Limits on sensitivity of large silicon bolometers for solar neutrino detection

Estimates are given for ultimate limits on background in proposed direct-counting measurements of neutrino scattering from large silicon crystals. Methods of background reduction are discussed. In the best case, the limiting backgrounds due to activities from cosmic-ray spallation of silicon would be less than the expected true event rate for reactor neutrino measurements of coherent neutral-current scattering from silicon nuclei. Considerable reduction of the estimated high-energy backgrounds would be required for a good signal-to-noise ratio in solar neutrino detection.     

A simple predictive model for the structure of the oceanic pycnocline

A simple theory for the large-scale oceanic circulation is developed, relating pycnocline depth, Northern Hemisphere sinking, and low-latitude upwelling to pycnocline diffusivity and Southern Ocean winds and eddies. The results show that Southern Ocean processes help maintain the global ocean structure and that pycnocline diffusion controls low-latitude upwelling.     

A simple model for complex dynamical transitions in epidemics

Dramatic changes in patterns of epidemics have been observed throughout this century. For childhood infectious diseases such as measles, the major transitions are between regular cycles and irregular, possibly chaotic epidemics, and from regionally synchronized oscillations to complex, spatially incoherent epidemics. A simple model can explain both kinds of transitions as the consequences of changes in birth and vaccination rates. Measles is a natural ecological system that exhibits different dynamical transitions at different times and places, yet all of these transitions can be predicted as bifurcations of a single nonlinear model.     

Infrared echoes near the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A

Two images of Cassiopeia A obtained at 24 micrometers with the Spitzer Space Telescope over a 1-year time interval show moving structures outside the shell of the supernova remnant to a distance of more than 20 arc minutes. Individual features exhibit apparent motions of 10 to 20 arc seconds per year, independently confirmed by near-infrared observations. The observed tangential velocities are at roughly the speed of light. It is likely that the moving structures are infrared echoes, in which interstellar dust is heated by the explosion and by flares from the compact object near the center of the remnant.     

Formation of the three-ring structure around supernova 1987A

From a magnetohydrodynamic simulation, we reproduce a three-ring structure in the circumstellar space of the supernova (SN) 1987A observed by the Hubble Space Telescope. When a star develops from a red supergiant (RSG) to a blue supergiant (BSG) just before the SN explosion, a wind-wind interaction occurs between the slow stellar wind from the RSG and the subsequent fast stellar wind from the BSG. This process is simulated numerically under an assumption that the density and velocity distributions around the RSG are anisotropic owing to the existence of toroidal magnetic field and coronal holes. The three rings with observed size and position are reproduced by the magnetic pinch effect and amplification of initial density asymmetry through the dynamical interaction.     

The Cassiopeia A supernova was of type IIb

Cassiopeia A is the youngest supernova remnant known in the Milky Way and a unique laboratory for supernova physics. We present an optical spectrum of the Cassiopeia A supernova near maximum brightness, obtained from observations of a scattered light echo more than three centuries after the direct light of the explosion swept past Earth. The spectrum shows that Cassiopeia A was a type IIb supernova and originated from the collapse of the helium core of a red supergiant that had lost most of its hydrogen envelope before exploding. Our finding concludes a long-standing debate on the Cassiopeia A progenitor and provides new insight into supernova physics by linking the properties of the explosion to the wealth of knowledge about its remnant.     

输油管道泄漏液池的蒸气云扩散模型

分析了输油管道发生泄漏事故后的油品泄漏扩散、液池扩展、液池挥发和蒸气云扩散等过程,讨论了各物理过程的数学模型。针对液池具有长时间连续挥发的特点,选用高斯烟羽模型作为数值模型,给出了面源的蒸气云扩散计算方法。通过计算典型输油管道泄漏后的液池挥发速率和危险性蒸气云扩散范围,分析了温度、风速、大气稳定度对油品泄漏蒸气云的影响。结果表明:在大气对流稳定的静风情况下,汽油等易挥发油品泄漏形成液池后,将挥发产生一个远大于液池范围的爆炸性蒸气云。     

A simple kinetic model of polymer adsorption and desorption

A model of the desorption and adsorption of a polymer layer at a planar surface indicates a transition from exponential kinetics at high temperatures to nonexponential kinetics (stretched exponential with index one-half) at lower temperatures where these processes are diffusion-limited. Measurements of polystyrene desorption through polyisoprene overlayers show this predicted transition. Corroborative results are obtained for polystyrene desorption through polymethylmethacrylate overlayers. This identification of two distinct kinetic regimes suggests a unifying perspective from which to analyze polymer and biopolymer mobility at surfaces.     

基于AHP和云模型的中蜂囊状幼虫病风险评估方法研究

风险评估是降低蜜蜂病害发病率,促进蜂产业发展的有效途径。以中蜂囊状幼虫病为研究对象,提出一种基于AHP和云模型的风险评估方法。该方法在参照专家知识的基础上,通过因子计算得出指标权重,再将目标对象病情态势描述与黄金分割法生成的标尺云进行语义匹配,获得态势隶属度矩阵,把指标权重带入矩阵进行归一化处理,最终形成目标对象的综合评估云,实现定性、定量相结合的病势风险评估。实验结果表明,该方法所得结果符合蜂学领域的实际情况,能够有效地对中蜂囊状幼虫病进行评估,为进一步病害预防奠定基础。     

基于AHP和云模型的中蜂囊状幼虫病风险评估方法研究

风险评估是降低蜜蜂病害发病率,促进蜂产业发展的有效途径。以中蜂囊状幼虫病为研究对象,提出一种基于AHP和云模型的风险评估方法。该方法在参照专家知识的基础上,通过因子计算得出指标权重,再将目标对象病情态势描述与黄金分割法生成的标尺云进行语义匹配,获得态势隶属度矩阵,把指标权重带入矩阵进行归一化处理,最终形成目标对象的综合评估云,实现定性、定量相结合的病势风险评估。实验结果表明,该方法所得结果符合蜂学领域的实际情况,能够有效地对中蜂囊状幼虫病进行评估,为进一步病害预防奠定基础。     

Evidence for a late supernova injection of 60Fe into the protoplanetary disk

High-precision 60Fe-60Ni isotope data show that most meteorites originating from differentiated planetesimals that accreted within 1 million years of the solar system's formation have 60Ni/58Ni ratios that are approximately 25 parts per million lower than samples from Earth, Mars, and chondrite parent bodies. This difference indicates that the oldest solar system planetesimals formed in the absence of 60Fe. Evidence for live 60Fe in younger objects suggests that 60Fe was injected into the protoplanetary disk approximately 1 million years after solar system formation, when 26Al was already homogeneously distributed. Decoupling the first appearance of 26Al and 60Fe constrains the environment where the Sun's formation could have taken place, indicating that it occurred in a dense stellar cluster in association with numerous massive stars.     

基于Venlo型温室夏季降温新途径试验初报

【目的】对Venlo型温室夏季降温新途径进行研究,为其合理化利用提供依据。【方法】将Venlo型温室原有的屋面喷淋喷头改装到遮阳网上方,分别测定温室内温度、光照强度及空气相对湿度的变化情况。【结果】采用遮阳网上喷淋对Venlo型温室夏季降温有较好的效果。当室外最高气温达41.0℃时,温室内温度始终低于室外温度,且维持在34.4～37.4℃,温室内外温差最高可达4.6℃;温室内光照强度维持在0.3万～1.6万lx,其与室外光照强度的最大降幅达86.8%;温室内空气相对湿度保持在50%～70%,适宜大部分园艺作物正常生长发育。【结论】遮阳网上喷淋有助于Venlo型温室夏季降温,该类型温室适用于生产耐高温、耐荫性作物。