Soil deterioration and the growing world demand for food

A recent survey of five watersheds in south-central Wisconsin, where corn is now the dominant annual crop, illustrates the soil erosion damage that is occurring on sloping land under modern agricultural technology and prevailing market forces. In 70 percent of the 93 quarter-sections sampled, estimated soil losses, on the average, were more than twice the amounts considered compatible with permanent agriculture. Scattered studies by others indicate that the findings are meaningful for a large area in the United States when row cropping is prevalent on sloping soils. Pressures on cultivated land, in general, are mounting rapidly because of the rising demand for meat in industrialized nations and the soaring numbers of marginally fed people in Third World countries. The world population-food problem makes increasing stress on U.S. soils inevitable in the foreseeable future. Adequate protection against excessive loss of productive topsoil requires that the level of publicly supported soil conservation activities be promptly adjusted to this circumstance.     

Migration and Western europe: the old world turning new

The 1960s meant a historical turn of Western Europe, becoming an immigration area. Net immigration has been concentrated to some of the prosperous Western European countries and has been mainly determined by the demand of their particular national labor regimes. The size of alien employment has been very differently affected by the 1973 crisis, but a multiethnical society will remain a novel feature of most Western European countries. Political abdication from full employment and technological change makes a ghetto of un(der)employment a likely prospect of a large part of the second generation of recent immigrants into Western Europe.     

National institute on aging: new focus on growing old

Though the leaves are many, the root is one; / Through all the lying days of my youth / I swayed my leaves and flowers in the sun; / Now I may wither into the truth.-W. B. YEATS, "The Coming of Wisdom with Time"     

杨梅园自然生草对土壤肥力及果实品质的影响

自然生草栽培,尤其是低矮的草类植物,是提高杨梅园土壤肥力、提升果实品质的有效途径。结果表明,自然生草栽培,可明显增加杨梅园植物多样性,提高土壤肥力,单果重、单株产量与商品果率均明显增加,且以半自然生草栽培的杨梅果实总糖、可溶性固形物含量最高,分别为10.82%,12.12%。杨梅园自然生草栽培丰富了物种多样性、提高了土壤肥力、优化了果实品质,为杨梅果品安全生产提供参考。     

世界果树生产状况及提高我国果品市场竞争力对策

结合世界果树生产状况与贸易形势，分析了我国果树生产的世界地位及竞争潜在优势和主要问题，提出了我国果树定向生产目标、出口优势种类和开拓国际市场的主要方向。建议降低乃至取消水果生产的税收、加大生产科研与推广经费投入、改善果树种类和品种结构、增大生产单位的生产规模并发展新型果树专业合作组织，以提高果树生产技术水平、改善果品质量并重点开拓东南亚和俄罗斯等国的国际市场，来提高我国水果产品在国内国际市场上的竞争能力和促进我国果树生产的健康发展。     

果实套袋对猕猴桃采前落果及果实品质的影响

针对低海拔地区猕猴桃采前落果严重的问题，进行了果实套袋试验，结果表明，套袋能显著减少猕猴桃采前落果率，与未套袋的比较，落果率平均降低19．8个百分点，且品质有所改善。套透光袋与套报纸袋比较，前者可降低猕猴桃采前落果率12．3个百分点。     

不同时期叶面喷硒对冬枣含硒量与品质的影响

为了筛选冬枣（Zizyphus jujuba Mill.var.Dongzao）的最佳施硒方案,通过在展叶期、幼果期、果实膨大期、白熟期分别进行一次性叶面喷施亚硒酸钠溶液（含硒量为45 mg·L^-1,施硒量为27 mg·株^-1）,研究不同时期施硒对冬枣叶片和果实的硒含量、硒有机化程度以及果实品质的影响。结果表明：在果实膨大期或白熟期叶面喷施硒溶液后,叶片和果实的总硒含量均得到显著提高,其中果实膨大期喷硒使总硒和有机硒含量增幅最大,冬枣果实含硒量由25 μg·kg^-1提高到76 μg·kg^-1。不同时期叶面喷硒对冬枣果实品质的作用效果不尽相同,果实膨大期施硒对冬枣品质的改善效果最佳,此时冬枣果实中的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C、总黄酮含量和糖酸比均达到最高值,分别较对照显著提高了13.30%、17.17%、16.33%、29.17%和28.89%。综合研究结果表明,生产富硒冬枣以在果实膨大期一次叶面喷硒的效果最佳。     

黄连木果实生长动态及内含物含量变化规律研究

为明确黄连木果实生长动态及内含物积累规律,以便制定合理栽培措施,提高黄连木种子产量和质量,以黄连木(Pistacia chinesis Bunge)果实为试验材料,研究了黄连木果实在整个发育过程中的生长动态及可溶性糖、淀粉、总蛋白质、可溶性蛋白质、脂肪等内含物质含量的变化.结果表明:黄连木果实发育过程中千粒重呈"双S"...     

莲雾果实挥发物对橘小实蝇的引诱作用

【目的】研究莲雾Syzyzgium samarangense果实挥发物对橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis的引诱作用.【方法】利用Y型嗅觉仪测试橘小实蝇对5个莲雾品种(黑珍珠、印度红、大叶、泰国红钻石、巴掌)的成熟果及黑珍珠果的5个不同发育阶段挥发物的行为反应,并通过室内接虫研究该虫对5个莲雾品种的产卵选择性;利用固相微萃取法(SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)技术对5个莲雾品种成熟果的挥发物成分进行分析;依据黑珍珠不同发育阶段挥发物成分的变化,并结合5个莲雾品种挥发物成分,测试9种合成的单体化合物对橘小实蝇的引诱效果.【结果和结论】5个莲雾品种及黑珍珠果不同发育阶段的挥发物对雄虫无引诱作用(P0.05);不同品种对雌虫具有不同的引诱作用,其相对引诱率为黑珍珠(40.75%)印度红(39.40%)大叶(34.76%)泰国红钻石(23.02%)巴掌(15.54%);黑珍珠果不同发育阶段的挥发物质对雌虫的引诱作用随着果实成熟逐渐增强;橘小实蝇的产卵选择性结果[黑珍珠(517.0头)大叶(433.0头)印度红(357.0头)泰国红钻石(305.7头)巴掌(200.0头)]与嗅觉反应结果基本一致.各品种的挥发物主要成分及相对含量分别是黑珍珠(12种,80.27%);印度红(6种,23.56%);大叶(6种,69.90%);泰国红钻石(11种,96.97%);巴掌(9种,95.1%),表明品种间挥发物成分差异很大.乙酸异丁酯、癸醛、β-石竹烯、莰酮4种化合物对橘小实蝇雌虫有明显的引诱作用,γ-萜品烯、α-法尼烯和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯3种化合物仅对性成熟的雌虫有明显的引诱作用;这些化合物中乙酸异丁酯、γ-萜品烯和莰酮对雄虫亦有引诱作用.同一种化合物,对性成熟橘小实蝇的引诱作用强于对性未成熟的引诱作用,对雌虫的引诱作用远大于对雄虫的引诱作用,尤其是对性成熟雌虫的引诱作用最强.     

红茶菌的国内外研究现状

红茶菌是以糖茶水为主要原料,经微生物发酵后形成的一种功能性茶饮品。近年来,随着人们生活水平的提高和保健意识的增强,具有多种保健功效的红茶菌受到国内外研究者的广泛关注,其全球销售量也呈指数增长。本文重点梳理了红茶菌中的微生物组成及其共生关系,概括了原料、培养条件和菌种组成对红茶菌发酵的影响,并归纳了红茶菌在抗氧化、抑菌、护肝、提高免疫力和防癌抗癌方面的保健功能研究。红茶菌生产中,活性大分子的鉴定和形成机制、各菌种的益生效果、发酵罐水平的精准调控、产品稳定性提升等方面还需进行深入研究。另外,本文展望了红茶菌在多个领域的应用前景,以期为红茶菌工业化生产提供参考。     

Effectiveness of growing the giant filbert in Dagestan

The structure of the cost of preparing the soil and growing the giant filbert under conditions of Dagestan is given. The payback of the cost of creating orchards at wholesale and retail prices, sales proceeds, and profit are shown.