentage of infected roots was very low (0.3–0.4%) in relation to the nonsolarized soil (66.7–67.1%). From these results it was concluded that solarization can effectively control Verticillium wilt of greenhouse-grown tomato under the summer conditions in Crete.     

The problem of bacterial canker of hazelnut in Greece caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. avellanae1

The present situation of the disease in Greece and its main aspects, causal agent, symptomatology, epidemiology and control measures are described. The characteristics differentiating the pathogen from some other Pseudomonas species are also reported.     

Environmentally friendly methods for controlling pine pitch canker

Fusarium circinatum is a highly virulent invasive pathogen that causes the disease commonly known as pine pitch canker (PPC). On mature trees, the most common symptoms of PPC include resin bleeding, resinous cankers, wilting of needles and dieback. In nurseries the main symptoms are yellowish needles, and wilting of foliage and shoots. PPC is considered one of the most important diseases of conifers globally and at least 60 species of Pinus along with Pseudotsuga menziesii are known to be susceptible. Quarantine regulations are crucial to minimize the risk of new introductions into disease-free countries. However, if these measures fail, implementation of environmentally friendly control methods is currently encouraged in an integrated management approach that minimizes the use of chemicals in forests. This review therefore summarizes current knowledge of biological control using endophytic fungi, bacteria and viruses, and other environmentally friendly methods to control PPC, including thermotherapy, natural products with fungicidal effects, promoters of innate host resistance mechanisms and breeding for resistance. Key research gaps to be addressed for improvement of effective management of this disease are discussed.     

Effects of soil solarization on nematodes in Croatia

For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100% at a depth of 10cm and 92–97% at a depth of 20cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100% at a depth of 10cm and 98–100% at a depth of 20cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90% at a depth of 10cm and 72–89% at a depth of 20cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97% at a depth of 10cm and 87–93% at a depth of 20cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.     

Evaluating Pochonia chlamydosporia in a double-cropping system of lettuce and tomato in plastic houses infested with Meloidogyne javanica

The effect of Pochonia chlamydosporia , a facultative fungal parasite of nematode eggs, alone or in combination with oxamyl was evaluated in a double-cropping system of lettuce and tomato in unheated plastic houses infested with Meloidogyne javanica at two sites for two consecutive growing seasons. An additional treatment of methyl bromide fumigation was included to compare crop yield in nematode-free vs. nematode-infested soil. Final population densities, reproductive rate, root gall rating, and egg production were determined after each crop. Pochonia chlamydosporia was isolated from nematode eggs up to nine months after application to soil. The fungus survived in the rhizosphere for the entire growing season at one site, but only at low densities. Final population densities of M. javanica decreased after cultivation of lettuce and increased after tomato, and this pattern of population fluctuation was unaffected by treatment, experiment or site. The reproductive rate on lettuce was equal to or below 1, and it was similar among treatments in both experiments at both sites. Eggs were not found on lettuce roots. On tomato, the reproductive rate in the fungus + oxamyl treatment was significantly lower ( P  < 0·05) than other treatments in experiment 1 at both sites. Fungus + oxamyl consistently reduced root gall ratings on tomato in all cases, but numbers of eggs per g root varied depending on treatment. Methyl bromide-treated plots remained free of M. javanica at the end of the 2-year study.     

Effects of soil solarization on nematodes in Croatia

For the first time soil solarization was investigated in Croatia both in the field and in the greenhouse in 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1994. For two months (July and August), the soil was mulched with transparent polyethylene (PE) sheets of 0.015 or 0.050mm thickness. Soil temperatures at depths of 5, 10 and 20cm were recorded daily. In order to assess nematode population densities, soil samples were analysed before mulching and at the end of the mulching treatment. The results of these experiments showed that soil solarization drastically reduced the population of plant-parasitic nematodes (Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Tylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus spp.) by about 97–100% at a depth of 10cm and 92–97% at a depth of 20cm in the field, while in the greenhouse, the population of plant-parasitic nematodes was reduced by about 89–100% at a depth of 10cm and 98–100% at a depth of 20cm.In the same experiments, the population of saprophytic nematodes in the field was reduced by about 86–90% at a depth of 10cm and 72–89% at a depth of 20cm. In the greenhouse, the population of saprophytic nematodes was reduced by about 87–97% at a depth of 10cm and 87–93% at a depth of 20cm. This data shows that soil solarization was less effective in the control of saprophytic nematodes, which is considered to be an advantage.