Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: effects of microbial respiration

Food-web processes are important controls of oceanic biogenic carbon flux and ocean-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange. Two key controlling parameters are the growth efficiencies of the principal trophic components and the rate of carbon remineralization. We report that bacterial growth efficiency is an inverse function of temperature. This relationship permits bacterial respiration in the euphotic zone to be computed from temperature and bacterial production. Using the temperature-growth efficiency relationship, we show that bacterial respiration generally accounts for most community respiration. This implies that a larger fraction of assimilated carbon is respired at low than at high latitudes, so a greater proportion of production can be exported in polar than in tropical regions. Because bacterial production is also a function of temperature, it should be possible to compute euphotic zone heterotrophic respiration at large scales using remotely sensed information.     

Scales and effects of fluid flow in the upper crust

Two of the most important agents of geological change, solar energy and internal heat from the mantle, meet and battle for dominance in propelling aqueous and related fluids in the earth's upper crust. Which prevails and how they interact are subjects of active research. Recent work has demonstrated that both agents can propel fluids over nearly continental-scale distances in a fashion that influences a host of important geological processes and leaves a record in chemical alteration, mineral deposits, and hydrocarbon resources.     

Satellite observations of magnetic fields due to ocean tidal flow

The ocean is an electrically conducting fluid that generates secondary magnetic fields as it flows through Earth's main magnetic field. Extracting ocean flow signals from remote observations has become possible with the current generation of satellites measuring Earth's magnetic field. Here, we consider the magnetic fields generated by the ocean lunar semidiurnal (M2) tide and demonstrate that magnetic fields of oceanic origin can be clearly identified in satellite observations.     

Teleconnections in the equatorial pacific ocean

Geostrophic water transport by the equatorial countercurrent is compared with the observed sea level difference between two pairs of islands situlated north and south of the current. The high correlation between the transport and the sea level difference makes it possible to construct a time series for the countercurrent transport over a 21-year period. The countercurrent carries warm water into the eastern tropical Pacific, and fluctuations in its strength give rise to temperature anomalies off Central America. Periods of exceptionally high transport by the countercurrent in the western Pacific coincide with the occurrence of El Ni?o several thousand kilometers downstream and demonstrate the existence of teleconnections between events in the Pacific Ocean.     

上层土壤初始含水率对层状结构土壤中指流水分入渗的影响

为探明影响指流入渗特性的主要因素,通过室内物理模拟试验研究不同上层土壤初始质量含水率对层状结构土壤中指流水分运移的影响.结果表明:湿润锋到达指流层的转折时间与上层土壤初始含水率的相关性较高,且呈对数关系;分别运用分段函数模型和连续函数模型对累积入渗量与时间的关系进行拟合,发现运用分段函数模型拟合的结果虽整体与实测值相关性较高,但是该模型在进行分段拟合时,由于分段点处的不连续性,与实际中层状结构土壤水分入渗不一致,而连续函数模型随着入渗时间的延长,模拟结果越接近实测值,且连续函数模型符合实际中层状结构土壤水分入渗的连续性,因此,连续函数模型适用于长历时的水分入渗过程.     

Monoplacophora in the South atlantic ocean

Occurrence of Neopilina off the southeastern tip of South America may indicate rather widespread distribution of this abyssal group, under favorable conditions, throughout the seas of the world.     

Thermal stratification in the arctic ocean

Fine scale measurements of the vertical temperature profile in an Arctic water column show the presence of several cascaded isothermal layers. Layers between the depths of 300 anid 350 meters range from 2 to 10 meters in thickness, while the temperature change between adjacent layers is approximately 0.026 degrees C. The individual layers are isothermal to within +/- 0.001 degrees C.     

Autotrophic picoplankton in the tropical ocean

In phytoplankton of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean from 25 to 90 percent of the biomass (measured as chlorophyll a) and 20 to 80 percent of the inorganic carbon fixation were attributable to particles that could pass a screen with a 1-micrometer pore diameter. Evidence is presented that these are indeed autotrophic cells and not cell fragments.     

Three-dimensional numerical simulation of flow in trapezoidal cutthroat flumes based on FLOW-3D

To solve the common problem of flumes flow-measurement accuracy without sacrificing water head, a new type of trapezoidal cutthroat flume to measure the discharge in terminal trapezoidal channels is presented. Using the computational fluid dynamic method, three-dimensional flow fields in trapezoidal cutthroat flumes were simulated using the RNG k-ε three-dimensional turbulence model along with the TruVOF technique. Simulations were performed for 12 working conditions, with discharges up to 0.075 m³·s⁻¹ to determine hydraulic performance. Experimental data for the trapezoidal cutthroat flume in terminal trapezoidal channel were also obtained to validate the simulation results. Velocity distribution of the flume obtained from simulation analyses were compared with observed results based on time-averaged flow field and comparison yielded a solid agreement between results from the two methods, with relative error below 10%. The results indicated that the Froude number and the longitudinal average velocity increased along the convergence section and decreased in the divergent section. In the upper throat, the Froude number was less than 0.5, which meets the water measurement requirement, and the critical flow appeared near the throat section. The maximum water head loss of the trapezoidal cutthroat flume was less than 9% of the total head, compared to the rectangular cutthroat flume, and head loss of trapezoidal cutthroat flume was significantly less. Regression models developed for upstream depth versus discharge under different working conditions were satisfactory, with a relative error of less than 2.06%, which meets the common requirements of flow measurement in irrigation areas. It was concluded that trapezoidal cutthroat flumes can improve flow-measurement accuracy without sacrificing water head.     

古典舞上肢流动连接的运用分析

数千年来,汉唐古典舞因其深厚的文化底蕴及悠久的历史意义占据着人们生活的重要地位,在汉唐古典舞蹈中,极其强调上肢训练,重点是通过训练强化上肢的表现力和流动性,以达到与舞台的衔接,服务舞台,促进上下和谐,发挥舞蹈的运动特征和艺术文化,进而解决古典舞蹈上肢流动连接的问题。文章对古典舞上肢流动连接的概念、相互关系、表现对比以及运用进行分析,以期能为古典舞进行立体的、全面的研究做出贡献。     

An equatorial jet in the Indian ocean

At the surface of the Indian Ocean along the equator a narrow, jet-like current flows eastward at high speed during both transition periods between the two monsoons. The formation of the jet is accompanied by thermocline uplifting at the western origin of the jet and by sinking at its eastern terminus. This demonstrates that a time-variable current can have profound effects in changing the mass structure in the ocean.     

Magnetic boundaries in the north atlantic ocean

Magnetic boundaries parallel the continental slope and separate undisturbed from disturbed magnetic regions on both sides of the North Atlantic. The boundaries lie 2000 to 2500 kilometers from the axis of the mid-Atlantic ridge and roughly equidistant from it. The undisturbed zone, lying on the continental side of the boundaries, may reflect the long period of no reversals in magnetic polarity that occurred during the late Paleozoic.     

Vertical nitrate fluxes in the oligotrophic ocean

The vertical flux of nitrate across the thermocline in the upper ocean imposes a rigorous constraint on the rate of export of organic carbon from the surface layer of the sea. This export is the primary means by which the oceans can serve as a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide. For the oligotrophic open ocean regions, which make up more than 75% of the world's ocean, the rate of export is currently uncertain by an order of magnitude. For most of the year, the vertical flux of nitrate is that due to vertical turbulent transport of deep water rich in nitrate into the relatively impoverished surface layer. Direct measurements of rates of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, coupled with highly resolved vertical profiles of nitrate and density in the oligotrophic eastern Atlantic showed that the rate of transport, averaged over 2 weeks, was 0.14 (0.002 to 0.89, 95% confidence interval) millimole of nitrate per square meter per day and was statistically no different from the integrated rate of nitrate uptake as measured by incorporation of (15)N-labeled nitrate. The stoichiometrically equivalent loss of carbon from the upper ocean, which is the relevant quantity for the carbon dioxide and climate question, is then fixed at 0.90 (0.01 to 5.70) millimole of carbon per square meter per day. These rates are much lower than recent estimates based on in situ changes in oxygen over annual scales; they are consistent with a biologically unproductive oligotrophic ocean.