Trends in computers and computing: the information utility

Demands for more effective information management, coupled with advances in computer hardware and software technology, have resulted in the emergence of the information utility concept, whereby computers specialized for information storage and processing serve as information nodes. The information nodes, which may be interconnected, can provide information management services to both conventional and personal computers. In this article the key hardware and software components of classical information systems are described to provide background on the requirements for an information utility. Four approaches to the development of specialized information nodes, drawing on various advances in technology, are presented: (i) firmware enhancement, (ii) intelligent controllers, (iii) minicomputer back-end processors, and (iv) highly modular database machines. The benefits of these advances will be systems that are more efficient, reliable, and easy to use.     

基于众包理念的农业科技信息传播新模式

在介绍众包概念及其理念的基础上,分析了当前农业科技信息传播模式中凸现出的局限性,进而尝试将众包理念——当前较为流行的商业模式之一引入农业科技信息传播工作.从三个方面,即构造基于众包理念的农业信息传播新模式、分析基于众包的农业信息传播新模式的优势和实施基于众包理念的农业信息传播新模式的关键点,详细阐述了众包理念在农业科技信息传播新模式的具体应用.     

关于建立农业系统文献信息服务体系的设想

为了挖掘和利用农业文献信息资源,提高书刊和电子产品的利用率,以满足读者的需求,本文提出了建立以农业系统各基层图书馆为初级网点,各省区农业院校和科学院图书馆为二级网点,中国农业科学院科技文献信息中心统一领导的服务体系;为读者提供书刊、电子产品的联合目录服务,新书新刊通报和题录文摘服务,文献代检代查服务;还例举了中国农业大学图书馆的文献信息服务实例。     

关于“医学信息学”立类、列类的构想

医学信息学作为一门独立的学科,文献数量在不断增加。然而,《中国图书馆分类法》中却没有它的一席之地。通过阐述它的学科发展基础,讨论它的学科属性和研究内容,提出了“医学信息学”列类的具体构想。

     

Hurricane prediction and control: impact of large computers

This is the third is a continuing series of articles on natural disasters, their prediction and mnodification, and progress in understanding the physical bases of these phenomena. Two earlier articles (Science, 25 May, p. 851, and 1 June, p. 940) reported advances in earthquake prediction. Hurricanes are the subject here. Generally less devastating than major earthquakes-although a single hurricane in 1970 killed an estimated 200,000 persons in Bangladesh-these storms are still the most destructive of all atmospheric phenomena. A recent report of the National Academy of Sciences (see box) recommends that efforts to modify hurricanes and other severe storms become a national goal.     

生态旅游景区英文导览信息服务功能评价——以武汉市东湖磨山景区为例

英文导览信息是景区服务的重要组成部分,应结合信息的重要性及游客满意度来综合评价其服务功能。以武汉东湖磨山景区为例,通过层次分析法与模糊综合评判相结合的方法,测度景区英文导览信息的客观感知度,即英文信息导览功能的实现程度。结果表明,磨山景区英文信息的导览功能实现较充分,能够满足外国游客的一般需求;各项英文信息导览功能的实现程度参差不齐;随着旅游参与层次的逐步提高,游客对所需英文信息的客观感知度逐步下降。针对各项英文信息导览功能的实现程度,应对其分别采取维护、提升和创建等措施。     

Multis: a new class of multiprocessor computers

Multis are a new class of computers based on multiple microprocessors. The small size, low cost, and high performance of microprocessors allow the design and construction of computer structures that offer significant advantages in manufacture, price-performance ratio, and reliability over traditional computer families. Currently, commercial multis consist of 4 to 28 modules, which include microprocessors, common memories, and input-output devices, all of which communicate through a single set of wires called a bus. Adding microprocessors together increases the performance of multis in direct proportion to their price and allows multis to offer a performance range that spans that of small minicomputers to mainframe computers. Multis are commercially available for applications ranging from real-time industrial control to transaction processing. Traditional batch, time-sharing, and transaction systems process a number of independent jobs that can be distributed among the microprocessors of a multi with a resulting increased throughput (number of jobs completed per unit of time). Many scientific applications (such as the solving of partial differential equations) and engineering applications (such as the checking of integrated circuit designs) are speeded up by this parallel computation; thus, multis produce results at supercomputer speed but at a fraction of the cost. Multis are likely to be the basis for the next, the fifth, generation of computers-a generation based on parallel processing.     

图书情报领域信息经济学研究的文献计量分析

利用CNKI知识平台上的CSSCI期刊,对图书情报领域信息经济学相关的576篇文献的年代分布、著者分布、期刊分布、机构分布、基金分布、关键词分布等文献计量分析,以揭示该领域的研究现状。     

The physics interviewing project: a tour of interviews in Asia

The Physics Interviewing Project assists graduate physics departments in evaluating foreign applicants. Supported by some 20 universities, two interviewers, both working scientists, travel abroad and interview students individually for about 1 hour each. Prospective teaching assistants are rated on physics knowledge, problem-solving ability, and English language proficiency. Ratings on all interviewees are sent to all supporting schools and other schools as requested. The Project aids able students from countries that have no physics Ph.D. programs (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand) to obtain assistantships and Ph.D.'s abroad, assists in the technological development of those countries, and helps U.S. schools in selecting the most promising foreign candidates. A similar program should be beneficial in other sciences.