葡萄中糖基化花色苷研究进展

葡萄果实与葡萄酒的颜色由其所含花色苷的种类和含量决定,而花色苷是由花色素经过糖基化修饰转变而成,所以糖基化修饰在葡萄果实花色苷合成途径中起着重要作用。葡萄果实中的糖基化花色苷主要包括花色素的3–O–葡萄糖基和3,5–O–双葡萄糖基,即花色素单糖苷和花色素双糖苷,糖基化花色苷的组成是决定红葡萄酒品质的关键因素之一。对糖基化花色苷在葡萄果实中的组成及其对葡萄酒颜色和稳定性的影响进行了简要介绍,重点对花色素单糖苷和花色素双糖苷合成的关键酶基因以及转录因子进行了综述,以期为葡萄果实糖基化花色苷合成的调控机理的全面揭示和优质红色酿酒葡萄品种的选育提供信息。     

‘香妃’和‘早玫瑰香’葡萄温室与露地栽培单萜积累差异分析

温室栽培对鲜食葡萄果实单萜积累的影响尚不明确。以早熟鲜食葡萄品种‘香妃’和‘早玫瑰香’为试材进行温室栽培,以露地栽培作为对照。采用顶空固相微萃取(HS–SPME)结合气相色谱—质谱联用(GC–MS)技术,辅助自动质谱图解卷积和鉴定系统(AMDIS),检测葡萄果实中游离态单萜类化合物的含量。共检测到29种来源于异戊二烯代谢途径的单萜类化合物。两个葡萄品种单萜类化合物总含量随果实发育均呈升高趋势,且露地栽培均高于温室栽培,果实成熟期‘香妃’高于‘早玫瑰香’。利用主成分分析(PCA)可以明显区分开温室和露地栽培下的‘早玫瑰香’,但两种栽培条件下‘香妃’的单萜化合物在成熟期愈加接近;整体趋势表现为露地栽培葡萄果实具有更丰富的柠檬烯、(Z)–别罗勒烯、(E,Z)–别罗勒烯、里那醇、β–月桂烯、异松油烯、(Z)–β–罗勒烯、cis和trans–氧化玫瑰、β–香茅醇和cis–吡喃型氧化里那醇。     

Effect of bearing position on phenolics profiles in the skins of four cultivars of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Summary

The fan-shaped trellis training system, resulting in grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) with more than two trunks, has been widely used in northern China. The fruiting zone of grapevines trained to the fan-shaped trellis system is distributed from the top to the bottom of the canopy. The phenolics profiles of the skins of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’, ‘Merlot’, ‘Chardonnay’, and ‘Italian Riesling’ grape berries were analysed to measure the effect of differences in bearing position on the phenolic compound and anthocyanin compositions of grape berries.The results showed that the upper bearing position significantly increased the concentrations of most phenolic compounds in grape berry skins. Among the non-anthocyanin and anthocyanin phenolic compounds identified in this study, the upper bearing position promoted the accumulation of delphinidin-, cyanidin-, and petunidin-glucosides in the skin of the two red grape cultivars. However, lowering the bearing position was associated with greater methylation of anthocyanins, and the flow of photosynthate towards the biosynthesis of kaempferol. These results were correlated with micrometeorological alterations in the canopy at the different bearing positions. The findings of this study suggest that higher bearing positions can increase the accumulation of phenolic compounds in grape berry skins in four different grapevine cultivars.     

外源脱落酸对巨玫瑰葡萄着色及浆果品质的影响

本文以避雨栽培巨玫瑰葡萄为试验材料,在转色期用脱落酸(ABA)溶液100 mg/L、500mg/L和1 000mg/L处理果穗,并对成熟过程中果皮花色苷含量、果汁可溶性固性物含量(TSS)、可滴定酸含量和pH值进行了测定。结果表明,三种浓度ABA处理均能促进果皮的着色和果实成熟,但却抑制果汁可溶性固形物含量提高和单粒重的快速增加。其中,ABA 500mg/L处理在显著提高巨玫瑰葡萄果皮中的花色苷含量,降低可滴定酸含量的同时,其可溶性固形物超过上市的最低质量标准,并且能使葡萄果实提早10天成熟,整体上提高了果实品质。     

新疆天山北坡中部不同品种葡萄根系抗寒性的生理生化指标

由于近年气候变化,导致新疆天山北坡中部石河子垦区种植的葡萄大面积根系受冻死亡,不能安全越冬。基于此现实问题,利用人工气候模拟技术,模拟历年葡萄根系冻害发生的温度条件,研究在冻害胁迫下,天山北坡6种葡萄根系受冻的生理生化指标变化规律。结果表明:冻害胁迫使葡萄根系的根系活力逐渐降低,游离脯氨酸含量先升后降,丙二醛相对含量增加,综合历年葡萄根系冻害资料情况表明,6种葡萄根系抗寒能力强弱依次为:无核白鸡心紫香无核克瑞森弗雷无核紫红提。     

葡萄果实降异戊二烯类物质合成调控研究进展

降异戊二烯类物质是构成葡萄果实香气的重要组分,其极低的感官阈值和怡人的花果香味,对葡萄及葡萄酒香气品质具有重要的贡献。综述了葡萄果实中主要降异戊二烯类物质的种类、香气特点、生物合成途径及关键酶、生物合成的影响因素等方面的研究进展,并提出关键酶的调节及相关转录因子、栽培措施的影响等是今后主要的研究方向。     

鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率测算及空间特征分析

为了定量测算我国鲜食葡萄生产中的化肥施用技术效率并探索其空间特征,首先构建了基于随机前沿分析的化肥施用技术效率测算模型和基于空间自相关的化肥施用技术效率空间特征分析方法,通过葡萄种植户的生产记录获得了连续5年的生产数据,并对不同栽培模式下葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率进行了实证测算。研究结果显示:2011—2015年我国鲜食葡萄化肥施用技术效率分别为0.332、0.382、0.349、0.361、0.336,年度间变化幅度不大;露地栽培与设施栽培的5年化肥施用技术平均效率分别为0.390、0.313;新疆、山东、四川、云南、湖北等地的露地葡萄和设施葡萄2种栽培方式的化肥施用技术效率都相对较高;全局空间自相关分析通过了显著性检验且全局Moran’s I指数大于0。总体来看,我国鲜食葡萄生产的化肥施用技术效率不高,且近5年来没有明显提高趋势,露地栽培的化肥施用技术效率略高于设施栽培,各地化肥施用技术效率呈现正的空间相关性且呈现区域聚集特征,这启示我们应结合不同种植区和不同栽培模式的实际情况,优化化肥投入、提高化肥施用技术效率。     

酿酒葡萄多主蔓扇形不同结果部位果实品质的研究

针对酿酒葡萄多主蔓扇形果实品质存在的问题,以新疆玛纳斯县"赤霞珠"(‘Cabernetsauvignon’)、"梅鹿特"(‘Merlot’)、"霞多丽"(‘Chardonnay’)和"贵人香"(‘Italian riesling’)为材料,分析了多主蔓扇形距离地面不同结果部位成熟果实的还原糖、总酸、花色素苷、单宁、总酚等品质指标。结果表明:多主蔓扇形果穗从距离地面40～120cm以上均有分布,不同层的果实成熟品质差异较大,给酿造优质葡萄酒带来困难;供试4个品种果实主要品质指标均以距离地面较高结果部位的果实更好,上层果实还原糖、花色素苷(红色品种)、单宁和总酚含量极显著或显著高于下层;供试4个品种果实含酸量普遍较低,应引起生产上的重视。建议在酿酒葡萄的栽培中采用结果部位等高的整形方式,有利于保持酿酒葡萄原料品质的一致性。     

Uneven ripening in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) berries in India is linked to seed viability

Uneven ripening (UR) is a physiological disorder of unknown origin in ‘Bangalore blue’ grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis labrusca) leading to wine of inferior quality. A preliminary study found wide variations in total dehydrogenase activity (TDH) of seeds from unevenly ripe berries. In our experiments, gibberellin (GA₃) applied to young grapes increased seed TDH activity and reduced the incidence of uneven ripening to 2% compared with 35% in the control. In contrast, paclobutrazol (PBZ) decreased TDH activity and increased the incidence of the disorder to 58%. GA₃-treated berries had higher concentrations of sucrose and TDH activity in seed representing mature seeds with high viability. In contrast, PBZ-treated and control berries had higher concentrations of glucose and lower TDH activity, indicating immature seeds with low viability. These results suggested that competition among developing berries can lead to differences in seed gibberellin content, seed viability and the rate of berry growth resulting in green, purple, and black berries at harvest. The study established the role of seed viability in uneven ripening and demonstrated that the incidence of the disorder is reduced by the application of GA₃ to immature berries.     

Dynamics of anthocyanin and flavonol profiles in the ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape berry skin during development and ripening

‘Crimson Seedless’ grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) do not develop adequate berry colour in different parts of the world including Australia and USA leading to serious economic losses to the growers. In the present study, various anthocyanins and flavonols were identified in the skin of the ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape berries using LC/PDA/ESI-MS and their changes in the berry skin during development and ripening of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape berries were investigated during 2005–2006 and 2006–2007. Eleven anthocyanins and two flavonols were identified in the berry skin using LC/PDA/ESI-MS. Of the anthocyanins identified, four anthocyanins including cyanidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside, malvidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside and malvidin 3-O-(6″-O-coumaroyl)-glucoside were not reported earlier. During both the years, the concentration of the 3-O-glucosides of delphinidin, petunidin, peonidin, and malvidin as well as the acetyl and coumaroyl esters of the 3-O-glucosides of cyanidin, peonidin, and malvidin in the berry skin increased during berry development and ripening. During 2006–2007, the concentration of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside in the berry skin increased during the early stages of berry ripening and subsequently declined till harvest while in 2005–2006, the concentration increased during the initial phase of berry ripening and remained relatively stable thereafter till harvest. The concentration of total anthocyanins in the berry skin was higher during 2006–2007 as compared to 2005–2006. During both years, the concentration of quercetin 3-O-glucoside in the berry skin increased during berry development and ripening while the concentration of quercetin 3-O-glucuronide in the berry skin decreased during the same period. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the evolution of different anthocyanins and flavonols in the ‘Crimson Seedless’ berry skin during berry development and ripening.     

有色膜覆盖对春大白菜光合特性及产量的影响

以早春拱棚栽培‘菊锦’大白菜为试材,无色棚膜为对照,研究有色棚膜对春大白菜光合特性、生长量及产量的影响。结果表明,在相同光量子通量密度(PFD)下,紫膜和红膜处理的气温较高,空气湿度较低;蓝膜和绿膜的气温较低,而空气湿度略高。各处理大白菜叶片光合速率(P_n)日变化呈单峰曲线型,紫膜和红膜的P_n显著大于对照,而蓝膜和绿膜与对照差异不显著;早春棚栽大白菜的光饱和点(LSP)为1133.4~1217.5μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),紫膜和红膜的明显高于对照,蓝膜和绿膜与对照无显著差异。各处理大白菜的光补偿点(LCP)、表观量子效率(AQY)、CO_2补偿点和饱和点差异不大,但紫膜的羧化效率(CE)显著高于对照,绿膜的明显低于对照。晴天中午红膜和紫膜的光呼吸速率(P_r)低于对照,光能利用率(LUE)高于对照。核酮糖–1,5–二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)、果糖–1,6–二磷酸酶(FBPase)、景天庚酮糖–1,7–二磷酸酶(SBPase)和转酮醇酶(TK)的活性多以紫膜和红膜较高,绿膜较低。与对照相比,紫膜和红膜的生长量较大,而绿膜的较小,蓝膜与对照差异不显著。紫膜和红膜的经济学产量分别比对照高15.1%和7.8%,而蓝膜和绿膜的比对照低6.4%和15.5%。可见,紫膜和红膜可提高大白菜叶片的光能利用效率,增强光合碳同化能力,从而促进植株生长,产量明显提高;绿膜处理的结果相反。     

光伏板对吐鲁番‘无核白’葡萄叶幕微气候、叶片质量及果实品质的影响

以吐鲁番7年生‘无核白’为试验材料,研究不同密度光伏板对‘无核白’叶幕微气候、叶片质量以及果实品质的影响,旨在找到合适的光伏板密度,为葡光互补新型栽培模式的推广提供科学依据。结果表明:随着光伏板密度的增大,叶幕空气温度降低,空气相对湿度增大,光照强度显著降低。‘无核白’葡萄叶片质量、果实品质随着光伏板密度的增大呈现出先上升后下降的变化趋势,中度遮阴条件下,‘无核白’叶片的纵、横径,叶绿素含量和果实中可溶性固形物含量均表现最佳。在吐鲁番地区采用光伏板遮阴对‘无核白’葡萄叶幕微气候有显著影响,适度遮阴有利于缓解夏季高温强光对葡萄生长发育的危害,但过度遮阴会产生负面影响。在吐鲁番地区推广葡光互补栽培模式时,建议选择光伏板的间隔为1.0 m。     

不同反光膜对设施葡萄果实糖分代谢与品质的影响

对蓝色膜、红色膜、银色膜等不同反光膜对设施葡萄果实糖代谢和品质的影响进行了研究。结果表明,3种反光膜处理均提高了叶幕下方光强,改变了光质,调节了果实的蔗糖代谢相关酶活性,其中在红膜和蓝膜处理下果实的酸性转化酶(AI)活性最高。各覆膜处理的果实蔗糖合酶(SS)活性均高于对照,而蔗糖磷酸合酶(SPS)活性均低于对照,其中银色膜、红膜处理的活性较低。各覆膜处理下果实中果糖、葡萄糖含量均高于对照,其中蓝膜处理果实葡萄糖含量最高(68.0 mg/g),银色膜处理果糖含量最高(54.8 mg/g)。此外,各覆膜处理均显著改善了果实品质,特别是蓝膜处理最为显著,提高了果实中可溶性糖含量、平均单果质量,降低了可滴定酸含量。花青苷含量以红膜最高,蓝膜次之。     

Regulation of skin color in ‘Aki Queen’ grapes: Interactive effects of temperature,girdling, and leaf shading treatments on coloration and total soluble solids

The interactive effects of temperature, girdling, and leaf shading treatments on the total soluble solids (TSS) content and coloration of ‘Aki Queen’ (Vitis labruscana) grapes were investigated. The TSS contents of berries were significantly higher in girdled plants than in plants with shaded leaves. Anthocyanin accumulation was greater at lower temperature (21 ± 2 °C) than at higher temperature (31 ± 2 °C) in both control and girdled plants, but anthocyanins did not accumulate in plants with shaded leaves at either temperature. Temperature did not influence TSS content. These results suggest that a high enough TSS content promotes anthocyanin synthesis under low temperature during maturation of ‘Aki Queen’ grape.     

中熟鲜食葡萄新品种‘华葡玫瑰’

‘华葡玫瑰’葡萄是以‘巨峰’为母本,‘大粒玫瑰香’为父本杂交选育而成的中熟新品种。果穗圆锥形,平均单穗质量532.7 g。果粒椭圆形,紫黑色,平均单粒质量10.4 g。果肉软至硬脆,汁液多,味香甜,有草莓香与玫瑰香混合香味。可溶性固形物含量19.7%,可滴定酸含量0.33%,鲜食品质上等。每果粒含种子1 ~ 4粒。在辽宁兴城地区果实9月上旬充分成熟。结果稳定,早果性强。极丰产,产量37 500 kg • hm-2。抗病性与‘巨峰’相近,适栽地区与‘巨峰’相同。     

芸薹属5种紫红色蔬菜花青素苷含量及组分分析

采用高效液相色谱-质谱法对芸薹属中红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、红菜薹、紫色白菜和紫结球甘蓝新鲜叶片所含花青素苷含量和组成进行鉴定。结果表明,这些蔬菜中花青素苷主要组分为矢车菊素苷,兼有少量的飞燕草素苷和矮牵牛素苷。红叶芥菜、紫红色大白菜、紫色白菜和红菜薹中均含有矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷、矢车菊–3–阿魏酰–丙二酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–芥子酰–阿魏酰–槐糖苷–5–丙二酰–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的46.51%、56.04%、46.38%和68.96%。紫结球甘蓝主要花青素苷成分为矢车菊–3–芥子酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,矢车菊–3–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷和矢车菊–3–p–香豆酰–槐糖苷–5–葡萄糖苷,分别达到总量的41.87%、20.58%和16.02%。花青素苷含量最高的是红叶芥菜,为719.04 μg · g-1 FW;其次是紫红色大白菜,为604.03 μg · g-1 FW;第三是紫结球甘蓝,为264.96 μg · g-1 FW;最低的是红菜薹和紫色白菜,分别为219.07 和130.02 μg · g-1 FW。紫红色大白菜中检测到2 种特有的矢车菊素苷和1 种矮牵牛素苷。     

无核葡萄新品种——沪培2号的选育

沪培2号葡萄是以无核品种杨格尔为母本,紫珍香为父本杂交,杂交胚经离体胚挽救而育成的无核葡萄新品种。果穗圆锥形,平均穗质量350g,果粒为长椭圆形或鸡心形,平均粒质量5.3g,果皮深紫红色,果肉中等硬,无核,可溶性固形物含量15%～17%,总酸0.65%,风味浓郁,上海地区7月中下旬果实完全成熟。该品种树势强旺,成花容易,早果丰产,适应性强。     

‘意大利’葡萄延迟栽培挂树贮藏期间果实品质的变化

为明确设施条件下葡萄延迟栽培果实挂树贮藏期间品质变化规律及香气成分与发育阶段间的关系,以设施栽培的‘意大利’葡萄为试材,测定果实的呼吸速率、丙二醛、色差、维生素C、可滴定酸、葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、挥发性组分等指标在挂树贮藏期间的变化。结果表明:‘意大利’葡萄的挂树贮藏期可分为前、中、后期,挂树前期(成熟后0~20 d),果实的呼吸速率、丙二醛含量、单粒质量、果实表皮L*、b*、C*、可溶性糖含量等有所升高,a*的绝对值、可滴定酸及维生素C含量有所下降,挥发性成分中里那醇含量较稳定,C6化合物含量降低,醛类物质含量有所增加;挂树贮藏中期(成熟后30~60 d),除呼吸速率、丙二醛含量、L*值外,其他指标均表现出波动性下降的趋势,挥发性成分中里那醇含量降低,而香叶醇含量升高,醛类物质含量降低,酯类物质有所增加;挂树后期(成熟后70~80 d),呼吸速率、丙二醛含量较高,其他指标水平较低,C6组分对香气的贡献值升高。由此可得,葡萄果实挂树初期品质性状有所升高,商品性较佳,挂树中期主要萜烯类组分对香型的贡献值出现变化,果实品质缓慢下降,为果实品质调控的关键时期,挂树后期,C6醛代谢途径有所增强,果实商品性较差。     

不同修剪水平对葡萄叶幕光照微区气候和水分关系的影响

本实验在法国波尔多的生态条件下，从叶幕光照微区气候和植物水分关系的角度，设计比较了四种植株芽眼负载量（修剪水平）和不同的修剪方式后指出，轻修剪水平（重负荷）的葡萄植株，由于生长的“自动调节”，整个叶幕水平上光照微区气候没有出现恶化现象。但是果际的郁蔽也许是造成物质代谢不良的重要原因之一。在水分关系方面，轻修剪水平植株整个叶幕前半天的蒸腾作用较强，但是以较剧烈的“午间低谷”和整个下午的低水平作为代价；伴随着这个现象的是午后叶幕气孔导性和叶面水势的较低水平。轻修剪水平对植株叶幕光照微区气候和水分关系影响的机理以及对葡萄果实品质形成的作用在本文中作了讨论。