Three-Dimensional X-ray Reflections from Anthracite and Meta-Anthracite

Careful analysis of x-ray scattering intensities of demineralized metaanthracites and high-rank anthracites formed during the Pennsylvanian geological period has revealed the presence of three-dimensional (hkl) reflections of graphite, demonstrating unequivocally that coals graphitize with metamorphism. Graphitization has been observed also with a coal formed before the Cambrian period, much earlier than most coals. A significant degree of graphitization occurs by coalification when the graphite-like layers attain a size of 25 to 30 angstroms as compared to 100 A or more by the heat treatment of amorphous carbons.     

Microtomography of partially molten rocks: three-dimensional melt distribution in mantle peridotite

The permeability of the upper mantle controls melt segregation beneath spreading centers. Reconciling contradictory geochemical and geophysical observations at ocean ridges requires a better understanding of transport properties in partially molten rocks. Using x-ray synchrotron microtomography, we obtained three-dimensional data on melt distribution for mantle peridotite with various melt fractions. At melt fractions as low as 0.02, triple junctions along grain edges dominated the melt network; there was no evidence of an abrupt change in the fundamental character of melt extraction as melt fraction increased to 0.2. The porosity of the partially molten region beneath ocean ridges is therefore controlled by a balance between viscous compaction and melting rate, not by a change in melt topology.     

一次雹暴过程的三维数值模拟

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所建立的完全弹性三维雹云数值模式,模拟了2007年7月25日发生在南京市六合县的一次强雹暴过程,分析了风暴的气流场、雷达回波结构、涡度场和含水量等宏观微物理的分布及其演变。通过将模拟结果与多普勒雷达资料进行对比发现,模拟的雷达回波强度及回波顶高与雷达观测资料基本一致。模拟结果表明,在雹云强盛时期,近地面层是以辐散气流为主,中上层是以辐合上升气流为主,气流在顶端转变方向,形成辐散出流;模拟的高含水量中心,对应着雷达回波图上的强回波中心,出现在上升气流最大区附近,动力场与物质场配合得较好。     

运用立体思维发展都市农业

近年来,北京市顺义区大孙各庄镇利用"科技兴农"、"以商促农"、"以工带农"、"以城辅农"和"城乡互动"等途径,发展产品型都市农业、服务型都市农业、体验型都市农业以及生态型都市农业,在农业发展中取得了经验.     

Demonstration of X-ray Holography with an X-ray Laser

An x-ray hologram was made by means of an x-ray laser and a laser-quality near normal incidence x-ray mirror. The high brightness and large coherence lengths of x-ray lasers now offer the potential for in vitro three-dimensional high-resolution holographic images of dynamically varying biological microstructures.     

一类三维合作系统的全局渐近稳定性

利用非负散度讨论三维合作系统全局渐近稳定的充分条件,给出了三维Volta—Volterra合作系统全局渐近稳定的条件,推广和改进了已有文献的有关研究结果．     

Ultrahigh-Resolution X-ray Tomography

Ultrahigh-resolution three-dimensional images of a microscopic test object were made with soft x-rays collected with a scanning transmission x-ray microscope. The test object consisted of two different patterns of gold bars on silicon nitride windows that were separated by approximately 5 micrometers. Depth resolution comparable to the transverse resolution was achieved by recording nine two-dimensional images of the object at angles between -50 and +55 degrees with respect to the beam axis. The projections were then combined tomographically to form a three-dimensional image by means of an algorithm using an algebraic reconstruction technique. A transverse resolution of approximately 1000 angstroms was observed. Artifacts in the reconstruction limited the overall depth resolution to approximately 6000 angstroms; however, some features were clearly reconstructed with a depth resolution of approximately 1000 angstroms.     

Flash X-ray Microscopy

Soft x-ray contact microscopy, utilizing single-shot exposures of approximately 60 nanoseconds duration in polymethyl methacrylate, has been realized with a resolution of 300 angstroms. The radiation spectrum is intense in the "window" between 23 and 44 angstroms where water is transparent compared to biological materials, and therefore permits viewing of wet samples.     

Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy of Dynamics in a Three-Dimensional Granular Flow

Diffusing-wave spectroscopy was used to measure the microscopic dynamics of grains in the interior of a three-dimensional flow of sand. The correlation functions show that minutely separated grains fly from collision to collision with large random velocities. On a time scale 10(3) to 10(4) times longer than the average time between collisions, the grains displayed slow, collective rearrangements, which, at the long-time limit, produced diffusive dynamics.     

Three-Dimensional Spherical Models of Convection in the Earth's Mantle

Three-dimensional, spherical models of mantle convection in the earth reveal that upwelling cylindrical plumes and downwelling planar sheets are the primary features of mantle circulation. Thus, subduction zones and descending sheetlike slabs in the mantle are fundamental characteristics of thermal convection in a spherical shell and are not merely the consequences of the rigidity of the slabs, which are cooler than the surrounding mantle. Cylindrical mantle plumes that cause hotspots such as Hawaii are probably the only form of active upwelling and are therefore not just secondary convective currents separate from the large-scale mantle circulation. Active sheetlike upwellings that could be associated with mid-ocean ridges did not develop in the model simulations, a result that is in agreement with evidence suggesting that ridges are passive phenomena resulting from the tearing of surface plates by the pull of descending slabs.     

果树三维外形轮廓的仿真与重建

根据检测到的果树二维图像,建立了果树三维外形轮廓和喷头定位曲面.利用拍摄到的1个或有限个二维图像,经坐标变换得到近似的果树外形轮廓,以及与果树外形轮廓相对应的喷头定位曲面.通过具体的仿真算例,表明对于比较对称的果树,由1幅图像就可得到其精确的外形轮廓,而由多幅图像建立果树外形轮廓的方法则适用于不对称的果树.     

微生物学立体化课堂教学模式实施策略简

为提升微生物学教学质量,对现有微生物学课堂教学模式进行优化调整,从微生物学立体化课堂教学模式实施方案和特色两方面加以总结,立足学科前沿,加强双语教学,尝试采用学生课堂报告的单元模块教学方式,为培养高素质复合型创新人才作出贡献。     

北方农田立体种养模式土壤含水量变化规律研究

试验通过冬性黑麦草复种水稻、春性黑麦草复种水稻、春性黑麦草复种大豆、春性黑麦草复种玉米四种种植模式对水分利用情况研究,结果表明：不同种植模式下作物种类、种植时间不同,对土壤水分利用也不同.冬牧草复种水稻田块耗水量最大,米草鹅和豆草鹅居中,正常大田耗水量最少,因此提高复种指数,发展立体种植模式对水田是一种较好的模式,对旱田却进一步加剧了春旱,但如果能够解决播种和作物生长前期的干旱问题,几种复种模式还是有很大的可行性.     

猪肌肉干细胞在三维水凝胶中的分化研究

【目的】 探究猪肌肉干细胞在三维水凝胶中的分化效果,为体外诱导肌肉干细胞分化成为肌肉组织提供方法指导。【方法】 将一定数目的猪肌肉干细胞分别在二维和三维条件下诱导分化（二维条件指在培养皿中培养细胞,三维条件指在水凝胶中培养细胞）,分别收取增殖阶段、预分化阶段、分化初期、分化成熟、分化末期的二维培养细胞的RNA和蛋白样品,以及分化7和14 d的三维培养细胞的RNA和蛋白样品。利用RT-qPCR技术检测细胞在两种条件下分化至不同阶段时成肌相关基因MYOG、CAV-3、MyHC-slow、MyHC-2a的表达水平;利用Western Blot技术检测细胞在两种条件下分化至不同阶段时MYOG、MyHC蛋白的表达水平;利用免疫荧光染色技术观察猪肌肉干细胞在二维和三维条件下融合形成的肌管;使用氨基酸自动分析仪检测分化14 d培养肌肉组织的氨基酸含量及组成。【结果】 二维培养的猪肌肉干细胞在分化第3天时开始发生肌融合,在分化第7天形成成熟肌管,随后进入分化末期,肌管开始脱落。三维培养的猪肌肉干细胞在分化第7天时还未完全伸展,细胞的MYOG和CAV-3表达水平低;分化第14天时水凝胶内已形成多核肌管,MYOG和CAV-3表达达到二维分化水平。三维分化有利于终末分化基因MyHC-slow和MyHC-2a的表达,分化14 d时MyHC-slow的表达量是二维分化7 d的12倍,MyHC-2a的表达量是二维分化7 d的4倍,但是MyHC蛋白的表达量仅为二维分化7 d时的1/6。氨基酸分析结果表明体外培养肌肉组织中17种水解氨基酸含量均低于猪肉,且必需氨基酸在总氨基酸的占比也低于猪肉,但是呈味氨基酸的占比相较猪肉更高。【结论】 猪肌肉干细胞可以在三维胶原水凝胶中分化形成肌管,且三维条件有利于成肌分化相关基因表达,但要实现MyHC蛋白的高表达还需进一步研究,按此方法体外培养的肌肉组织有较高的呈味氨基酸含量,可能会有较好的风味。