伊维菌素对绵羊体表寄生虫的影响

为了研究伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊体表寄生虫的效果,本实验在不同温度下应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.2、0.5、0.8mg/kg·bw剂量对绵羊沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,并以不浇泼伊维菌素做对照,以羊颚虱和羊蜱蝇转阴率为考察指标,评判不同剂量和不同温度下伊维菌素浇泼剂驱杀绵羊体表寄生虫效果。实验结果表明,0.2mg/kg·bw、0.5mg/kg·bw和0.8mg/kg·bw伊维菌素浇泼剂对羊颚虱转阴率分别为95%、100%和100%,对羊蜱蝇转阴率分别为81.3%、85.7%和92.8%。随着平均温度从13.8℃升高到28.9℃,伊维菌素对羊颚虱和羊蜱蝇转阴率逐渐降低。     

埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂对牦牛皮蝇幼虫驱除效果试验

应用埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂驱除牦牛皮蝇幼虫,并设埃普利诺菌素注射剂药物对照组和阳性对照组。结果：剖检埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂300μg/kg,400μg/kg,500μg/kg剂量组牦牛与药物对照埃普利诺菌素注射剂组及伊维菌素浇泼剂组牦牛,均未检出皮蝇1期幼虫,而阳性对照组牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫感染率35.0%,平均感染强度29.4（9～53）条。翌年3、5月份两次触摸检查牛背部皮下瘤疤和皮肤虫孔,4个药物试验组牦牛均未检出,而阳性对照组牦牛两次检查平均感染率45.16%,平均感染强度6.45个。试验证明埃普利诺菌素浇泼剂低、中、高3个剂量对寄生于牦牛的皮蝇幼虫驱净率、驱虫率均达100.0%,高效安全。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂驱除黄牛皮蝇蛆的扩大试验

应用5 g/L伊维菌素浇泼剂驱除黄牛皮蝇幼虫,每头用量0.01 mL/kg,在10月中旬沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,翌年3月和5月份摸背检查防治效果.结果表明,对照组牛皮蝇瘤疱的感染率为30.56%,感染强度4.19(0～14)个;防治组牛未检测到牛皮蝇蛆瘤疱和虫孔,驱净率和驱虫率均达到100%.证明伊维菌素浇泼剂使用微量防治黄牛皮蝇蛆病效果好,且给药方便,安全高效.     

伊维菌素控制春乏期羊狂蝇蛆病试验

目的为有效预防和控制羊狂蝇蛆病的发生。方法选用伊维菌素在羊狂蝇成虫完全消失的11月进行驱杀羊狂蝇蛆试验,并以敌敌畏熏蒸作为对照。结果在来年羊狂蝇成蝇出现之前的长达7个月的冬春枯草季节,伊维菌素组驱虫率和驱净率均保持100％,而敌敌畏熏蒸组驱虫率保持94．69％,驱净率仅保持60％。结论选择每年11月份用伊维菌素驱虫一次,可使羊在冬春季节无任何阶段羊狂蝇幼虫寄生。     

伊维菌素4种剂型不同给药方法对牦牛皮蝇蛆病防治的比较研究

选用伊维菌素浇泼剂、注射剂、片剂、干混悬剂4种剂型,分别按0.5,0.2,0.3,0.3mg/kg体重剂量,对1.5岁牦牛在10月中旬给药,进行不同给药方法用于防治牦牛皮蝇蛆病的给药速度、劳动强度、使用的安全性、防治效果等方面的比较研究。结果:给药速度以浇泼剂最佳,其次为注射剂,再次为干混悬剂,片剂最慢;劳动强度以浇泼剂最佳,其次为注射剂与干混悬剂,再次为片剂;伊维菌素注射剂、浇泼剂和干混悬剂的防治效果佳,其驱净率和驱虫率均达100.00%,片剂较低,平均驱净率和驱虫率分别为95.41%和96.36%;同期检查阳性对照组牦牛皮蝇蛆平均感染率33.33%、平均感染强度7.5个虫体。试验表明,伊维菌素4种剂型防治牦牛皮蝇蛆病高效安全,其中浇泼剂优势明显。     

多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠旋毛虫的疗效研究

研究了多拉菌素浇泼剂对小鼠旋毛虫各个时期的驱杀效果。采用多拉菌素浇泼剂按5mg·kg^-1·bw^-1为小鼠背部浇泼给药一次,对小鼠旋毛虫成虫、移行期幼虫和包囊期幼虫进行驱杀。结果表明。多拉菌素浇泼剂对旋毛虫成虫的杀虫效果最好,杀虫率可达99．5％,其次是旋毛虫的移行期幼虫,杀虫效果达96．62％,而对包囊期幼虫的杀虫效果最差,只有31．98％。多拉菌素浇泼剂治疗小鼠旋毛虫的成虫和移行期蚴虫疗效显著,而对包囊期幼虫效果不明显。本研究为该药进一步的广泛应用于家畜提供理论与试验依据。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂和注射剂对牛皮蝇蛆病的治疗效果

为了解伊维菌素浇泼剂对牛皮蝇蛆病的治疗效果,探讨及筛选对牛皮蝇蛆病高效、低毒、使用方便的有效剂型,本临床试验共选用合格试验牛80头,随机分成5组:高剂量组(10头)、中剂量组(40头)、低剂量组(10头)、伊维菌素注射组(药物对照组10头)和不给药组(空白对照组10头),各组牛按如下方法给药:高、中、低剂量组分别按每100 kg体重15、10和5 mL背部浇泼给药,药物对照组按每100 kg体重2 mL颈部皮下注射伊维菌素。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂高、中、低剂量组对牛皮蝇幼虫的杀虫效果三者之间差异不显著(P0.05),3个剂量组与药物对照组比较差异也不显著(P0.05),表明高、中、低剂量的伊维菌素浇泼剂和伊维菌素注射剂均对牛皮蝇均具有明显的驱虫效果。伊维菌素浇泼剂是一种新开发治疗牛皮蝇蛆病较为安全的局部外用药,使用简便、快捷,适合在临床上广泛推广应用。     

伊维菌素浇泼剂防治绵羊寄生虫病的效果观察

应用伊维菌素浇泼剂,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外寄生虫,结果表明,0．5mg／kg体重剂量对主要7属消化道线虫和网尾线虫的虫卵（幼虫）转阴率、减少率均为100％,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为87．59／6和91．3％,对线虫的总计驱虫率为99．04％;对绵羊颚虱的杀虫率达100％。表明伊维菌素浇泼剂0．5mg／kg剂量一次用药,驱除绵羊体内线虫和体外绵羊颚虱等寄生虫,高效安全。     

不同剂量的伊维菌素注射剂和浇泼剂对天祝牦牛牛皮蝇防制效果观察

通过对天祝县感染了牛皮蝇的牦牛的药物实验,确定了伊维菌素注射剂与浇泼剂在防治该病时的最低剂量。将280头牦牛随机分成7组,1~3组分别在颈部皮下注射0.1%伊维菌素注射液1μg/kg,5μg/kg和10μg/kg,4~6组分别沿背中线浇泼0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂25μg/kg、50μg/kg和250μg/kg,将第7组设为空白对照。对前6组在11月份统一治疗。在第2年的3月份和5月份检查试验牦牛的背部瘤包,在治疗组牛的背部未发现瘤包,但在对照组牛的背部发现了三期幼虫。结果表明：1μg/kg伊维菌素注射剂和25μg/kg的浇泼剂对自然感染的牛皮蝇幼虫有较好的防治效果。     

微量多拉菌素与伊维菌素对牦牛皮蝇幼虫驱除效力的研究

应用多拉菌素注射剂和伊维菌素浇泼剂微量给药,对自然感染皮蝇幼虫的犊牦牛进行驱虫效力研究。结果:给药后28~34d剖检和翌年3、5月份两次摸背检查远期防治效果,多拉菌素注射剂5μg/kg剂量组驱净率分别为85.0%和92.1%,驱虫率分别为93.6%、93.7%;10、20μg/kg剂量组均为100.0%。伊维菌素浇泼剂12.5μg/kg。剂量组驱净率分别为85.0%和91.2%,驱虫率分别为93.3%和93.2%;25、50μg/kg剂量组均为100.0%。对照组牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫感染率85.0%,平均感染强度29.7条;背部皮下瘤疱和皮肤虫孔的平均感染率84.1%,瘤疱和虫孔总数205个。试验证明供试两种药物使用微量驱除牦牛皮蝇1期幼虫高效安全经济,多拉菌素的最佳剂量为10μg/kg,伊维菌素的最佳剂量为25μg/kg。     

伊维菌素干混悬剂对羊狂蝇蛆的驱杀效果试验

选择自然感染羊狂蝇蛆绵羊131只,分别按体重0.1,0.2和0.3mg/kg剂量口服伊维菌素干混悬剂,进行驱除效果观察,同时设空白对照组。结果表明,口服伊维菌素干混悬剂0.2,0.3mg/kg剂量组绵羊的羊狂蝇蛆驱净率和驱虫率均达100%。口服0.1mg/kg剂量组绵羊的羊狂蝇蛆驱净率93.9%、驱虫率98.6%。试验证明伊维菌素干混悬剂对羊狂蝇蛆驱虫效果明显,临床使用0.2mg/kg体重剂量高效安全。     

Comparison of the efficacy of dermal formulations of ivermectin and levamisole for the treatment and prevention of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in cattle

Four groups of six parasite-naive calves were infected at seven day intervals with three doses of infective larvae of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Twenty-one days after the first dose three of the groups were treated either with an injectable formulation of ivermectin at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg bodyweight, or with pour-on preparations of levamisole at 10 mg/kg or ivermectin at 500 micrograms/kg. On day 28 two calves from each group were slaughtered and their burdens of lungworms counted. On day 35 the remaining calves were reinfected with D viviparus infective larvae at a rate of 80 L3/kg. The levamisole preparation was 94.6 per cent effective and both ivermectin preparations were 100 per cent effective against the initial infections. The ivermectin-treated calves were protected from the reinfection which subsequently became patent in the levamisole-treated and control calves.     

阿苯达唑干混悬剂驱除绵羊线虫的效力与安全性试验

应用阿苯达唑干混悬剂按10mg/kg、15mg/kg、20mg/kg剂量驱除绵羊线虫,并设药物对照组和空白对照组。粪检结果:阿苯达唑干混悬剂三个试验剂量组对羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为83.3%、93.3%和96.7%,减少率分别为95.2%、98.8%和99.9%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为63.3%、83.3%和93.3%,减少率分别为76.1%、87.5%和94.2%。剖检结果:三个剂量组对线虫的总计驱虫率分别为96.9%、98.3%和99.4%。阿苯达唑原料药15mg/kg剂量对羊消化道线虫虫卵转阴率、减少率分别为90%和98.5%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率、减少率分别为83.3%和86.9%,总计驱虫率98.5%。绵羊能耐受80mg/kg剂量。试验证明:阿苯达唑干混悬剂的驱虫活性及安全性与阿苯达唑原料药、片剂等无明显差异,均有良好驱虫效果,临床驱除绵羊线虫使用剂量以15mg/kg为宜,干混悬剂使用方法简便,特别适用于高原牧区,具有推广价值。     

Duration of Anthelmintic Effect of Three Formulations of Ivermectin (Oral,Injectable and Pour-on) Against Multiple Anthelmintic-Resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haemonchus contortus</Emphasis> in Sheep

We report the results of investigations that were conducted in a sheep flock in Uttaranchal, India where repeated failure of anthelmintic medication was noted. The study revealed that Haemonchus contortus in sheep had developed resistance to benzimidazoles (fenbendazole, mebendazole and albendazole), imidazothiazole (levamisole) and salicylanide (rafoxanide), while it was fully susceptible to avermectins (ivermectin). Further, the suppression of nematode egg output in faeces of sheep naturally infected with multiple anthelmintic-resistant H. contortus following treatment with ivermectin tablet (0.4 mg/kg body weight (bw), orally), ivermectin injection (1% w/v, 0.2 mg/kg bw, subcutaneously) and ivermectin pour-on (0.5 w/v, 0.5 mg/kg bw) was also studied over a period of 10 weeks post treatment. It was noted that ivermectin tablet after initial clearance of infection (faecal egg count reduction 100%), could not prevent establishment of new patent natural infection for even a single day, while ivermectin pour-on and injection prevented the establishment of new infection for 7 and 14 days post treatment, respectively. Maximum protection period (duration for which mean faecal egg count of sheep reaches 500 eggs per gram of faeces or more) of 68 days was recorded in sheep treated with injectable ivermectin, followed by pour-on (60 days) and oral (53 days) preparations.     

伊维菌素浇泼剂对绵羊线虫的驱虫效力与安全性试验

应用0.5%伊维菌素浇泼剂按0.3,0.4,0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对绵羊沿背中线皮肤一次浇泼给药,并以伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量做对照。结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂0.3mg/kg,0.4mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率分别为85%和90%,减少率分别为89.1%和95.9%;对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率分别为60%和75%,减少率分别为77.2%和86.7%;0.5mg/kg.b w剂量对消化道线虫虫卵转阴率和减少率均为100%,对原圆科线虫幼虫转阴率为85%,减少率为95.4%。解剖检查结果:伊维菌素浇泼剂三种剂量对绵羊消化道、呼吸道多属线虫均有效,总计驱虫率分别为90.8%,95.6%和99.7%,伊维菌素浇泼剂0.5mg/kg.b w剂量与伊维菌素注射剂0.2mg/kg.b w剂量驱虫效果基本一致;绵羊经皮给药可耐受1.0mg/kg.b w剂量。试验证明:伊维菌素浇泼剂经皮给药驱除绵羊线虫高效安全,临床推荐剂量以0.5mg/kg.b w为宜。     

Efficacy of eprinomectin pour-on against gastrointestinal nematodes and the nasal bot fly (Oestrus ovis) in sheep

The efficacy of the pour-on formulation of eprinomectin, at a dose rate of 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight, was assessed in sheep against three main species of gastrointestinal nematodes and against the nasal bot fly, Oestrus ovis, and some pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for 21 days after the treatment. By comparison with untreated control sheep, infected experimentally with Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, eprinomectin was 100 per cent effective against the two abomasal species and 99.5 per cent effective against T. colubriformis. In ewes naturally infected with the nasal bot fly, the efficacy of the drug against O. ovis was 97.7 per cent. The mean (se) systemic area under the curve (AUC) was 56.0 (26.2) ng/day/ml and the mean residence time was 5.3 (1.0) days, but there were wide variations between individual sheep.     

Efficacy of injectable and pour-on microdose ivermectin in the treatment of goat warble fly infestation by Przhevalskiana silenus (Diptera, Oestridae)

The prophylactic efficacy of microdoses of injectable and pour-on ivermectin formulations against larval stages of Przhevalskiana silenus was assessed in naturally infected goats in the region of Calabria (southern Italy).Sixty-eight goats from two goat farms were divided into five groups: one group remained untreated, while the other four groups were treated with microdoses of ivermectin (5 and 10 microg/kg injectable formulation and 10 and 20 microg/kg pour-on formulation).The microdoses of ivermectin were fully effective in the treatment of goat warble fly infestation (GWFI) as no larvae emerged from the warbles in the treated groups, while all the larvae emerged in the control groups. Irrespective of the type of formulation used, the difference between the treated groups and the control group was statistically significant (P< 0.001). By contrast, no statistical differences were found between the goats treated with the injectable formulation and those receiving the pour-on applications, and between the two doses of the injectable and pour-on formulations used. Given the plasma concentrations it attains at its lowest dose (0.052 - 0.042 ng/ml for the injectable formulation and 0.030 ng/ml for the pour-on) the injectable formulation seems to offer the most reliable route for the administration of ivermectin microdoses and it is acceptable for milk consumption. The introduction of ivermectin in the early eighties and the use of microdoses in some cases have made it possible to control cattle hypodermosis in large areas of Europe. As with cattle hypodermosis, the administration of ivermectin microdoses in goats is particularly interesting because of the low costs involved and the low levels of residues found in goat milk; it may thus constitute the basis for GWFI control campaigns in areas where the disease is prevalent.     

芬苯达唑干混悬剂对绵羊裸头科绦虫的驱除效力试验

应用芬苯达唑干混悬剂,分别按5,10,20mg/kg体重剂量驱除绵羊裸头科绦虫,并设吡喹酮片剂20mg/kg体重剂量药物对照组和阳性对照组。粪检结果:芬苯达唑干混悬剂5,10,20mg/kg剂量对裸头科绦虫的粪便虫卵(节片)转阴率分别为70.0%、100.0%和100.0%。用药后14d剖检结果:芬苯达唑干混悬剂5mg/kg体重剂量对莫尼茨绦虫、无卵黄腺绦虫的驱虫率分别为70.7%、63.0%;10、20mg/kg体重剂量的驱虫率均达100.0%。结果表明10mg/kg和20mg/kg体重芬苯达唑干混悬剂试验剂量对绵羊裸头科2属绦虫均有效,其中10mg/kg以上剂量驱除绵羊裸头科绦虫高效安全。     

Transmission of Babesia spp by the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus) to cattle treated with injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of ivermectin and moxidectin to prevent transmission of Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina by Boophilus microplus to cattle under conditions of relatively intense experimental challenge. DESIGN: Naive Bos taurus calves were treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of either ivermectin or moxidectin and then exposed to larvae of B microplus infected with B bovis or larvae or adults of B microplus infected with B bigemina. One calf was used for each combination of haemoparasite, B microplus life stage, drug and application route. PROCEDURE: Groups of calves were treated with the test drugs in either pour-on or injectable formulation and then infested with B microplus larvae infected with B bovis or B bigemina. B bigemina infected adult male ticks grown on an untreated calf were later transferred to a fourth group of animals. Infections were monitored via peripheral blood smears to determine haemoparasite transmission. RESULTS: Cattle treated with either pour-on or injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin became infected with B bovis after infestation with infected larvae. Similarly, larvae infected with B bigemina survived to the nymphal stage to transmit the haemoparasite to animals treated with each drug preparation. Cattle treated with pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin then infested with adult male ticks infected with B bigemina did not become infected with B bigemina whereas those treated with the injectable formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin did show a parasitaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Injectable or pour-on formulations of ivermectin and moxidectin do not prevent transmission of Babesia to cattle by B microplus. Use of these drugs can therefore not be recommended as a primary means of protecting susceptible cattle from the risk of Babesia infection.     

Comparative efficacy of pour-on and subcutaneous injection of ivermectin on Melophagus ovinus (L.) in Darab ecotype goats of Southern Iran

The efficacy of ivermectin was evaluated against Melophagus ovinus in Darab ecotype goats of Iran. Twenty-four healthy Iranian crossbreed male goats were randomly divided into three equal groups (n = 8). An experimental infestation was induced in all animals of the three groups with 100 M. ovinus on the body of each animal. Groups 1 and 2 were treated with 1% ivermectin solution at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight applied as a pour-on along the dorsal midline and 0.2 mg/kg subcutaneously, respectively; while group 3 was kept as control group. Seven days after infestation ivermectin was administered then the goats were observed for a period of 7 days. Body surface of each goat of three groups was inspected daily and decreases in M. ovinus were recorded. The rate of elimination in keds was assessed on the basis of decrease in keds count on the skin and hairs. The results revealed that complete absence of keds were observed in 6 and 7 days post-treatment with injection and pour-on routes, respectively. The results of present study showed that subcutaneous injection of ivermectin more rapidly eliminated M. ovinus than pour-on route. Both routes were 100% effective against this parasite in the goats. Ivermectin can be a drug of choice against M. ovinus in long-hair Iranian goats due to its high efficacy, easy applicability and wide safety margin.