Hydrogen: Its Future Role in the Nation's Energy Economy

In examining the potential role of hydrogen in the energy economy of the future, we take an optimistic view. All the technology required for implementation is feasible but a great deal of development and refinement is necessary. A pessimistic approach would obviously discourage further thinking about an important and perhaps the most reasonable alternative for the future. We have considered a limited number of alternative energy systems involving hydrogen and have shown that hydrogen could be a viable secondary source of energy derived from nuclear power; for the immediate future, hydrogen could be derived from coal. A hydrogen supply system could have greater flexibility and be competitive with a more conventional all-electric delivery system. Technological improvements could make hydrogen as an energy source an economic reality. The systems examined in this article show how hydrogen can serve as a general-purpose fuel for residential and automotive applications. Aside from being a source of heat and motive power, hydrogen could also supply the electrical needs of the household via fuel cells (19), turbines, or conventional "total energy systems." The total cost of energy to a residence supplied with hydrogen fuel depends on the ratio of the requirements for direct fuel use to the requirements for electrical use. A greater direct use of hydrogen as a fuel without conversion to electricity reduces the overall cost of energy supplied to the household because of the greater expense of electrical transmission and distribution. Hydrogen fuel is especially attractive for use in domestic residential applications where the bulk of the energy requirement is for thermal energy. Although a considerable amount of research is required before any hydrogen energy delivery system can be implemented, the necessary developments are within the capability of present-day technology and the system could be made attractive economically .Techniques for producing hydrogen from water by electrolysis, from coal, and directly from thermal energy could be found that are less expensive than those now available; inexpensive fuel cells could be developed, and high-temperature turbines could be used for the efficient conversion of hydrogen (and oxygen) to electricity. The use of hydrogen as an automotive fuel would be a key factor in the development of a hydrogen energy economy, and safe storage techniques for carrying sufficient quantities of hydrogen in automotive systems can certainly be developed. The use of hydrogen in automobiles would significantly reduce urban pollution because the dispersed fossil fuel emissions would be replaced by radioactive wastes generated at large central stations. The conversion of internal or external combustion engines for combustion of hydrogen fuel would probably have less economic impact on the automotive industry than the mass introduction of electric automobiles. However, this is a subject that requires more detailed study. All of the safety aspects of hydrogen utilization will have to be examined, especially the problems of safety in the domestic use and the long distance transport of hydrogen in pipelines at high pressures. It is our opinion that the various energy planning agencies should now begin to outline the mode of implementing hydrogen energy delivery systems in the energy economy. The initial transition to hydrogen energy derived from available fossil fuels such as coal should be considered together with the long range view of all the hydrogen being derived eventually from nuclear energy. By the year 1985 when petroleum imports may be in excess of the domestic supply, these plans could set the stage for the transition period from fossil to a predominantly nuclear energy economy able to supply abundant synthetic fuels such as hydrogen. Synthetic fuels will obviously be more expensive than fuels now derived from petroleum; however, there may be no other viable choice. Thus, it is essential that the analysis and technological feasibility of a hydrogen energy system be considered now. It is of vital importance to the nation to develop some general-purpose fuel that can be Produced from a variety of domestic energy sources and reduce our dependence on imported oil.     

剑江河都匀城区河段水中阴离子测定方法的研究

[目的]为有针对性的开发利用剑江河水提供参考依据。[方法]以流速为1.2 ml/min的2.4 mmol/L Na2CO3+3.0 mmol/L NaHCO3作为淋洗液,采用YSA型8180A-4#分离柱和WIC-Ⅱ型电导检测器,研究离子色谱法,同时测定河水中常见的3种阴离子Cl-、NO3-和SO42-。[结果]结果表明,可以在15 min内1次性检测出3种离子,3种离子的线性范围为0.12~0.20 mg/ml,线性相关系数r>0.998 3,变异系数0.401 9%~2.541 1%,方法回收率为98.57%~102.14%。[结论]该方法用于测定剑江河水中常见的阴离子是可行的。     

吉首市河流区域的鱼类资源状况研究

通过收集鱼的种类、走访调查、标本鉴定、查阅资料,对吉首市河流区域的鱼类资源状况进行了研究,并探讨了吉首市鱼类资源的组成分布状况,以期为今后鱼类自然资源的保护开发利用提供科学依据。     

曲阜城市河湖浮游植物调查

2007年3月对曲阜城市河湖7处水体浮游植物群落调查结果显示:浮游植物有7 门,42属,74种.其中绿藻门最多,19属32种;其次是硅藻门,10属18种.7处水体平均细胞密度为24.57×104个·L-1,小沂河7浮游植物细胞密度最大,为129.38×104个·L-1;其次是泗河1,为14.71×104个·L-1;大沂河4的浮游植物细胞密度最低,仅为2.27×104个·L-1.观察到的优势种群有石生蓝纤维藻(Dactylococcopsis rupestris)、小球藻(C. vulgaris)、钝脆杆藻(F.capucina).浮游植物优势种群指示作用显示小沂河7水质较差.     

河流中溶解态污染物水质模型

通过对河流中溶解态污染物的迁移运行规律的讨论，建立了河流污染带二维水质模型，经原体观测检验，模型计算值与观测值相当吻合。     

“山水城市”的研究

分析 “山水城市”的由来及其内涵, 结合实例论述 “山水城市”与风景环境的关系, 指出 “山水城市”是中国未来城市规划和建设的最高目标     

天津地区主要河流中磷含量分布调查研究

[目的]考察天津地区主要河流富营养化的程度,了解造成水体富营养化的主要影响因素。[方法]调查研究天津主要河流中的磷含量分布,采用钼锑抗分光光度法测定水体中的磷含量。[结果]海河的磷含量远高于津河和御河。海河的平均磷含量为0.220mg/L,津河为0.082 mg/L,御河为0.110 mg/L。而当磷含量达到0.100 mg/L时,即属于富营养化水体。[结论]天津地区3条主要河流海河、津河、御河中磷含量基本都达到了水体发生富营养化的浓度,3条河流已经受到不同程度的污染。