沙漠边缘三种主要天然植物再生性能的观察

通过对骆驼刺、叉枝鸦葱、花花柴不同刈割时间和不同留茬高度处理对再生速度、分枝性能、再生强度及再生草产量的观察研究表明：以上三种植物齐地面刈割能刺激侧芽的发生和生长，增加分枝数，提高再生草产量。以骆驼刺为例：齐地面刈割再生草产量比地面以上１０ｃｍ、地面以下１０ｃｍ和地面以下２０ｃｍ留茬高度分别高６０．７３％、４８．９７％和１３２．０５％；春天刈割再生草生长旺盛、能正常开花结实。夏天刈割时，因气温和沙     

基于主成分分析的内蒙古草原刈割与放牧退化演替比较研究

基于多年的野外调查和控制实验数据,采用主成分分析的方法,对内蒙古羊草草原刈割退化演替系列,放牧退化演替系列,退化群落恢复演替系列进行比较研究,研究放牧和刈割影响下群落功能群组成的替变规律。结果表明:PCA排序很好地指示了放牧与刈割演替方向的变化,在功能群的替变上,共同点是根茎禾草减少,不同点是刈割导致小禾草增加,而放牧导致小禾草和小半灌木均增加。PCA排序验证了前人关于8月份刈割对羊草草原群落影响最大的结果。PCA排序显示放牧退化空间梯度系列与退化群落恢复演替时间梯度系列的逆过程一致,表明退化演替研究中时空替代的方法可行。     

不同利用方式下贝加尔针茅草甸草原群落多样性变化

以内蒙古贝加尔针茅草甸草原围封、刈割和放牧样地为研究对象,分析2016~2018年内植物群落物种组成和多样性变化规律,为草原合理利用提供指导。结果表明:(1)贝加尔针茅草原共调查到76种物种,不同利用方式下植物组成不同。(2)相比较围栏和刈割利用,2018年放牧样地Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shanon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀性指数均显著降低(P<0.05)。(3)围封利用下Simpson优势度指数表现为降-升年度变化(P<0.05);放牧样地Margalef丰富度指数表现为降低年度变化(P<0.05)。综合分析表明,相比较围封和刈割利用,放牧对贝加尔针茅草甸草原健康发展构成威胁,围封和刈割利用下群落物种多样性较高。     

放牧对希拉穆仁草原植物群落及种间联结的影响

植物群落是维持草原稳定和提供生态系统服务的关键要素。为探究放牧对希拉穆仁草原植物群落及种间联结的影响,文中以禁牧草场、轻度放牧草场、中度放牧草场、重度放牧草场为研究样地,系统调查分析了植物群落组成、物种多样性、物种生态位及种间联结性,并进一步探究其相互关系及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：除重度放牧草场外,其余放牧强度草场的植物群落均以糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)、阿尔泰狗娃花(Heteropappus altaicus)、克氏针茅(Stipa krylovii)为优势种,但放牧改变了物种的相对重要值。重度放牧草场以糙隐子草、羊草(Leymus chinensis)、银灰旋花(Convolvulus Ammannii)、冰草(Agropyron cristatum)为优势种。重度放牧显著增加了群落物种的多样性,但增加的物种重要值普遍较小,且地上生物量显著降低。放牧强度的增强降低了原始优势种的生态位宽度,禁牧草场和重度放牧草场种间联结总体呈显著负联结,轻度放牧草场和中度放牧草场呈显著正联结。随放牧强度的增强种间联结指数逐渐升高,群落内物种间联系紧密,重度放牧草场存在...     

牛筋草分阶段防治技术的组合研究

在整个生育期重复使用百草枯或草甘膦,可能引起牛筋草产生抗药性的风险,因此通过盆栽试验比较5种选择性除草剂和2种灭生性除草剂处理及机械刈割处理对牛筋草不同生长阶段的抑制等级及抑制率。结果表明,化学除草效果随着牛筋草生长时间的增加而逐渐下降,选择性除草剂10.8%精喹禾灵乳油0.6 L/hm~2和15%精吡氟禾草灵乳油1.0 L/hm~2对牛筋草的防效与草甘膦基本一致;相同刈割高度时,在牛筋草扬花期之前刈割的防效最高,相同刈割时间时,刈割高度在地上0 cm时对牛筋草的防效最高。本研究明确在牛筋草不同生育时期如何选择最高效的物理或化学防治方法,为牛筋草的综合防治技术提供科学指导。     

刈割对伊犁绢蒿根系贮藏营养物质的影响

以新疆蒿类半灌木荒漠草地建群种伊犁绢蒿为材料,探讨刈割强度对其根系贮藏营养物质的影响.结果表明:不同刈割强度间伊犁绢蒿根中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖含量差异显著(p<0.05),且轻度刈割与中度刈割下可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖含量相对较高;不同强度刈割后伊犁绢蒿可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖的含量随时间的变化先降低后升高,呈"V"型变化.由于刈割后伊犁绢蒿需要利用贮藏的淀粉维持其再生长,淀粉则呈现下降趋势.而研究结果显示,轻度刈割与中度刈割下淀粉含量相对较高,说明轻度及中度刈割强度下伊犁绢蒿根恢复效果较好,适度刈割有利于伊犁绢蒿可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、还原糖及淀粉的积累,并可促进其再生长.     

不同利用方式下短花针茅草原生物量的形成规律

在内蒙古包头市达茂联合旗哈雅教学牧场 ,采用随机区组法对短花针茅草原在不同刈割时期、次数和高度下的生物量形成规律进行了研究 ,旨在探索短花针茅草原的合理利用方式 ,为草原放牧畜牧业生产实践提供理论依据。研究结果表明 ,短花针茅草原对刈割高度较为敏感 ,适宜的刈割高度为 2 cm;短花针茅草原植物生长缓慢 ,再生能力差 ,不宜于频繁利用 ,一年适宜利用 1 -2次 ;考虑牧草产量和营养物质含量 ,一年两次利用的间隔期应为 2 -3个月 ;一年一次利用的最佳利用期为 8月中旬以后。     

不同干扰处理对骆驼刺茎、叶、刺器官化学计量特征的影响

以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘沙漠—绿洲过渡带的优势植物种骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsifolia Shap.)为研究对象,设置当年春季砍伐、春季火烧,上一年秋季砍伐和对照处理,研究刈割和火烧对骆驼刺不同器官N、P、K化学计量特征的影响。结果表明:不同干扰处理下骆驼刺不同器官N、P、K含量及其N∶P比差异显著,并且在不同生长阶段变化规律不一致,其平均N、P、K含量以及N∶P比均为叶片高于茎和刺。在骆驼刺的生长阶段(8—10月),叶和刺中均为P含量及N∶P比的季节变异较小,N及K含量的季节变异较大;茎中N及K含量的季节变异较小,P含量及N∶P比的季节变异较大。对骆驼刺N、P、K含量及其N∶P比的多因素方差分析显示,骆驼刺N和P主要受不同器官的影响,而K和N∶P比主要受生长阶段的影响。     

刈割对紫花苜蓿病虫害的影响

在宁南地区对紫花苜蓿不同刈割期对比试验结果表明,提前和及时刈割对病虫害有很好的防效,尤其对蓟马和褐斑病效果较好。5月下旬至6月上旬为宁南山区紫花苜蓿的最佳刈割期,二茬苜蓿的最佳刈割期在7月底至8月上旬。     

不同利用方式下呼伦贝尔草甸草原土壤呼吸动态特征及影响因素

探究天然草原不同利用方式下土壤呼吸动态特征及影响因素，对草原生态系统碳平衡研究具有重要意义。文中于2022年生长季(6—9月)测定了呼伦贝尔草甸草原围封、刈割、轮牧和自由放牧4种利用方式下土壤呼吸速率及相关环境因子，结果表明：1) 4种利用方式下土壤呼吸速率日动态差异较小，月动态差异显著，前者基本表现为昼高夜低的“单峰型”变化特征，后者表现为7月最高，9月最低，生长季土壤呼吸速率均值刈割(2.24μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>围封(2.08μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>轮牧(1.61μmol·m^-2·s^-1)>自由放牧(1.58μmol·m^-2·s^-1);2)土壤温度和土壤湿度是土壤呼吸速率的主要影响因素，二者的最优复合模型可解释土壤呼吸速率变异的82.7%～92.1%;3)分段式结构方程模型分析表明，在围封、刈割和自由放牧样地，植被因素对土壤呼吸速率独立解释力最高；在轮牧样地，土壤环境对土壤呼吸速...     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.