不同栽培调控措施对马铃薯产量及效益的影响

通过播期、密度及栽培试验,分析不同播期、密度及栽培调控措施对马铃薯产量及效益的影响。结果表明,5月5日结合3 200株/667m~2播种,能够提高马铃薯产量和经济效益,2年平均产量达到1 517.5 kg/667m~2,产值为1 521.8元/667m~2;覆膜栽培方式平均产量为1 830.6 kg/667m~2,产值为1 831.7元/667m~2,较露地栽培方式提高270.6元/667m~2;马铃薯套种萝卜产值达到1 663.2元/667m~2,较不套种模式提高263.9元/667m~2。说明5月5日覆膜播种配套间套作栽培技术在甘肃省陇东地区能够促进马铃薯产量及经济效益的形成。     

云南省宣威市马铃薯高垄栽培技术的优化

通过正交设计试验,研究了云南省马铃薯主栽品种不同垄作模式、不同种植密度的配比组合下马铃薯主要生育性状、经济性状及产量效应。试验结果表明,不同处理组合下对于马铃薯产量影响最大的因素是品种,适宜宣威地区马铃薯生产的最佳栽培模式为大垄双行覆膜栽培,该模式下的马铃薯产量高,品质好。筛选出的最佳组合模式为云薯201,大垄双行覆膜,种植密度为60 000.hm-2。     

半干旱区不同覆膜方式对土壤水分温度及马铃薯产量的影响

结合当前生产实际,在西北半干旱区旱作梯田中,以‘庄薯3号’为试验材料,对目前旱作区马铃薯不同垄播覆膜方式进行对比试验,以探索不同栽培模式对马铃薯田间土壤温度、土壤含水量、物侯期及产量的影响。结果表明:覆膜栽培的马铃薯出苗早,生长发育较快,营养生长期延长,尤其双垄全膜黑膜覆盖能优化马铃薯农艺性状,提高马铃薯的产量,降低地温,有利于马铃薯薯块的生长,在多年高温少雨的地方,覆白色地膜栽培的马铃薯不利于其产量的增加。     

山东夏津棉花--马铃薯间作与高产高效开发

棉花是夏津县的主要经济作物,常年种植3万hm^2左右。其中,80％的棉田是一年一熟的纯作春棉,土地约有180天空闲时间。马铃薯生育期短,地膜覆盖栽培,3月上旬播种,6月上中旬收获（拱棚栽培2月上中旬播种,5月中旬收获）;棉花4月中下旬播种,4月下旬5月上旬出苗,棉薯共生期只有30-45天。马铃薯棵矮,棉薯间作基本不影响棉苗生长,棉花不少收,且多收一季马铃薯,有着广阔的发展前景。     

“马铃薯—黄瓜—晚稻”高效栽培技术

1　马铃薯双膜覆盖技术1 1　选用良种马铃薯应选用熟期早 ,产量高 ,适宜栽培的早熟品种东农 30 3和克新 4号。1 2　适时整地 ,施足基肥在晚稻收割后及时翻耕 ,播前耙细土块、整畦 ,畦沟宽 1 8ｍ ,其中畦面宽 1 6ｍ ,覆盖双膜后马铃薯不利追肥 ,必须在播种覆膜前施足基肥 ,以促使马铃薯根系充分发育以不断提供植株生长所需的养分 ,一般在整畦前每 6 6 7ｍ2 施腐熟畜栏肥10 0 0ｋｇ ,马铃薯播种时 ,每 6 6 7ｍ2 在种穴中施复合肥 5 0ｋｇ ,再用猪粪 10 0 0ｋｇ盖种。1 3　适时播种马铃薯一般在 1月上旬播种。每 6 6 7ｍ2 用种130ｋｇ左右 ,在…     

半干旱区马铃薯高产栽培技术集成

在半干旱区全膜双垄垄播栽培技术模式下,用‘青薯9号’脱毒种薯,在常规施肥基础上增施有机生物菌肥,并采用病虫害综合防治等技术措施,对其田间表现、产量和水分利用效率进行了研究。结果表明,马铃薯覆膜栽培较露地栽培的出苗期、现蕾期和开花期均提前5~6 d。各覆膜处理的出苗率均高于对照,但无显著性差异。施用马铃薯专用肥675 kg/hm~2基础上增施有机生物菌肥675 kg/hm~2和采用病虫害综合防治的处理株高显著高于其他各处理,除2个处理外各覆膜处理茎粗均显著高于对照。各处理均未见花叶病、卷叶病;早疫病和晚疫病发病级数较轻。施用马铃薯专用肥675 kg/hm~2基础上增施有机生物菌肥675 kg/hm~2和采用病虫害综合防治处理的商品薯率和产量最高,各覆膜处理平均产量极显著高于对照。土壤水分利用效率(WUE)以施用马铃薯专用肥675 kg/hm~2基础上增施有机生物菌肥675 kg/hm~2和采用病虫害综合防治处理最高,各覆膜处理极显著高于对照。     

辽南地区商品马铃薯的几种主要栽培形式

为了迎合市场 ,马铃薯的生产也出现了多种栽培形式。根据辽南的气侯特点 ,品种以早熟品种为主 ,主要栽培形式有冬春大棚种植、早春薯稻(米 )复种、早春覆膜种植及春季露地种植四种。1　冬春大棚种植在辽南地区冬春大棚种马铃薯 ,种薯需年前12月下旬出窖催芽 ,催芽时间约一个月 ,2月初播种 ,播后覆盖地膜 ,约 2月末至 3月初出苗 ,5月初即可收获。此种植方式应注意以下几点 :①因在大棚内覆膜种植 ,所以播种时必须选好墒情 ,否则苗期出现旱情不宜灌水。②封垄前若土温太高应撤膜 ,否则不利于结薯。③后期遇高温大棚需放风 ,加大棚内昼夜温差 ,…     

西南山区春马铃薯高产栽培法

1　严选种薯选用无退化或退化轻的优良种薯进行播种是当地马铃薯获得稳产高产的首要措施之一。近年来 ,我们一般都是选用从东北调进的克新 2号、东农30 3、克新 3号、春薯 5号、克新 4号等优良品种进行栽培。这些早中熟品种全生育期约 85～ 10 0ｄ ,适应性广 ,抗寒抗病能力强。有利早播早收 ,躲过 5月上中旬高温天气的影响 ,容易获得高产。选用上述优质高产的良种比本地品种一般要增产 2 5%以上。播种时要严格选用大小均匀、皮嫩色鲜、芽眼多、无病、虫害、无伤口、无霉烂的种薯进行栽种。2　催芽播种催芽一般在 1月上中旬抢晴天进行 ,播种…     

秦巴山区马铃薯栽培技术二则

根据秦巴山区特点，马铃薯采用冬播（带芽播种）能增产10％～30％，早熟7d。采用垄作地膜覆盖能增产50％～100％，早熟15d。适时早播，可减轻或避过晚疫病危害。l马铃薯冬播（带芽播种）该技术适于中高山区利水无积雪阳坡地和浅丘川道区。1．1播期浅丘川道区中熟品种直在小雪一大雪播种；早熟品种小寒一大寒播种。中高山区早熟品种小寒一大寒播种；中晚熟品种在大雪一大寒播种。1．2种薯处理中高山区冬前将单株系选合格夏薯运回，顶部向上一个挨一个摊放一层在室内，常温散光照射（严冬注意防冻）。这样种薯缓慢发芽，形成绿色粗壮短芽。浅…     

大垄双行不同种植密度下切块与整薯播种对‘垦薯1号’马铃薯植物学性状和产量的影响

小整薯播种是未来马铃薯机械化生产的趋势。试验以马铃薯新品种‘垦薯1号’为研究对象,110 cm大垄垄上双行种植,采用切块播种和整薯播种2种种植模式,每种模式下设9个处理,分别为3个行距(垄上2行之间的间距):15,20和25 cm,3个株距:15,20和25 cm。经过试验发现整薯播种与切块播种相比出苗期提前1~3 d;株高、茎粗小于切块播种,但是单位面积内主茎数增多;植株鲜重和干重都小于切块播种,植株的干鲜重比高于切块播种;单株结薯数整薯播种平均比切块播种增多18.34%;整薯播种的商品薯率都低于切块播种,产量除处理15×20外都高于切块播种,处理25×25、25×20、20×20的整薯播种比切块播种产量分别高出43.00%,31.73%,40.59%,且差异显著,处理15×25产量高出48.36%,差异极显著。整薯播种和切块播种产量最高处理分别为36 473和29 263 kg/hm~2。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。