马铃薯试管苗组织培养及微型薯诱导技术的研究

通过加入不同浓度的BA、NAA和KT,以探讨外源激素对马铃薯试管苗生理性状的影响,发现低浓度的外源激素较适合用来进行试管苗的增殖。本试验利用香豆素进行微型薯的诱导,结果表明低浓度的香豆素对提高薯重和大薯率有利,而高浓度有利于提高微型薯的结薯数量。     

香豆素对马铃薯试管微型薯诱导的影响

以马铃薯早熟品种东农 30 3和Favorita为试验材料 ,在诱导结薯的过程中给以不同浓度的香豆素处理 ,研究香豆素对试管微型薯诱导的影响。结果表明 ,在诱导结薯的培养基中 ,添加香豆素处理的浓度为 30mg/L时 ,获得的微型薯块茎较大且大薯率较高     

不同组织培养条件对马铃薯试管微型薯的诱导

应用四种不同的培养基对两个马铃薯品种的脱毒试管苗进行微型薯的诱导．在其中两种培养诱导条件下,两品种的诱导效应有明显差异,但对另外两种的诱导无显著区别．而液体培养对微型薯的诱导效果好于固体培养。在诱导培养成分中,ＢＡＰ对子诱导微型薯发生无明显作用,并非诱导的必需因素．试验表明以ＭＳ基本培养成分组成的液体培养对于诱导试管微型薯的效果最好．它诱导微型薯形成的最早,时间短,诱导结薯率高,相对成本低,适用于容器内大量微型薯的诱导形成．     

扦插时期、光照与密度等条件在马铃薯微型薯生产中的影响

在马铃薯微型薯生产过程中,扦插时期不同,使马铃薯植株不同物候期所处的环境条件不同,严重影响植株生物学性状及微型薯产量。试管苗扦插生根主要受温度影响,光照通过影响温、湿度对生根起作用。密度不同,植株生长受到影响,微型薯数量与产量均不同。     

赤霉素(GA)对马铃薯微型薯形成影响的研究

在马铃薯微型薯诱导实验中添加不同浓度的赤霉素,考察它对结薯的影响,实验证明赤霉素能显著降低微型薯的产量。通过对微型薯α-淀粉酶活性分析表明:赤霉素能显著提高α-淀粉酶活性。微型薯的产量与α-淀粉酶活性之间存在极显著的负相关的关系,赤霉素的浓度与α-淀粉酶活性之间存在极显著的正相关关系。     

不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯形成时α-淀粉酶活性分析

利用不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯 ,所生成的微型薯的产量不同。α 淀粉酶是马铃薯微型薯生长发育有关的一项重要生理生化指标 ,与块茎形成过程中干物质的积累密切相关。本文对在不同浓度蔗糖下形成的微型薯的α 淀粉酶活性进行分析 ,其结果表明 ,α 淀粉酶的活性与微型薯产量呈显著负相关     

不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯形成时a—淀粉酶活性分析

利用不同浓度蔗糖诱导马铃薯微型薯，所生成的微型薯的产量不同。a-淀粉酶是马铃薯微型薯生长发育有关的一项重要生理生化指标。与块茎形成过程中干物质的积累密切相关。本文对在不同浓度蔗溏下形成的微型薯的a-淀粉酶活性进行分析，其结果表明，a-淀粉酶的活性与微型薯产量呈显著负相关。     

植物激素对马铃薯试管薯形成的影响

以马铃薯品种克新3号为试验材料,在诱导结薯的过程中以不同浓度的香豆素和BA进行处理,研究香豆素和BA对试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明,在诱导结薯的培养基中,添加香豆素30mg/L+BA3 0mg/L+活性炭0 1%时,获得的微型薯块茎较大且大薯率较高。     

雾培马铃薯不同品种生长及微型薯产量比较

雾培法生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯是一项新型的无土栽培技术。甘肃省马铃薯微型薯雾培法生产中存在品种数量较少、多样性程度较低的问题,阻碍当地马铃薯产业化发展。为筛选出适宜雾培法生产微型薯的马铃薯新品种,促进甘肃省马铃薯产业的发展,选用4个马铃薯品种,以当地雾培主栽品种‘庄薯3号’为对照,采用马铃薯微型薯雾培法进行品种比较试验,对不同马铃薯品种的形态指标、生理指标及微型薯产量进行比较研究。结果表明,不同品种在株高、茎粗、根长、叶面积、叶绿素SPAD值、匍匐茎数量和微型薯产量方面存在差异。从单株结薯数来看,‘庄薯3号’(CK)微型薯产量最高,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’次之,‘陇薯10号’和‘冀张薯8号’产量最低。通过比较研究,‘庄薯4号’和‘天薯11号’品种生长性状好、微型薯产量高,适合雾培繁育微型薯。     

采收次数对马铃薯微型薯产量的影响

利用组织培养技术及无土基质栽培技术生产马铃薯脱毒微型薯,其单株结薯数较大田生产薯偏少,从而间接导致微型薯生产成本提高.影响马铃薯形成块茎数量多少的因素较多,本试验主要从采收方法上着手,分析比较采收次数对微型薯产量的影响.     

光照长度、强度及温度对试管薯诱导的影响

通过一步法进行试管薯的诱导,不更换培养基,不添加任何外源激素,研究试管苗培养阶段光照周期、光照强度及温度对Favorita、Atlantic和克新1号3个马铃薯品种试管薯诱导的影响。结果表明:短光周期培养有利于试管薯的诱导,但产生的试管薯较小,适当的延长光照时间有利于诱导较大的试管薯;不同品种需要不同的适宜试管薯诱导的光照强度;变温处理最适于试管薯的诱导。不同品种需要做培养环境的筛选和品种结薯性评价,以筛选出最佳的诱导条件。     

马铃薯试管结薯的光周期诱导效应研究

以马铃薯品种米拉脱毒试管苗为材料,采用6个不同的光周期处理进行试管薯诱导,以研究光周期对马铃薯试管薯的诱导效应。研究结果表明:不同暗期处理对试管薯结薯个数影响不显著,以8h和12h/d暗处理产量较高;叶绿素含量和块茎淀粉含量与暗期长短均呈负相关,α-淀粉酶活性与暗期长短均呈正相关;叶绿素含量、块茎淀粉含量与经济产量成显著的正相关。同时随着暗处理时数的延长,薯形和薯皮色均发生了显著的变化。     

Modification of potato microtuber dormancy during induction and growthin vitro orex vitro

Prolonged or highly variable dormancy can be a significant impediment to the efficient use of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) microtubers by the seed industry. In the present study, reductions in microtuber dormancy duration were obtained in cultivars commonly used by the processing industry (Kennebec, Russet Burbank and Shepody). This was achieved by modifying microtuber induction media and applying various dormancy-release treatments after harvest, with or without prior storage. An 8 h photoperiod, instead of continuous darkness during microtuber induction and development, increased microtuber yield while reducing dormancy duration. Dormancy duration was also shortened by increased sucrose concentration during microtuber induction under an 8 h photoperiod. As sucrose was increased from 4 to 16% under an 8 h photoperiod, mean dormancy duration decreased by 86 d for Shepody, 65 d for Kennebec and 46 d for Russet Burbank. During theex vitro storage period, 24 h treatment with bromoethane vapor (from 0.22 ml liquid BE per L volume) or bromoethane vapor followed by a 3 d treatment of 60% CO₂/ 20% O₂/ 20% N₂ resulted in a rapid dormancy release of freshly harvested microtubers. These dormancy-releasing treatments significantly increased minituber yields under greenhouse conditions for all cultivars when compared to untreated controls. Increased minituber yields were also observed when dormancy release treatments were applied to microtubers after storage at 6 C for 8 weeks. The results demonstrate that microtuber dormancy duration can be manipulated during growthin vitro orex vitro. However, optimization may require cultivarspecific protocols     

离体培养条件下植物生长物质对马铃薯块茎形成的影响

在全黑暗诱导结薯培养条件下,培养基（MS＋8．0％蔗糖）中添加5．0BA、5．0B9、500CCC或5．0BA＋500CCC（mg／L）对诱导马铃薯（cv．Mira）试管苗或其茎段结薯所需的时间,结薯率和结薯数量没有促进作用;它们虽能略微提高试管薯的平均鲜重,但与对照比较,此影响未达到显著水平（LSD0.05）。在16h／d光周期或8h／d光周期加暗期光间断诱导结薯培养条件下,无论培养基中蔗糖含量为2．0％或8．0％,外源添加2．0NAA、2．0ABA、5．0BA、5．0B9、500CCC或5．0BA＋500CCC（mg／L）等植物生长物质均不能诱导试管苗茎段结薯（cv．I－1085）。由此表明,离体培养条件下,外源添加上述植物生长物质不是诱导马铃薯块茎形成的必需因子。对此试验结果作了比较详细的讨论。     

接种AM真菌对脱毒马铃薯产量的影响

在苗盘和大田条件下研究了接种丛枝菌根真菌对脱毒马铃薯菌根侵染率和产量的影响。在苗盘试验条件下,接种Glomus mosseae(BEG167)和Glomus versiform(G.v)2种菌种。在灭菌土壤中,接种BEG167和G.v,脱毒马铃薯侵染率分别达到27%和32%;BEG167使组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量比不接种处理增加54.2%。未灭菌土壤上接种BEG167和G.v,侵染率则分别为44%和27%,而对照的侵染率为22%;接种BEG167使组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量比不接种处理增加25.2%;在灭菌和未灭菌土壤条件下,接种G.v均降低了组培脱毒苗移栽生成的微型薯产量。在大田试验条件下,采用混合菌种(BEG167+G.v,体积比1:1)作为接种剂。接种菌根菌剂使脱毒马铃薯侵染率由21%提高到47%,薯块产量增加21%。上述结果证明,在苗盘和大田条件下,接种菌根真菌都能侵染马铃薯根部,并能增加产量。     

白糖浓度与马铃薯试管苗长势及试管薯产量的相关性

为了获得健壮的试管苗及高质量的试管薯,采用两个品种(早大白和克新13号),通过设定不同的白糖浓度,调查试管苗长势、试管薯均粒重、每瓶粒数,研究它们之间的相关性。白糖浓度与马铃薯试管苗长势及试管薯均粒重之间显著正相关。若要生产健壮的试管苗和较大的试管薯,可以通过提高白糖浓度来实现,本研究中较适合的白糖浓度为5%～6%。试管苗长势与试管薯均粒重显著或极显著正相关,培育健壮试管苗是生产较大试管薯的基础条件。     

Comparative performance of potato crops raised from microtubers induced in the dark versus microtubers induced in light

Summary The performance of potato crops raised from two types of microtuber, green (induced in light-dark photoperiod) and white (induced in continuous darkness), of 18 genotypes was studied for 22 morphological and agronomic characters. Mean squares due to microtuber type, genotype and their interaction were mostly significant for various characters. Green microtubers were better than white microtubers for subsequent crop performance for most of the characters including tuber yield and general impression. This was mainly due to more eyes and shorter dormancy in green microtubers than in white microtubers. The in vitro system of microtuberization by serial culture of axillary buds in separated nodes, as used in the present study, was found to be genetically stable for the propagating material.     

Soil water stress and the growth and yield of potato plants grown from microtubers and conventional seed tubers

Tuber yields of potato plants grown from microtubers in fields are more variable than yields from conventional seed tubers (CT). One reason could be their higher susceptibility to water stress. This study clarified the effect of soil water stress from 1 month after emergence on the growth and yield of plants grown from conventional seed tubers and microtubers in fields. Microtubers (0.5–3 g) and conventional seed tubers (50 g) were grown in Hokkaido, Japan, over three field seasons. One month after emergence, poly-shelters were placed over the plots to prevent rainfall, and either irrigated (wet plot) or non-irrigated (dry plot) treatments were formed. At mid-flowering (about 50 days after emergence) leaf area index (LAI) in microtuber plants was decreased relatively more due to soil water stress than LAI in conventional seed tuber plants. However, at maximum shoot growth (about 80 days after emergence) both microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had a similar relative decrease in LAI due to soil water stress. At mid-flowering and maximum shoot growth microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had reduced stomatal conductance due to soil water stress, but the reduction in stomatal conductance was greater in conventional seed tuber plants than in microtuber plants. Microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants had similar root development at maximum shoot growth. Tuber production from mid-flowering until plant maturity was similarly affected by soil water stress in microtuber and conventional seed tuber plants. At harvest, plants affected by soil water stress had about 87% of the tuber dry weight of irrigated plants. We conclude, that the greater variation on tuber yield of microtuber plants cannot be attributed to soil water stress from 1 month after emergence.     

植物激素对微型薯形成的影响

生长素IAA,NAA能促进微型薯个数和重量的增加,其处理的最佳浓度分别为2.0ppm和3.0ppm,2,4-D效果不显著;3种激素的效应大小为NAA>IAA>2,4-D;细胞分裂素对微型薯数和成薯指数的影响均呈抛物线形式变化,BA的最佳浓度分别为11.59ppm和10.04ppm,KT的最佳浓度分别为14.72ppm和12.63ppm,ZT的最佳浓度分别为10.75ppm和10ppm,其效应大小为BA>KT>ZT;ABA促进了块茎数和成薯指数的增加,但没有达显著水平;乙烯利处理能极显著提高微型著数和成薯指数,且以20ppm为最好;GA抑制微型薯的形成,且产生丛生枝;不同生长调节剂对微型薯形成的效果不同,香豆素促进块茎形成,而BR和PP_(333)只在低浓度(0.1～1.0ppm)有促进作用,高浓度则有抑制作用,助壮素抑制微型薯的形成。