Pseudomonas-Candida interactions: an ecological role for virulence factors

Bacterial-fungal interactions have great environmental, medical, and economic importance, yet few have been well characterized at the molecular level. Here, we describe a pathogenic interaction between Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans, two opportunistic pathogens. P. aeruginosa forms a dense biofilm on C. albicans filaments and kills the fungus. In contrast, P. aeruginosa neither binds to nor kills yeast-form C. albicans. Several P. aeruginosa virulence factors that are important in disease are involved in the killing of C. albicans filaments. We propose that many virulence factors studied in the context of human infection may also have a role in bacterial-fungal interactions.     

The dynamics of cooperative bacterial virulence in the field

Laboratory experiments have shown that the fitness of microorganisms can depend on cooperation between cells. Although this insight has revolutionized our understanding of microbial life, results from artificial microcosms have not been validated in complex natural populations. We investigated the sociality of essential virulence factors (crystal toxins) in the pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis using diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella) as hosts. We show that toxin production is cooperative, and in a manipulative field experiment, we observed persistent high relatedness and frequency- and density-dependent selection, which favor stable cooperation. Conditions favoring social virulence can therefore persist in the face of natural population processes, and social interactions (rapid cheat invasion) may account for the rarity of natural disease outbreaks caused by B. thuringiensis.     

Proteomic study of three component interactions： plant, pathogens andantagonistic fungi

The molecular factors involved in the three-way interaction between plant, pathogenic fungi and antagonistic/biocontrol fungi, such as Trichoderma, are still poorly understood, even if they represent a matter of interest for improving crop management and developing new strategies for plant diseases control. The aim of this work is to investigate the components involved in this interaction and, for this purpose, a proteomic approach was used. 2-D maps of the protein extracts from the single co…     

多个环境因素对嗜水气单胞菌感染团头鲂致病力的影响

目的研究pH对拟态弧菌(Vibrio mimicus)感染相关表型及胞外产物特性的影响。方法测定不同pH (6.0、7.0、8.0、8.5和9.0)下拟态弧菌的增殖、泳动、自聚集和生物膜形成以及胞外产物(extracellular products,ECPs)的蛋白质量浓度、酶活性、溶血性、细胞毒性和毒力等特性。结果pH 6.0~9.0范围内,随着pH值升高,拟态弧菌的增殖先增强后减弱,pH 8.5时增殖最强;自聚集、生物膜形成和ECPs毒力先减弱后增强,pH 8.5时显著减弱(P<0.05);泳动以及ECPs蛋白质量浓度和细胞毒性减弱,pH 6.0时显著强于其他pH (P<0.05);ECPs酶活性和溶血性呈波动性,酶活性在pH 6.0时最强、pH 8.0时最弱,溶血性在pH 8.0时最强、pH 8.5时最弱。转录组分析显示：拟态弧菌pH 8.5较pH 7.0时,与ATP合成相关的糖酵解、TCA循环和氧化磷酸化等过程的基因表达上调,而与ADP合成相关的嘌呤合成基因、与蛋白质合成相关的核糖体亚基合成基因以及与蛋白分泌和膜运输相关的基因表达下调。结论pH对拟态弧菌感染相关表型及ECPs特性具有明显影响,且pH可能是通过调节拟态弧菌能量代谢与膜运输等过程影响其相关生物学特性。     

多重PCR方法检测食品中霍乱弧菌、副溶血性弧菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌

通过扩增霍乱弧菌(VC)、副溶血性弧菌(VP)和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(LM)的特异性核酸片段,建立了VC、VP和LM的多重PCR检测方法,相应的扩增片段分别为588、450、234 bp。该方法特异性强、灵敏度高、简便、快速,可实现对上述致病菌的同时检测,在接种食品中检测灵敏度达到103 CFU/mL。     

食源性致病细菌在土壤中的生存策略及其治理方式

土壤健康,特别是农业土壤的健康,与食品安全密切相关。然而,目前在土壤中已检出了大肠杆菌、肠沙门氏菌、单核增生李斯特氏菌等食源性致病细菌。某些食源性致病细菌能适应土壤中生物与非生物环境并可长期存活,其毒力基因与抗生素抗性基因可能会通过食物链传播,从而给土壤环境生物安全与消费者健康带来风险。本文综述了土壤中食源性致病细菌的主要来源及其生存策略,并介绍了源头治理和原位修复的方法。在此基础上,对土壤中食源性致病细菌治理的技术策略进行了展望,并从改善土壤化学环境和物理环境、切断传播途径、生物防治等方面讨论了未来研究重点关注的方向,以期为保障土壤健康和食品安全提供新思路。     

水稻白叶枯病菌致病型的聚类分析

全国各病区筛选出的１９个代表菌株在我国、日本和ＩＲＲＩ的三套鉴别寄主上的反应，应用系统聚类法能有效地划分出水稻白叶枯病菌致病力为极强、强、中强、中弱、弱和极弱６群。该法无需人为制定一个抗感标准，能客观反映病菌的致病类群．     

Coordinate regulation and sensory transduction in the control of bacterial virulence

Genes and operons that encode bacterial virulence factors are often subject to coordinate regulation. These regulatory systems are capable of responding to various environmental signals that may be encountered during the infectious cycle. For some pathogens, proteins that mediate sensory transduction and virulence control are similar to components of other bacterial information processing systems. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing global regulation of pathogenicity is essential for understanding bacterial infectious diseases.     

肉中两种致病菌的双重PCR检测方法的建立

为了建立肉中单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的双重PCR检测方法,以金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因和单增李斯特菌hly基因为靶基因设计引物,通过优化退火温度和PCR反应体系,建立这两种菌的双重PCR检测方法,并分析其反应特异性和敏感性。进一步将该方法应用到人工模拟肉样中,并分析其敏感性。结果表明,建立的单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌双重PCR检测方法应用于人工模拟肉样中具有较高敏感性,其中金黄色葡萄球菌和单增李斯特菌最低检测限分别为102和103 cfu.mL-1。该方法的建立为食品中多种致病菌的同时检测奠定了基础。     

细菌根际黏附的界面作用机制研究

界面作用是细菌在环境中黏附、定殖、形成生物膜和发挥生态功能的基础和前提,对植物吸收养分、病原微生物拮抗具有重要意义。微生物-植物根际相互作用研究大多数从生态学和分子生物学角度出发,应用多种组学手段研究根系分泌物对于根际微生物定殖数量、群落组成和生理功能的影响,忽略了细菌定殖过程中物理、化学的界面作用机制及其对黏附的贡献。本文从界面作用机制出发,探讨了不同类型根系分泌物对细菌表面性质、细菌胞外聚合物（EPS）分子组成以及黏附功能的调控作用;梳理了黏附过程中细菌-植物生物大分子相互作用的主要模式及其微观机制;归纳了根际定殖过程可视化研究方法和微生物-植物生物大分子相互作用的分析手段;提出了根际生物分子组成分析、黏附蛋白质功能预测、根际定殖原位观测方法等亟需加强的研究方向。     

A bacterial virulence protein suppresses host innate immunity to cause plant disease

Plants have evolved a powerful immune system to defend against infection by most microbial organisms. However, successful pathogens, such as Pseudomonas syringae, have developed countermeasures and inject virulence proteins into the host plant cell to suppress immunity and cause devastating diseases. Despite intensive research efforts, the molecular targets of bacterial virulence proteins that are important for plant disease development have remained obscure. Here, we show that a conserved P. syringae virulence protein, HopM1, targets an immunity-associated protein, AtMIN7, in Arabidopsis thaliana. HopM1 mediates the destruction of AtMIN7 via the host proteasome. Our results illustrate a strategy by which a bacterial pathogen exploits the host proteasome to subvert host immunity and causes infection in plants.     

槟榔根腐病菌拮抗菌株的筛选与鉴定

为获得对槟榔根腐病菌具有生防作用的菌株,以发病槟榔园健康植株根及根部土为材料,采用平板对峙培养法对尖孢镰刀菌（F.oxysporum）、可可毛色二孢菌（Lasiodiplodia theobromae）和奇异根串珠霉菌（Thielaviopsis paradoxa）3种槟榔根腐病菌的拮抗菌株进行筛选。从分离到的247株细菌中,获得了1株对尖孢镰刀菌、可可毛色二孢菌和奇异根串珠霉菌拮抗效果好且稳定性高的菌株brj-21,抑菌率分别为68%、73.66%和74.33%。经形态学观察和生理生化特征、16S rDNA碱基序列分析,brj-21被鉴定为粪产碱菌（Alcaligenes faecalis）。采用单因素及正交实验对拮抗菌（brj-21）的培养基组分进行优化,确定最佳培养基配方为酵母浸粉2.5 g、葡萄糖1 g、七水合硫酸镁0.4 g、水100 mL。室内实验结果表明,菌株brj-21对由可可毛色二孢菌引起的槟榔根腐病具有较好的防治效果,可作为潜在的生防菌株开发利用。     

基于16S-rDNA序列的核桃细菌性疫病病原菌遗传多态性分析

核桃细菌性疫病(Xanthomonas arboricola pv.juglandis)是世界范围内核桃产区最主要的细菌病害,对其病原菌16S-rDNA的序列进行分析,为阐明其遗传多样性提供参考。本研究从湖北省保康县和丹江口市多个核桃园采集病样,对不同核桃病组织样进行分离纯化,得到77个病原菌类似菌株,对部分菌株进行了接种和分子鉴定。用通用引物27F和1492R对其中有代表性的22株进行16S-rDNA的PCR扩增和测序。用软件MEGA7.0对所有测序结果进行遗传发育树分析,菌株之间平均遗传距离为0.244。用3种限制性内切酶MspI、AfeI和HinfI对16S-rDNA的PCR产物进行酶切,酶切结果用软件NTSYSpc2.1进行聚类分析。所有菌株之间相似系数大于52%,在76%的相似水平,可以将22个菌株划分为6个类群。用软件ApE对所有序列进行同样的3个酶切,RFLP分析结果与试验酶切结果相似。不同方法构建的聚类和发育树分析结果表明,湖北省不同地理来源和病组织的菌株存在一定的遗传多态性。     

重金属协同选择环境细菌抗生素抗性及其机制研究进展

抗生素的长期滥用,引起环境细菌耐药性不断增强,加速了抗生素抗性基因(Antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)在环境中的传播扩散。在重金属污染的环境中,细菌不仅具备重金属抗性,并且具备多种抗生素抗性,抗生素抗性基因的污染水平也随之升高。在介绍重金属与抗生素抗性最新研究进展的基础上,阐述了环境细菌的抗生素抗性、重金属抗性及其相关抗性机制,并着重论述重金属和抗生素协同选择环境细菌耐药性及其机制。     

莴苣叶斑病菌的分离鉴定及弱毒菌株致病力的衰退

利用组织分离法,从感染叶斑病的莴苣叶片上分离得到4株真菌,ITS序列分析鉴定为匍柄霉(Stemphylium spp.)。科赫氏法则验证其致病性时发现,菌株WS–01较其他菌株致病力减弱,且生长缓慢。用纤维素吸附法提取菌株WS–01的dsRNA,发现WS–01含有3条1~5 kb的dsRNA条带,提示WS–01菌株内含有dsRNA病毒。利用高温–利巴韦林–尖端脱毒结合的方法消除WS–01内的病毒,所得菌株WS–01–D与菌株WS–01相比,致病性增强且表型恢复正常,提示弱毒菌株WS–01的致病力减弱与其所含dsRNA有关。     

Katapol-based polymer nanocomposition for treating vegetable seeds and potato tubers against bacterial pathogens

An antibacterial composition with multifunctional biological activity for protecting plants against pathogens of bacterial infections has been created on the basis of the polymeric membrane-active nanodisperse antimicrobial preparation Katapol and a fungicide for preplanting treatment of vegetable seeds and potato tubers. The high protective effect of the composition is shown.     

Evaluation of the methods for studying interactions between bacterial and animal cells

This paper presents the results of a comparative evaluation of methods for studying interactions between bacterial cells and erythrocytes, as well as a sample preparation procedure which makes it possible to study cell structure without any disturbances of the natural architectonics.