Dynamic pore-pressure fluctuations in rapidly shearing granular materials

Results from two types of experiments show that intergranular pore pressures fluctuated dynamically during rapid, steady shear deformation of water-saturated granular materials. During some fluctuations, the pore water locally supported all normal and shear stresses, while grain-contact stresses transiently fell to zero. Fluctuations also propagated outward from the shear zone; this process modifies grain-contact stresses in adjacent areas and potentially instigates shear-zone growth.     

Hysteretic adsorption and desorption of hydrogen by nanoporous metal-organic frameworks

Adsorption and desorption of hydrogen from nanoporous materials, such as activated carbon, is usually fully reversible. We have prepared nanoporous metal-organic framework materials with flexible linkers in which the pore openings, as characterized in the static structures, appear to be too small to allow H2 to pass. We observe hysteresis in their adsorption and desorption kinetics above the supercritical temperature of H2 that reflects the dynamical opening of the "windows" between pores. This behavior would allow H2 to be adsorbed at high pressures but stored at lower pressures.     

Flow Characteristics of Human Erythrocytes through Polycarbonate Sieves

We used polycarbonate sieves with uniform cylindrical pores (2.4 to 6.8 microns in diameter) to filter suspensions of human erythrocytes (mean major diameter is 7.2 microns) in Eagle-albumin solution. With 6.8-micron sieves the pressure-flow curves are convexed to the pressure-axis at low pressures and become linear with high pressures. With 4.5-micron sieves, however, the pressure-flow relationship is linear throughout the range of study. In both types of sieves, flow rate is reduced progressively with increasing concentration of red blood cells (RBC) over a range of 0.5 to 95 percent. The resistance to flow of RBC suspensions is higher in 4.5-micron than in 6.8-micron pores. With filter pore diameters of 3.0 microns or more, the RBC concentration in the filtrate was 100 percent of that in the solution being filtered, but only 70 percent with 2.4-micron pores. The observed critical pore diameter for 100 percent cell transmission agrees with theoretical calculation based on the assumption that the RBC membrane is deformable but nonextensible. The importance of cell deformation in the passage of RBC's through small pores is shown by the inability of RBC hardened in acetaldehyde to pass pores with 6.8-micron diameter.     

Dynamics of slow-moving landslides from permanent scatterer analysis

High-resolution interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) permanent scatterer data allow us to resolve the rates and variations in the rates of slow-moving landslides. Satellite-to-ground distances (range changes) on landslides increase at rates of 5 to 7 millimeters per year, indicating average downslope sliding velocities from 27 to 38 millimeters per year. Time-series analysis shows that displacement occurs mainly during the high-precipitation season; during the 1997-1998 El Ni?o event, rates of range change increased to as much as 11 millimeters per year. The observed nonlinear relationship of creep and precipitation rates suggests that increased pore fluid pressures within the shallow subsurface may initiate and accelerate these features. Changes in the slope of a hill resulting from increases in the pore pressure and lithostatic stress gradients may then lead to landslides.     

Negative Effects of Sludge Bulking in Membrane Bio-Reactor

The membrane bio-reactor (MBR)is a newbioche- mical reaction system. The study on its applications in treatingvarious types ofwaste streams, such as domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater and human excrement has therefore attracted great attention[1-3…     

DHN黑色素与玉米大斑病菌附着胞膨压形成的关系

 【目的】探讨玉米大斑病菌胞内DHN黑色素在附着胞膨压产生过程中的作用,明确玉米大斑病菌的侵入机理。【方法】通过诱导玉米大斑病菌附着胞产生,确定附着胞形成的最佳条件,利用溶质排斥技术及incipient-cytorrhysis技术对玉米大斑病菌野生型菌株01-23和黑色素缺失突变体△St3hnr附着胞细胞壁孔径大小和膨压进行测定。【结果】野生型菌株01-23细胞壁孔径范围是2.1—2.7 nm,膨压在5.4 MPa左右;黑色素缺失突变体△St3hnr细胞壁孔径范围是2.7—3.3 nm,膨压在4.1 MPa左右;缺乏黑色素的附着胞不能形成高膨压,丧失了穿透能力。【结论】黑色素层对溶质分子外渗的阻挡作用导致了附着胞高膨压的产生,膨压产生的机械穿透力在玉米大斑病菌穿透基质平面的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

Replamineform: a new process for preparing porous ceramic, metal, and polymer prosthetic materials

The replamineform process (meaning replicated life forms) is a technique for duplicating the microstructure of carbonate skeletal components in ceramic, metal, or polymer materials. The special pore structures of marine invertebrate skeletal materials such as echinoid spines and corals, which are difficult or impossible to create artificially, can thus be copied in useful materials. Of immediate interest is the possibility of using these replicated microstructures in the fabrication of orthopedic prosthetic devices. By means of this technique, prosthetic materials having a controlled pore microstructure for optimum strength and tissue ingrowth may be obtained.     

Compressibilities of lunar crystalline rock, microbreccia, and fines to 40 kilobars

The compressibilities of three lunar samples were studied at room temperature from 0 to 40 kilobars. The samples were a fine-grained vesicular crystalline rock (type A), a microbreccia (type C), and fines (type D). All samples were porous. The microbreccia and fines were quite compressible at all pressures; the compressibility of the crystalline rock was somewhat less, being 8.4 megabar(-1) at 1 atmosphere and 1.5 megabar(-1) at 35 kilobars. Some porosity appeared to remain in the samples at all pressures. Thus the pressure-volume data derived from these samples may be representative of porous surface and near-surface material in the vicinity of the Apollo 11 landing site but may not be representative of lunar material at depth.     

Crystal Structures of Titanium, Zirconium, and Hafnium at High Pressures

At high pressures, as determined by x-ray analysis, titanium and zirconium metal have a distorted, body-centered-cubic structure. This phase persists on pressure release. The normal hexagonal close-packed structures are recovered when the metals are heated. An electronic shift must occur in the transition. Hafnium metal showed no such transition.     

南堡凹陷高南地区东营组储层成岩作用及孔隙演化研究

根据钻井取心分析测试、岩石薄片和扫描电镜观察等手段,对南堡凹陷高南地区东营组成岩作用和次生孔隙发育特征进行研究,并在此基础上划分了成岩阶段。研究结果表明,东营组碎屑岩地层经历了强烈的压实作用和胶结作用、复杂的交代作用和多期次的溶蚀作用,原生孔隙大部分被破坏,主要以次生孔隙为主,长石的溶蚀是储层中次生孔隙形成的主要原因。从早成岩B期到中成岩A1期,有机质成熟过程、粘土矿物转化等造成的酸性地层水介质,使东营组碎屑岩储层在纵向上主要发育3个次生孔隙发育带。粘土矿物的结晶、石英次生加大作用及碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀对孔隙度的降低起到了关键性作用。     

呼伦湖水-沉积物系统中重金属的含量特征

以呼伦湖水-沉积物系统为研究对象,采用Tessier连续提取法,开展了表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的形态分析研究,系统分析了上覆水、上覆过滤水和孔隙水中重金属的浓度。研究结果表明:呼伦湖表层沉积物孔隙水中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的平均含量分别是上覆过滤水中的4.79、1.02、2.18倍和2.08倍,孔隙水中Cu、Zn和Cd的含量均高于上覆过滤水,揭示Cu、Zn和Cd,特别是Cu有从孔隙水向上覆水扩散迁移的明显特性;呼伦湖上覆水中的重金属均有结合在悬浮颗粒物上的趋势,揭示呼伦湖悬浮颗粒物对水环境中的Cu、Zn和Cd具有较强的自净能力,对Pb具有极强的自净能力。Cu、Zn与Pb、Cd相比较,后者较前者有在碳酸盐结合态和可交换态等次生相中富集的明显倾向;Cd在次生相中分布的百分比明显比Cu、Zn、Pb偏高;当环境条件,特别是p H发生变化时,呼伦湖表层沉积物中,Cd、Pb具有较大的生态风险。据此认为,保持呼伦湖水的偏碱性状态对湖泊的水体环境健康和生态安全至关重要。     

Coesite and Shocked Quartz from Holleford Crater, Ontario, Canada

The Holleford Crater, a circular depression in southern Ontario, is filled with Paleozoic sediments and underlain by brecciated Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks. The presence of coesite in two core samples of this breccia has been established by petrographic and x-ray diflraction methods. Shattered quartz in the coesite-bearing samples exhibits planar fractures. The shocked quartz is the result of great shock pressures and the association of coesite with the shocked quartz strongly suggests that Holleford Crater originated from a hypervelocity impact.     

Crystal structure of Escherichia coli MscS,a voltage-modulated and mechanosensitive channel

The mechanosensitive channel of small conductance (MscS) responds both to stretching of the cell membrane and to membrane depolarization. The crystal structure at 3.9 angstroms resolution demonstrates that Escherichia coli MscS folds as a membrane-spanning heptamer with a large cytoplasmic region. Each subunit contains three transmembrane helices (TM1, -2, and -3), with the TM3 helices lining the pore, while TM1 and TM2, with membrane-embedded arginines, are likely candidates for the tension and voltage sensors. The transmembrane pore, apparently captured in an open state, connects to a large chamber, formed within the cytoplasmic region, that connects to the cytoplasm through openings that may function as molecular filters. Although MscS is likely to be structurally distinct from other ion channels, similarities in gating mechanisms suggest common structural elements.     

多孔介质干燥过程分形孔道网络模型与模拟:Ⅰ.模型建立

目前孔道网络干燥理论中普遍以“人造多孔介质”为孔道网络模拟的研究目标,尚未涉及实际多孔体的应用问题。以农副产品中常见孔隙直径范围(10-7~10-4m)的自然多孔介质为研究对象,运用分形几何学、多孔介质渗流物理和传递过程原理,建立了描述多孔介质干燥过程热质传递的分形孔道网络模型和规则孔道网络模型。模型中考虑了多孔介质孔隙内的液相流动、汽相扩散、温度梯度以及孔道微细结构特征等诸多因素对干燥过程热质传递特性的影响。为了更准确地契合自然多孔介质的孔道网络拓扑结构,应用分形孔道网络替代了通常采用的规则孔道网络。     

Polymorphism in benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene at high pressure

Optical observations, in which a microscope was used with the diamond-anvil pressure cell, were carried out on benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene up to temperatures of about 600 degrees C and pressures of approximately 40 kilobars. New high-pressure phases of benzene (benzene III) and anthracene (anthracene II) were observed, and the existence of the high-pressure polymorph, naphthalene II, was verified. All three materials decompose initially to a reddish-orange liquid, and ultimately to amorphous carbon. The decomposition temperatures decrease with increasing molecular size.     

高温冻土中孔隙水压力量测初探

采用2种室内压缩试验方法研究高温冻土在变温变载条件下孔隙水压力的变化规律,即通过恒载变温试验和恒温变载试验分别从升温和加载的角度考虑高温冻土中孔隙水压力的变化,分析了孔隙水压力与温度变化及加载的关系.结果表明:高温冻土中孔隙水压力变化对荷载较为敏感,温度决定了孔隙水压力变化的实效性,在温度越高的条件下,孔隙水压力对加载...     

果树地下滴灌灌水技术田间试验研究

采用正交试验方法,探讨了不同埋深、孔径、孔距、防堵套长度的简易地下滴灌在定压供水条件下渗水量、管道水压分布和土壤水分入渗规律。结果表明,滴水管的出水量随时间呈幂函数下降,单孔出水量随孔径和孔距的增大而显著增大;地下滴灌的灌水均匀度随孔径的增大、孔距的减小而降低;地下滴灌的土壤入渗宽度随孔径的增大、孔距的减小、埋深的减小而增大,入渗深度则相反;对渭北旱塬地区,现行的果树简易地下滴灌的管道埋深、孔径、孔距应分别为40cm,0.9mm,60～80cm。     

A High-Pressure Polymorph of Troilite, FeS

A new polymorph of FeS was produced in a diamond-anvil cell and observed at high pressure both optically and by x-ray diffraction. Fourteen x-ray reflections of the high-pressure FeS were recorded; however, the crystal structure is unknown. This form of FeS is stable at 25 degrees C only at pressures above approximately 55 kilobars. The transition to the lower pressure polymorph, troilite, is rapid and reversible.     

Compressibility, Phase Transitions, and Oxygen Migration in Zirconium Tungstate, ZrW2O8

In situ neutron diffraction experiments show that at pressures above 2 kilobars, cubic zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) undergoes a quenchable phase transition to an orthorhombic phase, the structure of which has been solved from powder diffraction data. This phase transition can be reversed by heating at 393 kelvin and 1 atmosphere and involves the migration of oxygen atoms in the lattice. The high-pressure phase shows negative thermal expansion from 20 to 300 kelvin. The relative thermal expansion and compressibilities of the cubic and orthorhombic forms can be explained in terms of the "cross-bracing" between polyhedra that occurs as a result of the phase transition.     

生物炭制备及其吸附应用研究进展

生物炭是生物质在绝氧或限氧条件下热解的固态产物,通常因具有特殊的孔隙、官能团结构及稳定的物理化学性质等特点而广泛应用于气态或液态污染物的吸附,并成为目前生物质能资源化利用研究热点。本文介绍了生物质热解制取生物炭的工艺、生物炭生成机理及目前主要应用领域,重点评述了影响生物炭制备、结构特性及吸附特性的主要因素,并提出了生物质热解制备生物炭及其在吸附领域应用的未来研究方向。