钾盈亏供应对黄瓜和番茄穴盘苗生长发育的影响

以完全Hoagland营养液为对照,研究钾盈余供应(8倍钾浓度Hoagland营养液)和亏缺供应(1/8钾浓度Hoagland营养液)对黄瓜(‘中农203’)、番茄(‘中杂105’)穴盘苗形态建成、矿质元素和叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:对于黄瓜,钾盈余供给降低株高和叶绿素含量,抑制钙和镁的吸收,钾亏缺供给促进钙和镁的吸收。对于番茄,钾亏缺供给降低株高和茎粗,增大根冠比,促进钙、镁的吸收,钾盈余供给抑制钙和镁的吸收。以上结果说明,钾供应水平对穴盘苗生长至关重要,而且对不同蔬菜种类产生的影响也不同,因此,在生产过程中应根据蔬菜种类施入适量的钾肥。     

同期播种不同规格番茄穴盘苗定植后生长发育研究

从穴盘苗直接定植后的生长发育角度出发,系统对比了不同规格番茄穴盘苗在栽培实际中的表现。结果表明:不同规格番茄穴盘苗定植后差异较大,营养面积越小的穴盘苗直接定植后徒长现象越明显,表现在植株茎异常增粗、叶面积增大、生长点丢失等方面,营养面积越大的营养钵苗在长季节栽培中总产量最高,但72孔穴盘苗只略低于营养钵苗,营养面积较小的穴盘苗畸形果率较高,并且花期和果实成熟期延后。     

潮汐灌溉营养液浓度分段设定对番茄穴盘苗生长的影响

以中杂302为试材,将番茄穴盘苗生长发育分为5个阶段(Ⅰ:播种至出苗;Ⅱ:出苗至子叶平展;Ⅲ:子叶平展至二叶一心;Ⅳ:二叶一心至三叶一心;Ⅴ:三叶一心至四叶一心),分段设定9个营养液浓度组合,研究潮汐灌溉条件下营养液浓度分段设定对番茄穴盘苗生长发育、养分积累量及利用率的影响.结果表明:在第Ⅰ阶段,灌溉1.0×营养液,番...     

Effect of CO2 enrichment on photosynthesis,growth and yield of tomato

Net photosynthesis of tomato plants was measured as CO₂ uptake in various light intensities, CO₂ concentrations, O₂ concentrations and temperatures during short-term experiments. Net photosynthesis increased significantly with increasing CO₂ concentration at all light intensities, even at the lowest one. The optimal temperature for photosynthesis increased with CO₂ enrichment. The changes in photosynthesis when the $\text{CO}{}_2\text{O}{}_2$ ratio was varied suggest that the effect of CO₂ enrichment is a result of a reduction in photorespiration.To determine whether the increase in photosynthesis caused by CO₂ enrichment would produce a greater yield, tomato plants were cultivated from seed to harvest in a tightly-closed greenhouse that was enriched with CO₂ continuously during the entire growing-period. The control greenhouse was ventilated by openings in the roof and door. The temperature of the 2 greenhouses was kept the same. Plants enriched with CO₂ showed a significant increase in fresh and dry weight and yield of tomatoes. The results are discussed in relation to earlier work in which CO₂ enrichment was discontinued when there was a need for ventilation.     

Effects of ages of plug transplants and planting depths on the growth and yield of sweetpotato

Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Beniazuma] plug transplants produced from single node leafy cuttings under artificial light in a closed-type growth chamber were planted with roots and substrate of 11- and 15-day old (ca. two to three unfolded leaves with 0.08 m shoot length and three to four unfolded leaves with 0.11 m shoot length, respectively). The plug transplants of both the 11- and 15-day old were planted with one and three nodes depth (ca. 4 and 25 mm deep, respectively) inside the soil ridges (called one- and three-node depth, respectively, hereafter). The conventional vine cuttings (ca. 0.3 m long with seven to eight unfolded leaves) without roots were planted as Control treatment to compare the growth and yield of sweetpotato with each of the treatments of plug transplant. The main objectives of the study were to see the effects of ages of plug transplants and depths of planting for greater growth and yield of sweetpotato in the field. The yield of storage roots 115 days after planting in the field was 33 t ha⁻¹ when using 15-day old plug transplants planted with three-node depth and was 10 t ha⁻¹ greater than that in the Control. The mean storage root length was about 259 mm when using 11-day old plug transplants planted with three-node depth and was 33 mm greater than that in the Control. The mean diameter of storage roots was 70 mm when using 11- and 15-day old plug transplants planted with one-node depth and was 21 mm greater than that in the Control. The plug transplants planted either 11- or 15-day old showed greater overall performances than those of the conventional cuttings. The plug transplants planted with three-node depth showed greater performances than did the plug transplants planted with one-node depth.     

Effects of low temperature storage on growth and transplant quality of non-grafted and grafted cantaloupe-type muskmelon seedlings

Grafting is a unique horticultural technology that allows the grower to select an alternate, compatible root system with natural disease resistance for their desired crop. Short-term storage of grafted seedlings under low temperature may extend the production window of grafted seedlings, reduce the labor input and increase production of grafted seedlings with a small propagation capacity. To evaluate the low temperature storage conditions, Cucumis melo ‘Olympic Gold’ seedlings were grafted onto Cucurbita maxima x Cucurbita moschata ‘Tetsukabuto’ rootstock and stored for a period of 2 or 4 weeks at 9, 12, or 15 °C under 12 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). The study demonstrated that grafted seedlings could be stored at 12 °C for 4 weeks without significant dry mass accumulation or effects on post-storage growth and development. Grafted seedlings stored at 15 °C for 4 weeks had a significant increase in dry mass and stem elongation; this was not observed for the non-grafted seedlings stored under the same conditions, suggesting that the rootstock enhanced the scion growth at lower temperatures than optimal for muskmelon. Storing muskmelon seedlings at 9 °C caused chilling damage but the damage was pronounced for non-grafted seedlings than grafted seedlings. ‘Tetsukabuto’ rootstock, an interspecific squash, presumably has a chilling tolerance and increased the storability of muskmelon seedlings. Further optimization is needed but there is potential for using this technique as a tool for mass production of grafted muskmelon seedlings.     

LED光照条件下低温弱光贮藏对辣椒种苗质量的影响

随着我国设施蔬菜种植面积和蔬菜育苗产业的不断扩大,蔬菜商品苗的贮藏和运输成为育苗产业的重要环节。以辣椒品种农大24为试材,研究穴盘成苗在不同低温弱光环境下的形态指标与生理指标变化,旨在明确适合辣椒种苗长期贮藏或长途运输的适宜环境条件。结果表明:温度为11℃,R∶B为1.9的荧光灯且光照强度为30μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、光照周期为12h·d~(-1)的贮藏环境和R∶B为1.3的LED且光照强度为15μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)、光照周期为24h·d~(-1)的贮藏环境均能满足14d辣椒种苗贮藏和运输,有效地维持了种苗质量。相比于荧光灯,高光效和低能耗的LED光源更适用于辣椒种苗的低温弱光贮藏和长途运输。     

Effects of deficit irrigation on biomass,yield, water productivity and fruit quality of processing tomato under semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions

Processing tomato is a high water demanding crop, thus requiring irrigation throughout growing season in arid and semiarid areas. The application of deficit irrigation (DI) strategies to this crop may greatly contribute to save irrigation water. A two-year study was carried out in order to assess the effects of DI upon water productivity, final biomass, fruit yield and some quality traits of open-field processing tomato cv. Brigade in a typical semi-arid Mediterranean environment of South Italy. Four irrigation treatments were studied: no irrigation following plant establishment (V0); 100% (V100) or 50% (V50) evapotranspiration (ETc) restoration up to fruit maturity, 100% ETc restoration up to flowering, then 50% ETc restoration (V100-50). Total dry biomass accumulation was significantly depressed by early soil water deficit in V0; irrigation at a reduced rate (50% ETc) from initial stages (V50) or from flowering onwards (V100-50) did not induce any losses in final dry biomass. The marketable yield did not significantly differ among plots irrigated, but an averaged irrigation water saving of 30.4% in V100-50 and 46.2% in V50 was allowed as compared to V100. Marketable yield was negatively affected by the early water shortage in V0, due to the high fruit losses (>44%). The effects of DI on fruit quality were generally the converse of those on fruit yield. DI improved total soluble solids content, titratable acidity and vitamin C content. Water use efficiency was positively affected by DI, suggesting that the crop does not benefits from the water when this last is supplied to fulfil total crop requirements for the whole season. Yield response factor, which indicates the level of tolerance of a crop to water stress, was 0.49 for total dry biomass (Kss) and 0.76 for marketable yield (Ky), indicating that in both cases the reduction in crop productivity is proportionally less than the relative ET deficit. In conclusion, the adoption of DI strategies where a 50% reduction of ETc restored is applied for the whole growing season or part of it could be suggested in processing tomato, to save water improving its use efficiency, minimizing fruit losses and maintaining high fruit quality levels. This aspect is quite important in semi-arid environments, where water scarcity is an increasing concern and water costs are continuously rising.     

模拟运贮条件下番茄秧苗质量保持指标研究

采用模拟试验、小规模运转、室内分析测定及田间观测等方法,研究番茄秧苗产后到定植前秧苗质量保持的有关指标。结果表明:在模拟运贮条件下,不同运贮天数的秧苗质量变化与一些生理、生态指标有着显著甚至极显著的相关关系,即秧苗产后质量变化可通过运贮过程中某些生理及形态指标反映出来。将不同运贮天数处理的各项测定指标进行多项式逐步回归与相关性分析,排列出番茄秧苗产后质量保持相关的主要因子,依次为:叶绿素含量、地上部干质量、叶片健全指数;由多项式拟合方程进行的显著性分析表明,这3项因子与定植后的生长指数的相关关系均达极显著水平。     

Effects of day and night temperature on photosynthesis,antioxidant enzyme activities,and endogenous hormones in tomato leaves during the flowering stage

To study the effects of day and night temperature difference (DIF) on tomato growth, a controlled experiment using Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Jinguan 5 was conducted. The daily mean temperature (T_m) was maintained at 18°C and 25°C, and the DIF was set at 0°C, 6°C, and 12°C. The results indicated that chlorophyll a (Chl a) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) gradually increased as DIF rose. At 18°C T_m, the carotenoid content reached a maximum at 12°C DIF. The Chl a/Chl b, net photosynthetic rate (P_N), photosynthetic rate at irradiation saturation (P_max), stomatal conductance (g_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), stomatal limitation value, the maximum assimilation rate (A_max), apparent quantum efficiency (A_q), carboxylation efficiency (C_e), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), gibberellin A₃ (GA₃), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were highest, while malondialdehyde (MDA) was lowest at 6°C DIF. At 25°C T_m, P_N, P_max, A_max, A_q, C_e, g_s, C_i, CAT, POD, GA₃, IAA, and zeatin reached the maximum under 6°C DIF, while SOD and MDA reached the maximum under 12°C DIF. Furthermore, the morphological index peaked at 6°C DIF under 18°C and 25°C T_m. The results suggested that 6°C DIF improved the growth and development of tomato during the flowering stage. ABBREVIATIONS: Aq – apparent quantum efficiency; Amax – the maximum assimilation rate; CAT – Catalase; Chl a(b) – chlorophyll a(b); Ca – ambient CO₂ concentration; Ce – carboxylation efficiency; Ci – intercellular CO₂ concentration; DIF – difference between day temperature (TD) and night temperature(TN); FM – fresh mass; gs – stomatal conductance; GA₃ – gibberellin A₃; IAA – indole-3-acetic acid; Ls – stomatal limitation value; MDA – malondialdehyde; Pmax – photosynthetic rate at irradiation saturation; PN – net photosynthetic rate; POD – peroxidase; ROS – reactive oxygen species; SOD – superoxidedismutase; Tm – daily mean temperature; ZT – zeatin.     

番茄秧苗运贮过程中质量下降有关指标研究

采用模拟试验、小规模运转、室内分析测定及田间观测等方法,研究运贮前后番茄秧苗质量下降的主要形态及生理指标变化规律。结果表明:运贮过程中番茄秧苗在很短时间内就出现明显的质量下降特征,在形态指标上的突出特点是叶片失水萎蔫与黄化、干质量明显降低、叶片健全指数下降;在生理指标上,根系活力、叶绿素含量、呼吸强度明显降低。番茄秧苗运贮过程中质量下降主要是由于外因即运贮过程中秧苗正常生长发育环境条件(温、光、水、肥)急剧改变而引起的“胁迫性生理衰变”,这种衰变具有急剧性、胁迫性和可恢复性。     

富里酸复配保鲜剂对番茄运贮秧苗质量的保持效果

采用模拟试验、室内分析测定及田间观测等方法,研究喷施自行研制的富里酸复配保鲜剂对番茄运贮秧苗的生理效应及乙烯含量变化的影响。试验结果表明,富里酸复配保鲜剂处理可减轻与延缓秧苗胁迫性生理衰变,并起到质量保持的作用,秧苗运贮期限一般可以从原来的3d延长到5~6d。     

Effect of reducing the infrared radiation of sunlight on greenhouse temperature,leaf temperature,growth and yield

Infrared radiation, which is responsible for leaf temperatures that exceed the optimal for photosynthesis, was reduced by absorption in an aqueous CuSO₄ solution. A small greenhouse was constructed of double acryl plates through which a 0.5% CuSO₄ solution was circulated for infrared radiation filtration and cooling. The air temperature in this greenhouse never exceeded 30° C and the leaf temperature of the plants grown in this house was 10% lower than in a glass greenhouse. The yield of tomato plants grown in the acryl greenhouse, with infrared radiation filtration and receiving CO₂ enrichment during the entire light period, was not significantly increased as compared with the yield in the glass greenhouse with a similar CO₂ concentration. This may have been due to long periods with low light levels caused by extremely rainy and cloudy weather conditions, and by condensation on the inside surfaces of the acryl greenhouse caused by the high humidity.     

生态肥对温室有机番茄生长发育的影响

以有机番茄常规施肥种植为对照,将不同用量生态肥(50 kg/667 m2、75 kg/667 m2及100 kg/667 m2)作为基肥,研究生态肥不同用量对温室有机番茄生长发育及产量的影响。其中50 kg/667 m2生态肥处理,较对照增产41.50%,在栽培中均有促进番茄生长、提高作物抗病能力、增加番茄产量的效应。     

药渣蚓粪对番茄幼苗生长发育的影响

以番茄为试材,研究了添加药渣蚓粪对番茄穴盘苗生长发育的影响。结果表明:添加蚓粪处理的出苗率均高于对照处理,并以10%蚓粪+90%草炭处理出苗率最高。二叶一心期时,添加蚓粪处理的幼苗株高、茎粗、全株干重和壮苗指数均显著高于对照处理;四叶一心期时,添加蚓粪处理的幼苗叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和根系活力均显著高于对照处理,并以10%蚓粪+90%草炭处理的效果最好。     

假植大苗定植对脐橙树体生长和产量的影响

在我国传统的柑橘建园中,种植裸根苗比较普遍,然而,这种种植方式的成活率较低,树体生长缓慢,投产较晚。多年来,在江西赣南脐橙产区建园中,大力推广假植大苗带土定植,即将脐橙苗假植于装有营养土的袋或篓(直径25cm×高30cm),集中管理并提供合适的环境条件,于第2年春梢老熟后(6月份)定植。这一改进,显著提高了成活率。对45个使用该方法的纽荷尔脐橙(Citrussinensiscv.Newhall)园共900株树进行了调查,同时,以传统的裸根苗直接定植作为对照。结果表明,假植大苗定植的树体生长各项指标(干周、树高、冠径和末级梢数量、质量)均明显优于对照;1-5年生幼树各项指标平均值相对于同龄对照有明显增加;4年生树干周、树高、冠径和末级梢数量比对照分别增加42.1%、42.6%、34.1%和31.7%。假植大苗定植第4年、第5年平均株产分别为19.4kg和42.5kg,显著高于同龄对照的5.1kg和27.5kg。假植大苗定植的植株树势一致,树冠形成快,投产早,经济效益显著,值得在生产上推广应用。     

苗床覆盖和播种密度对福建山樱花苗木生长的影响

采用苗床不同覆盖方式和不同播种密度进行福建山樱花播种育苗效果比较试验。结果表明：以塑料小拱棚＋碎草覆盖苗床的发芽率最高,达88.5%;苗木密度以株行距10 cm×10 cm的生长量最大,平均苗高为153.7 cm,平均地径为0.82 cm,平均主根长度为30.4cm,≥5 cm长Ⅰ级侧根平均条数为11.0条。     

Water relations and yield of lysimeter-grown strawberries under limited irrigation

The effects of partial root-zone drying (PRD), as compared to deficit irrigation (DI) and full irrigation (FI), on strawberry (cv. Honeoye) berry yield, yield components and irrigation water use efficiency (WUE_I) were investigated in a field lysimeter under an automatic rain-out shelter. The irrigation treatments were imposed from the beginning of flowering to the end of fruit maturity. In FI the whole root zone was irrigated every second day to field capacity viz. volumetric soil water content (θ) of 20%; while in DI and PRD 60% water of FI was irrigated to either the whole or one-half of the root system, respectively, at each irrigation event. In PRD, irrigation was shifted from one side to the other side of the plants when θ of the drying side had decreased to 8–11%. Compared to FI plants, leaf water potential was significantly lower in DI and PRD plants in 3 out of 10 measurement occasions, while stomatal conductance was similar among the three treatments. Leaf area, fresh berry yield (FY), individual berry fresh weight, berry water content, and berry dry weight (DW) were significantly lower in DI and PRD plants than those of FI plants; whereas the total number of berry per plant was similar among treatments. Compared with FI, the DI and PRD treatments saved 40% of irrigation water, and this led to a 28 and 50% increase of WUE_I based on berry FY and DW, respectively, for both DI and PRD. Conclusively, under the conditions of this study PRD had no advantage compared to DI in terms of berry yield and WUE_I. DI and PRD similarly decreased berry yield and yield components and thus cannot be recommended under similar conditions.     

种植密度对黄秋葵生长势、抗病性和产量的影响

为研究不同种植密度对黄秋葵生长势、抗病性和产量的影响,对‘石秋葵1号’‘红玉’和‘五福’这3个品种进行了5个种植密度的研究,调查分析了密度对其生长势、抗病性和产量的影响。结果表明,种植密度对‘石秋葵1号’‘红玉’和‘五福’的茎粗、株高、单株结果数、单果质量等影响差异显著。随种植密度的增大,茎粗、单株结果数和单果质量基本呈逐渐下降的趋势,株高逐渐增高,667 m~2产量先缓慢升高后快速降低,在株距45、50 cm(中密度)时产量最高。种植密度在株行距45 cm×70 cm和50 cm×70 cm时,黄秋葵的品质和产量最优。     

育苗基质添加菌剂对黄瓜幼苗质量及耐贮性影响

利用FZB-42,GM以及Bio等菌剂加入育苗基质中,研究了不同菌剂对黄瓜幼苗生长、生理以及贮藏特性等的影响。结果表明,FZB-42,GM对黄瓜幼苗的生长促进作用显著;FZB-42和Bio能显著提高黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量。不同处理的黄瓜幼苗在12℃下分别贮藏3 d和12 d时,FZB-42和Bio能使幼苗保持较高的叶绿素含量和光合速率,与对照有显著差异,FZB-42的耐寒指数高于其它处理。