Remote sensing of the fram strait marginal ice zone

Sequential remote sensing images of the Fram Strait marginal ice zone played a key role in elucidating the complex interactions of the atmosphere, ocean, and sea ice. Analysis of a subset of these images covering a 1-week period provided quantitative data on the mesoscale ice morphology, including ice edge positions, ice concentrations, floe size distribution, and ice kinematics. The analysis showed that, under light to moderate wind conditions, the morphology of the marginal ice zone reflects the underlying ocean circulation. High-resolution radar observations showed the location and size of ocean eddies near the ice edge. Ice kinematics from sequential radar images revealed an ocean eddy beneath the interior pack ice that was verified by in situ oceanographic measurements.     

Physical properties of sea ice discharged from fram strait

It is estimated that 84 percent of the ice exiting the Arctic Basin through Fram Strait during June and July 1984 was multiyear ice and that a large percentage of this ice is ridged or otherwise deformed. While freeboard and thickness data, together with salinity measurements on cores, usually sufficed to distinguish between first and multiyear floes, preliminary identification could usually be made on the basis of snow cover measurements with snow cover being much thicker on multiyear ice. Cores from the top half meter of multiyear floes were generally very much harder and more transparent than cores from first-year floes. Age estimates of multiyear floes, based on petrographic and salinity characteristics of cores, did not exceed 4 to 5 years for any of the floes that were observed exiting Fram Strait.     

Ocean dynamics and acoustic fluctuations in the fram strait marginal ice zone

Acoustic waves transmitted over a 100-kilometer path in the Fram Strait marginal ice zone undergo Doppler shifts and fluctuations around these shifts, the former due to quasi-steady motion of both acoustic source and receiver and the latter to unsteady motions of the water column and ice cover. Internal waves and differential Doppler shift usually account for such fluctuations in the deep temperate ocean but only partially explain the results obtained in the marginal ice zone. There the fluctuations are more energetic and may be caused alternatively or additionally by comparably energetic fluctuations in ice-edge eddies or other mesoscale motions.     

The last deglaciation event in the eastern central arctic ocean

Oxygen isotope records of cores from the central Arctic Ocean yield evidence for a major influx of meltwater at the beginning of the last deglaciation 15.7 thousand years ago (16,650 calendar years B.C.). The almost parallel trends of the isotope records from the Arctic Ocean, the Fram Strait, and the east Greenland continental margin suggest contemporaneous variations of the Eurasian Arctic and Greenland (Laurentide) ice sheets or increased export of low-saline waters from the Arctic within the East Greenland Current during the last deglaciation. On the basis of isotope and carbon data, the modern surface- and deep-water characteristics and seasonally open-ice conditions with increased surface-water productivity were established in the central Arctic at the end of Termination lb about 7.2 thousand years ago or 6,000 calendar years B.C.).     

1989-2018年南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡海冰时空变化分析

基于1989—2018年美国冰雪中心海冰密集度数据,分析近30年南极布兰斯菲尔德海峡及附近海域海冰分布规律及变化趋势。结果表明,布兰斯菲尔德海峡内部海冰属于1年冰,海冰密集度于2月达到最低,8月达到最高,历史上强厄尔尼诺年份与该区域海冰密集度较低的年份存在明显对应关系。对30年冰情线性拟合得到年际变化趋势,海峡内结冰月份普遍延迟,年结冰月数以减少为主。3个代表站点的海冰密集度分析结果显示,海峡内A站点海冰变化与海峡口外北部海域B站点的相关性较强,与海峡口外南部靠近威德尔海区域C站点的相关性弱。循环神经网络模型可用于预测和分析海冰密集度的时序变化,尤其是适合海冰密集度相对较低的时序分析。     

Ice-edge eddies in the fram strait marginal ice zone

Five prominent ice-edge eddies in Fram Strait on the scale of 30 to 40 kilometers were observed over deep water within 77 degrees N to 79 degrees N and 5 degrees W to 3 degrees E. The use of remote sensing, a satellite-tracked buoy, and in situ oceanographic measurements showed the presence of eddies with orbital speeds of 30 to 40 centimeters per second and lifetimes of at least 20 days. Ice ablation measurements made within one of these ice-ocean eddies indicated that melting, which proceeded at rates of 20 to 40 centimeters per day, is an important process in determining the ice-edge position. These studies give new insight on the formation, propagation, and dissipation of ice-edge eddies.     

甘肃省玛曲县人工增雨气象条件分析

分析了甘肃省玛曲县降水的气候背景和天气系统,结果表明,80%的降水是由中尺度对流云团造成。为此,综述了用卫星云图分析青藏高原MCSs活动的特征及其大尺度环境条件和降水的关系,发现青南高原和玛曲对流云团的低云冰水路径,其中心强度为223～245 g/m2,大于东侧的陇南和陕南,而高云光学厚度则相反,玛曲仅为8,是陇南和陕南的44%,显然与高原海拔高度较高有关。玛曲的大降水多由对流云团产生,降水效率较小约为19%～40%,人工增雨潜力应比冷锋高云带大,但小于古巴热带对流云的增雨率39.7%。     

数值模式产品应用于安徽省可增雨区预报的研究

基于中尺度数值模式MM5产品进行冰面过饱和度、散度差、K指数、比湿等相关物理量的计算,利用逐步判断法得到一个判断增雨潜力大小的综合指标,对安徽省增雨潜力区分布进行分级预报的研究。从个例结果来看,预报的潜力区分布与实况降水的分布有较好对应关系。这种催化潜力区的分布用图形方式给出,形象直观,非常方便人工增雨业务人员识别,因而对省级、地市级气象部门进行增雨作业具有实际应用意义。     

陕西榆林一次大暴雨天气的中尺度分析

[目的]分析陕西北部榆林市一次区域性暴雨天气过程。[方法]利用常规气象资料、卫星云图和ncep1°×1°再分析产品,从环流形势、中尺度系统、水汽和动力条件等方面,对2011年7月1～3日陕西北部榆林市一次区域性暴雨天气进行综合分析。[结果]副高在福建形成高中心,其外围西南气流持续存在,提供了暴雨区长久的水汽输送;高原槽东移,提供了暴雨区的动力场;东北路回流冷空气与低空急流辐合是暴雨的触发机制;暴雨区与中尺度低压密切相关,暴雨出现在中尺度低压前部的低空急流中;高空槽云系和低空急流云系叠加增强,生成暴雨云团,云顶亮温TBB<-90℃。[结论]该研究为今后暴雨的预报提高了理论依据。     

In situ observations of a high-pressure phase of H2O Ice

A previously unknown solid phase of H2O has been identified by its peculiar growth patterns, distinct pressure-temperature melting relations, and vibrational Raman spectra. Morphologies of ice crystals and their pressure-temperature melting relations were directly observed in a hydrothermal diamond-anvil cell for H2O bulk densities between 1203 and 1257 kilograms per cubic meter at temperatures between -10 degrees and 50 degreesC. Under these conditions, four different ice forms were observed to melt: two stable phases, ice V and ice VI, and two metastable phases, ice IV and the new ice phase. The Raman spectra and crystal morphology are consistent with a disordered anisotropic structure with some similarities to ice VI.     

Global Warming and Northern Hemisphere Sea Ice Extent

Surface and satellite-based observations show a decrease in Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent during the past 46 years. A comparison of these trends to control and transient integrations (forced by observed greenhouse gases and tropospheric sulfate aerosols) from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory and Hadley Centre climate models reveals that the observed decrease in Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent agrees with the transient simulations, and both trends are much larger than would be expected from natural climate variations. From long-term control runs of climate models, it was found that the probability of the observed trends resulting from natural climate variability, assuming that the models' natural variability is similar to that found in nature, is less than 2 percent for the 1978-98 sea ice trends and less than 0.1 percent for the 1953-98 sea ice trends. Both models used here project continued decreases in sea ice thickness and extent throughout the next century.     

Scandinavian, Siberian, and Arctic Ocean Glaciation: Effect of Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Variations

A computer model of coupled ice sheet-ice shelf behavior was used to evaluate whether observed changes in atmospheric CO(2) concentration could have caused the advance and retreat of Pleistocene ice sheets in the Eurasian Arctic. For CO(2) concentrations below a threshold of approximately 250 parts per million, an extensive marine-based ice sheet covering Scandinavia, the Barents, Kara, and East Siberian seas, and parts of the Arctic Ocean developed in the model simulations. In the simulations, climatic warming associated with the Holocene rise of atmospheric CO(2) was sufficient to collapse this widespread glaciation and restore present-day ice conditions.     

钾营养对甜菜光合速率及同化产物运转的影响

框栽和田间试验结果表明, 甜菜施用钾肥可以增加叶片叶绿素含量及单叶和群体光合速率, 促进了 Ｃ Ｏ２ 的同化作用; 施钾促进了１４ Ｃ 同化产物向甜菜各生育时期生长中心的运转和分配,提高了同化产物的运输率     

New Zealand maritime glaciation: millennial-scale southern climate change since 3.9 Ma

Ocean Drilling Program Site 1119 is ideally located to intercept discharges of sediment from the mid-latitude glaciers of the New Zealand Southern Alps. The natural gamma ray signal from the site's sediment core contains a history of the South Island mountain ice cap since 3.9 million years ago (Ma). The younger record, to 0.37 Ma, resembles the climatic history of Antarctica as manifested by the Vostok ice core. Beyond, and back to the late Pliocene, the record may serve as a proxy for both mid-latitude and Antarctic polar plateau air temperature. The gamma ray signal, which is atmospheric, also resembles the ocean climate history represented by oxygen isotope time series.     

沈阳市冬季冰层厚度特征研究及应用

在2006年冬季对沈阳市不同地点水面的冰层厚度进行了观测,发现市内一环附近,冰层厚度曲线略有差异,但大体重合;而城区二环以外结冰较早,冰层也比市内一环附近厚一些,特别是早期。分析实测记录和沈阳观象台气温资料,可知冰层厚度与负积温之间的相关性非常好,建立了冬季冰层厚度预报方程,结果表明,天气转冷趋于稳定后,预报方程的拟合度较好。利用气象台每天发布的天气预报,开发并研制了相应的冰上活动指数的预报和发布系统。     

Summer evolution of the north polar cap of Mars as observed by OMEGA/Mars Express

The Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, l'Eau, les Glaces, et l'Activité (OMEGA) visible-infrared imaging spectrometer extensively observed regions of Mars with latitudes above 70 degrees N in late 2004 (heliocentric longitude from Ls 93 degrees to Ls 127 degrees ). The extent of water ice at the surface and the size of ice grains were monitored as a function of time. Bright, small-grained frost, which initially covered a large fraction of the polar cap, waned in favor of large-grained ice. In outlying regions, dominated by large-grained ice, the albedo increased over the period. Evaluating the dust content was model dependent. However, contamination of ice by dust was low.     

Ocean circulation: its effects on seasonal sea-ice simulations

A diagnostic ice-ocean model of the Arctic, Greenland, and Norwegian seas is constructed and used to examine the role of ocean circulation in seasonal sea-ice simulations. The model includes lateral ice motion and three-dimensional ocean circulation. The ocean portion of the model is weakly forced by observed temperature and salinity data. Simulation results show that including modeled ocean circulation in seasonal sea-ice simulations substantially improves the predicted ice drift and ice margin location. Simulations that do not include lateral ocean movment predict a much less realistic ice edge.     

台湾海峡西北部海坛岛东南沿岸上升流对表层沉积硅藻的影响

[目的]探讨台湾海峡西北部海坛岛东南沿岸上升流对表层沉积硅藻的影响。[方法]以台湾海峡西北部海坛岛东南沿岸的表层沉积硅藻为材料,对其进行筛选、制片、观察,研究其属种分布特征和上升流对其的影响。[结果]按照表层沉积硅藻的丰度分布特征,将其分为三个研究区,以柱状小环藻、具槽直链藻和波状辐裥藻为主要的优势种群。结合温度、盐度的资料,可以得出海坛岛东南沿岸海域存在上升流。[结论]该研究为进一步探讨海坛岛东南沿岸海域表层沉积硅藻与上升流的关系提供了科学依据。     

Direct observations of North Pacific ventilation: brine rejection in the Okhotsk Sea

Brine rejection that accompanies ice formation in coastal polynyas is responsible for ventilating several globally important water masses in the Arctic and Antarctic. However, most previous studies of this process have been indirect, based on heat budget analyses or on warm-season water column inventories. Here, we present direct measurements of brine rejection and formation of North Pacific Intermediate Water in the Okhotsk Sea from moored winter observations. A steady, nearly linear salinity increase unambiguously caused by local ice formation was observed for more than a month.     

鹰潭市5月25～26日暴雨过程雷达资料分析

利用新一代天气雷达资料、T213资料、高空观测及地面观测、中尺度气象站资料,对2009年5月25～26日鹰潭市暴雨天气过程进行分析,将此次暴雨过程分为2个阶段——冷暖交汇带来的强降水阶段和低涡外围稳定降水阶段。强降水的分布具有明显的中尺度特征;地面中尺度幅合线的存在与维持加强了地面的辐合上升力量,也触发了造成此次过程中的局地强降水的中尺度系统,指出了地面辐合线与强降水区的良好对应关系。