Root Growth of a Salt Susceptible and a Salt Resistant Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Seedling Establishment Under NaCl Salinity

The salt susceptible rice ( Oryza sativa L.) cv. Jaya and salt resistant cv. Damodar seed germination and seedling growth rates were studied in laboratory and field conditions. The effect of salinity on seed germination, shoot and root length, seedling vigour index (SVI) and increase in the root: shoot length ratio in the laboratory was relatively more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar. The relative susceptibility to salinity was more in cv. Jaya than in cv. Damodar in the field also. However, their responses varied with growth period. The root: shoot length and fresh and dry weight ratios increased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Jaya. The root: shoot fresh and dry weight ratio decreased with salinity at 15 days in cv. Damodar. However, the root: shoot fresh weight ratio decreased with salinity at 25 days in the susceptible cv. Jaya. The root and shoot length fresh and dry weight of cv. Damodar was enhanced at 0.5% (w/v) NaCl treatment compared to the control seedlings at 25 days. SVI in cv. Jaya decreased with salinity in the laboratory and field conditions. SVI in cv. Damodar, SVI showed little change at 15 days but decreased with salinity of 1–3% NaCl with an enhancement at 0.5% NaCl level in the laboratory and at 25 days in field conditions.     

高产、抗旱和耐盐选择对水稻产量相关性状的影响

水稻生产受到许多环境因素的胁迫,其中干旱和盐害是两大最重要的非生物逆境,培育抗旱和耐盐品种是减轻这两种逆境危害最经济有效的措施。利用籼型供体广恢122、Bg94-1和粳型供体原粳7号、沈农89366导入高产优质籼型品种丰矮占1号背景,创建BC3F5导入系群体,经目标性状筛选,以获得的2个高产抗旱导入系丰矮占1号/广恢122和丰矮占1号/原粳7号为亲本进行高产抗旱聚合,以高产耐盐导入系丰矮占1号/沈农89366和丰矮占1号/Bg94-1进行高产耐盐聚合。以聚合亲本为对照,在2个F2聚合群体中分别进行抗旱、耐盐、高产筛选,每个聚合群体分别获得30～42个不等的抗旱、耐盐和高产性状的极端个体,不同性状的选择强度变幅为8.3%～11.7%。3个目标性状极端选择后代在正常水田种植,其产量相关性状抽穗期、单株有效穗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数、结实率、千粒重等均呈现明显的分离,各性状的变异方向因不同的选择群体和选择性状而异。在2个聚合组合的6个选择群体后代,有效穗数和每穗实粒数对单株产量的贡献最大,前者平均贡献率为18.5%,变幅为12.9%～27.4%,后者平均贡献率为13.1%,变幅为9.0%～21.2%。经过不同性状的交叉筛选,2个聚合组合的抗旱选择群体分别出现10.0%和36.7%耐盐的株系,其平均耐盐水平与耐盐选择群体相当,表明水稻抗旱和耐盐存在一定程度的遗传重叠。提出了利用回交导入系先进行抗旱、耐盐筛选,再进行产量选择和在此基础上对3个性状进一步聚合的高产抗旱和高产耐盐新品种培育策略。     

水稻生育期对籽粒产量及品质的影响

明确水稻生育期与产量、品质的关系,对水稻高产优质育种和合理栽培措施的制定,具有重要的意义。本文以晚粳宁111和春江302经遮光(短日照)处理后获得的不同生育期水稻植株为材料,分析其产量和米质指标。结果表明,生育期152 d以上时,对产量无显著影响,而生育期短于152 d时,产量与生育期间呈极显著正相关;成熟期群体干物质积累量随生育期变化的趋势与产量表现基本一致。不同稻米的长度、宽度、蛋白质含量以及淀粉消减值,均以中等偏短生育期(131~132 d)最小,大于或小于131~132 d,均会使上述指标值增加;两品种直链淀粉含量亦有相似的趋势,只是其最低值分别对应132和137 d的生育期;各处理稻米淀粉的崩解值变化与消减值趋势相反。对垩白粒率、垩白度及糊化温度,各处理均呈随生育期延长而降低的趋势;生育期变化对碾米品质影响总体上较小。     

田间可调式UV-B辐射增强对籼型杂交稻“协优432”生长及产量的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究了采用可调式UV-B辐射增强自动控制系统对晚稻品种“协优432”生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明,UV-B辐射增强对该水稻品种光合及产量的影响不显著,具体表现在：（1）叶绿素a、叶绿素b在分蘖期分别上升4.60%和8.37%;拔节期叶绿素a下降3.20%,叶绿素b上升0.20%;孕穗期叶绿素a、叶绿素b上升2.57%和1.52%;（2）最大光合速率在拔节期和孕穗期分别上升1.38%和下降1.29%;（3）孕穗期叶绿素荧光参数PSII效率(PhiPS2)、电子传递效率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(qP)上升幅度为10.22%、10.22%、10.21%;（4）株高在分蘖期上升0.18%;拔节期上升0.87%;孕穗期上升3.90%;成熟期上升0.14%;（5）水稻成熟后,经UV-B辐射的水稻平均穗长增加了0.16%,每穗穗粒重、每株有效穗数、千粒重分别下降了0.35%、3.02%、1.23%。以上指标和自然日光UV-B辐射组进行方差分析,差异均不显著。     

农田施用水葫芦对水稻产量形成的影响

以粳稻品种运2645为供试材料,设计农田施用水葫芦（将晒干水葫芦按4 500 kg/hm2农田施用）、不施用水葫芦处理和施N量为120 kg/hm2（LN）、240 kg/hm2（NN）处理,研究其对水稻产量形成的影响。结果表明：（1）农田施用水葫芦使水稻成熟期株高略有增加;（2）农田施用水葫芦使水稻产量平均比对照增加8.6%,其中：LN处理、NN处理条件下分别比对照增产7.5%、9.5%,处理间的差异达到极显著水平;（3）农田施用水葫芦使水稻单位面积穗数、每穗颖花数、结实率和千粒重平均比对照增加5.0%、1.6%、1.2%、和0.5%,其中单位面积穗数和结实率,处理间的差异达到显著水平;（4）农田施用水葫芦使水稻生物量平均比对照增加9.0%,使水稻的经济系数平均比对照下降0.5%,生物量的增加是农田施用水葫芦水稻产量增加的主要原因。（5）农田施用水葫芦能显著提高水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量;水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量与产量呈极显著正相关关系。说明农田施用水葫芦能够显著提高水稻产量、生物产量以及水稻抽穗期叶片叶绿素含量。     

Genetic Variation for Salinity Tolerance in Pakistani Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm

Soil salinity is one of the major production constraints. Development and planting of salt‐tolerant varieties can reduce yield losses due to salinity. We screened 185 rice genotypes at germination stage in petri dishes under control, 50, 100 and 150 mm salt stress, and at seedling stage in Yoshida's hydroponic nutrient solution under control, 50 and 100 mm salt stress. At germination stage, 15 genotypes including Nona Bokra, Sonahri Kangni, 7421, 7423 and 7467, whereas at seedling stage, 28 genotypes including Nona Bokra, Jajai‐77, KSK‐133, KSK‐282, Fakhr‐e‐Malakand, Pakhal, IR‐6, Khushboo‐95, Shahkar and Shua‐92 were found salt tolerant. Basmati‐370, Mushkan, Homo‐46 and accessions 7436, 7437 and 7720 were sensitive to salinity at both germination and seedling stage. We further screened a subset of 33 salt‐tolerant and salt‐sensitive genotypes with SSR markers. Four SSR markers (RM19, RM171, RM172 and RM189) showed significant association with two or more of the studied traits under 50, 100 and 150 mm salt stress. These markers may be further tested for their potential in marker‐assisted selection. The salt‐tolerant genotypes identified in this study may prove useful in the development of salt‐tolerant rice varieties in adapted genetic background.     

Physiological Analysis of Growth, Yield Development and Grain Quality of Some Deep-water Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars

A field experiment was conducted with 10 deep‐water rice varieties (nine traditional and one improved), viz. Amona, Maguri, Rangoli, Kakua, Panikakua, Deoribao, Moimonsingia, Duatkalam, Dalbao and PJNB‐96‐10, to study their physiological performance, grain‐quality characters and yield. Among the cultivars, significant variations were recorded in plant height, root length, number of internode, tiller number, number of ear‐bearing tillers, panicle length, panicle weight, number of spikelets per panicle and filled grain percentage. The highest number of spikelets per panicle (199), filled grain percentage (95 %) and grain yield (4.32 t ha^?1) were recorded in Maguribao. The highest grain length was recorded in PNJB‐96‐10 (9.5 mm), whereas highest grain thickness was observed in Duatkalam (2.8 mm). Glutelin was the most dominant fraction of protein in all the tested cultivars. Maguribao showed the highest glutelin content (26.7 mg g^?1 dry weight), whereas Panikakua showed the highest amylose (24.45 %) and crude fat (4.64 %) content. Differences were also recorded among cultivars in fibre, ash and iron content in grain. Maguribao was found to have superior physiological traits for growth and hence may be considered for inclusion in deep‐water rice breeding programmes.     

水稻品种倒伏指数QTL分析

利用由98个株系组成的Nipponbare（粳）/ Kasalath（籼）∥Nipponbare 回交重组自交系群体,对水稻倒伏指数与株高、茎粗及单株生物量等性状进行了相关分析,并对水稻倒伏相关性状QTL进行了分子标记定位和遗传效应分析。结果表明,株高、茎粗、单株生物量3性状与倒伏指数的相关系数均达1%显著水平。利用基于性状-标记多元线性     

水稻广亲和性的鉴定与研究

选用9个待测广亲和系，并以4个标准测验品种和7个光（温）敏核不育系为亲和性测验种，按NCII交配设计配制99个组合。根据亲本的籼稻分类地位和F1杂种结实率对待测广亲和系的广亲和性进行了鉴定与研究。标准测验品种检验表明，培矮64、CPSLO-17、02428具有广亲和性，轮回422、培C311、CY8543具有一定的广亲和性，皖恢9号、早轮     

基于CSSSLs的水稻穗长QTL的定位

穗长是影响水稻产量的重要因子之一,是典型的数量性状,遗传基础复杂,且易受环境等因素的影响。染色体单片段代换系(Chromosome single segment substitution lines,CSSSLs)减少了个体间遗传背景的干扰,是鉴定复杂性状QTL的新型遗传材料。本研究以广陆矮4号为受体、日本晴为供体的85个染色体单片段代换系群体为试验材料,通过单因素方差分析和Dunnett’s多重比较测验单片段代换系与受体亲本广陆矮4号之间穗长的差异,对代换片段上穗长QTL进行了鉴定。以P<0.001为阈值,共检测到22个穗长QTLs,分布于除第10染色体以外的11条染色体上,其加性效应值的变化范围为-2.63～3.87,加性效应百分率变化范围为-11.47%～16.88%。这些QTLs的鉴定,为进一步克隆穗长QTL以及水稻穗长的分子改良提供了重要的依据。     

利用Ⅱ-32B/A7444组合CSSL群体定位水稻7个穗部性状QTL

为发掘水稻穗部性状有利等位变异,构建了以籼稻保持系II-32B为遗传背景的A7444染色体片段置换系群体;利用QTL Ici Mapping 4.1软件对该群体7个穗部性状进行了QTL定位。结果 2年共检测到26个QTL。2年均检测到的13个QTL中,控制一次枝梗数的4个QTL位于第1、第6、第8和第9染色体,平均贡献率分别为15.16%、13.10%、29.74%和11.21%,平均加性效应分别为-1.40、1.01、1.11和0.77。控制二次枝梗数的2个QTL位于第6和第8染色体,平均贡献率分别为10.97%和21.39%,平均加性效应分别为5.45和6.36。控制每穗总粒数的3个QTL位于第2、第6和第8染色体,平均贡献率分别为8.65%、12.52%和31.22%,平均加性效应分别为-18.61、22.23和31.87。控制每穗实粒数的1个QTL位于第8染色体,平均贡献率为28.06%,平均加性效应30.85。控制千粒重的2个QTL位于第2染色体,平均贡献率分别为44.65%和17.51%,平均加性效应分别为2.88和-2.51。控制粒宽的1个QTL位于第10染色体,平均贡献率为21.96%,平均加性效应为0.11。第2、第6和第8染色体分别存在同时控制二次枝梗数、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数QTL的区段。qSBN6和qSBN8所在区间与Hd1和DTH8的相同,但分别存在16处和1处碱基差异,推测为Hd1和DTH8的不同等位基因。qSBN2为新检测到的控制二次枝梗数位点。研究结果为实施分子标记聚合育种提供了有用信息。     

Effect of Sodium Chloride on Growth, Photosynthesis and Mineral Ions Accumulation of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Growth, photosynthesis and mineral ions accumulation of aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and HYV types of rice were evaluated under saline conditions. Three cultivars from each type were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mvi NaCl concentrations. After three weeks of 200 mvi NaCl application only Pokkali and Kalobail, both belonging to the local coarse grain type and IPK 37011 of the HYV type were able to survive. Plant height, green leaf area, leaf weight, shoot and root growth were seriously decreased by salinity. However, leaf area was decreased more than other growth parameters. In general aromatic small grain type showed higher salt-sensitiveness in relation to growth than other types of rice. Photosynthesis (Pn) was decreased by salinity and apparently stomatal resistance was partially responsible for the decreased Pn. Kalijira, an aromatic small grain eultivar, showed serious reduction in Pn, especially at the 150mM NaCl level. Na accumulation was increased while K accumulation was decreased by salinity in all types. Salt tolerant eultivars in all types of rice accumulated less Na and more K than susceptible ones. The K/Na ratio was also higher in tolerant eulti-vars. Ca and Mg eoncentrations were decreased by salinity although not all the eultivars showed clear accumulation patterns as observed for Na and K. As HYV and local coarse grain types of rice in general showed high salt tolerance, a comprehensive breeding programme should be of value for the improvement of salt tolerance of aromatic small grain rice which has a high demand in rice importing countries.     

籼稻胶稠度的遗传

采用胶稠度单籽粒分析法，对5个籼稻纯系及其杂交和回交世代（P1，P2，F1，F2，B1F1和B2F1）的胶稠度进行了遗传研究。试验结果表明，籼稻胶稠度受到包括主效基因和若干微效基因的控制，硬对中等或软胶稠度，中等对软胶稠度表现显性。讨论了在稻米胶稠度的改良中亲本选配和后代选择的原则。     

紫外线(UV-B)照射对水稻产量及稻米蛋白质含量的影响

以抗紫外线UV-B的日本粳稻品种Sasanishiki为材料,1999年和2000年在大田条件下,探讨了不同生育时期的UV-B处理对水稻产量、糙米的大小及蛋白质含量的影响.结果表明,营养生长期(移栽至幼穗分化)、生殖生长期(幼穗分化至抽穗)及抽穗成熟期的UV-B处理对Sasanishiki的产量及其构成因素的影响不显著;生殖生长期(幼穗分化至抽穗)与     

A New Hybrid Model for Panicle Growth in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

A significant positive correlation was found between grain yield of rice and rate of filling. We developed an hybrid model (combining both Richard's function and quadratic polynomial in one model) for calculating the filling rate. This model is found to be the best fit for panicle development in rice.     

水稻糯质基因对产量构成性状的影响

利用3对糯与非糯近等基因系研究了糯质基因(wx)对产量构成性状的影响。3对糯与非糯品系均仅具有千粒谷重这一产量构成性状有极显著的差异,糯稻比非糯稻降低7.3—9.7%,降低的原因并非由于谷粒体积的减小而是由于糙米粒重和谷粒比重的降低。糯稻与非糯稻具有相同的同化产物库容,但由于灌浆不充实,米粒较小,导致糯稻谷壳内余留较     

水稻粳型亲籼系S-c座位基因型分析

S-c是控制水稻籼粳亚种间杂种F1花粉不育性的基因座位之一。在该座位,台中65的基因型为Sj/Sj,广陆矮4号的基因型为Si/Si。以台中65和广陆矮4号为遗传测验种,分别与4个粳型亲籼系配组,根据部分F2群体中植株花粉育性表型及与S-c紧密连锁分子标记基因型的偏态分离程度,测定了这4个粳型亲籼系在S-c座位的基因型,结果表明,G2416-3的基因型为Si-2/Si-2;G2605和G3004-4的基因型均为Si-1/Si-1;G2417-2-1的基因型为Sn/Sn。本文还对F1花粉不育性基因遗传分化的测定方法进行了讨论。     

一个新的水稻生育期延迟T-DNA插入突变体

从水稻突变体库中筛选到一个生育期延迟突变体,主要表现为生育期延迟、植株矮化、叶色变深、叶角张大、根系变短。遗传分析表明该突变体受1对隐性单基因控制。对突变体及其后代分离群体做Basta抗性检测,证实该突变体是由T-DNA插入引起的,突变性状与T-DNA共分离。PCR和Southern杂交结果进一步证实了上述观点。该材料可用于插入座位的基因克隆和生育期调控机理的研究。     

水稻花粉的离体萌发

选出适合于水稻花粉萌发的液体培养基： 20%蔗糖+10%PEG4000+40 mg.L-1H3BO3+3m mol/L Ca(NO3)2+10 mg.L-1VB1, 得到80%的萌发频率。 离体萌发时, 花粉管生长很快, 在30 min内可达700 μm。 最适萌发的温度范围较宽, 27～33℃都可以得到较高的萌发频率。     

水稻中胚轴长度QTL分析

为分析水稻中胚轴伸长与赤霉素的关系及其遗传基础,以沈农265(长中胚轴)和丽江新团黑谷(短中胚轴)的RIL群体为材料,结合其连锁图谱,对水和赤霉素溶液两种培养条件下的中胚轴长度进行QTL定位。结果表明,浓度为1.50μmolL~(-1)的赤霉素可显著促进中胚轴的伸长。两种培养条件下,共检测到控制中胚轴长度的5个QTL,分布在第1、第2、第3、第6和第11号染色体上,LOD值在3.65～15.52范围内,单个QTL对表型贡献率在7%～33%之间。其中qML3、qML6和qML11在2种处理条件下均被检测到,qML1和qML2仅在水培条件下被检测到。与其他研究比较发现,主效基因qML3可以在不同群体和不同环境下稳定表达。