Phyllostoxin and phyllostin, bioactive metabolites produced by Phyllosticta cirsii, a potential mycoherbicide for Cirsium arvense biocontrol

Phyllosticta cirsii, a fungal pathogen isolated from diseased Cirsium arvense leaves and evaluated as a biocontrol agent of this noxious perennial weed, produces different phytotoxic metabolites with potential herbicidal activity when grown in liquid cultures. Phyllostictines A-D, four novel oxazatricycloalkenones, were recently isolated from this pathogen and chemically and biologically characterized. Further purification of the same organic extract provided two other metabolites, named phyllostoxin (1) and phyllostin (2), which were characterized by spectroscopic technique (essentially NMR and MS). Phyllostoxin and phyllostin proved to be a new pentasubstituted bicyclo-octatrienyl acetic acid ester and a new pentasubstituted hexahydrobenzodioxine carboxylic acid methyl ester, respectively. When tested on punctured C. arvense leaves, phyllostoxin proved to be highly phytotoxic, causing rapid and large necrosis, whereas phyllostin had no phytotoxicity in this bioassay. This is not surprising, considering the noteworthy structural differences between the two compounds, suggesting the presence of active functional groups in phyllostoxin not present in the other metabolite. These results further support the focused approach of finding novel metabolites with herbicidal properties by looking at the culture extracts of weed fungal pathogens.     

Herbicidal potential of ophiobolins produced by Drechslera gigantea

Drechslera gigantea, a potential mycoherbicide of grass weeds, was isolated in Florida from naturally infected large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis); it produces phytotoxic metabolites in liquid culture. The main metabolite was identified by spectroscopic methods and optical properties as ophiobolin A (1), a well-known phytotoxic sesterterpene produced by several phytopathogenic fungi of important crops and already extensively studied for its interesting biological activities. The other three minor metabolites proved to be related to ophiobolin A and were identified using the same techniques as 6-epi-ophiobolin A and 3-anhydro-6-epi-ophiobolin A (2 and 3) and ophiobolin I (4). Assayed on punctured detached leaves of several grass and dicotyledon weeds, ophiobolin A proved to be on average more phytotoxic as compared to the other related compounds. Some structural features appear to be important for the phytoxicity, such as the hydroxy group at C-3, the stereochemistry at C-6, and the aldehyde group at C-7. Furthermore, grass weeds usually proved to be more sensitive to the phytotoxins than dicotyledons, on which ophiobolin A caused the appearance of large necrosis even at the lowest concentration assayed. This is the first report about the production of ophiobolins from D. gigantea and of the proposed use as potential natural herbicides against grass weeds.     

Pinolide, a new nonenolide produced by Didymella pinodes , the causal agent of ascochyta blight on Pisum sativum

An aggressive isolate of Didymella pinodes isolated from pea ( Pisum sativum ) produced four different metabolites in vitro. The metabolites isolated from the culture filtrates were characterized by spectroscopic and optical methods. A new nonenolide, named pinolide, was isolated and characterized as (2S*,7R*,8S*,5E,9R*)-2,7,8-trihydroxy-9-propyl-5-nonen-9-olide. Pinolidoxin, the main toxin produced by D. pinodes, was also isolated together with two other closely related nonenolides, identified as herbarumin II and 2-epi-herbarumin II. Herbarumin II and 2-epi-herbarumin II have been previously isolated from the fungi Phoma herbarum and Paraphaeosphaeria recurvifoliae , respectively, but described here to be isolated for the first time from D. pinodes. When tested on leaves of the host plant and other legumes and weeds, pinolidoxin was phytotoxic in all of the plant species, whereas the other three nonenolides did not produce any symptoms. The importance of the stereochemistry of the hydroxy group at C-7 on phytotoxicity also is discussed.     

Herbicidal potential of stagonolide, a new phytotoxic nonenolide from Stagonospora cirsii

Stagonospora cirsii is a pathogen of Cirsium arvense, causing necrotic lesions on leaves of this noxious weed. The fungus produced toxic metabolites when grown in liquid culture. A new phytotoxin, named stagonolide, was isolated and characterized as (8R,9R)-8-hydroxy-7-oxo-9-propyl-5-nonen-9-olide by spectroscopic methods. Stagonolide was shown to be a nonhost-specific but selective phytotoxin. Leaves of C. arvense were most sensitive and leaves of tomato and pepper (both Solanaceae) were less sensitive to stagonolide, which was assayed at 5 x 10(-3) M, than other plants. Stagonolide assayed at 5 x 10(-6) M was demonstrated to be a strong inhibitor of root growth in seedlings of C. arvense and some other Asteraceae species. Seedlings growth in wheat and radish was much less affected by the toxin, and seedlings of cucumber were insensitive to it.     

拮抗菌DG1的鉴定及其对大白菜菌核病菌的抑制作用研究

为减少化学农药的使用,丰富生物防治菌株资源库,在分离大白菜菌核病菌的过程中,筛选到一株对其具有抑制作用的拮抗菌,命名为DG1.本研究通过形态观察、生理生化特征检测及16S rDNA序列分析,对拮抗菌DG1进行种属鉴定;通过测量菌落直径,研究DG1发酵液及挥发性物质对大白菜菌核病菌的抑制作用;通过平板对峙法测定拮抗菌DG...     

Antioxidant properties and composition of aqueous extracts from Mentha species, hybrids, varieties, and cultivars

Water-soluble extracts from the Mentha species M. aquatica L. and M. haplocalyx Briq., the hybrids M. x dalmatica L. and M. x verticillata L., the varieties M. arvensis var. japanensis [M. arvensis L. var. piperascens Holmes ex Christ] and M. spicata L. var. crispa Benth, and M. x piperita L. "Frantsila", M. "Morocco", and M. "Native Wilmet" cultivars were screened for potential antioxidative properties. These properties included iron(III) reduction, iron(II) chelation, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, and the ability to inhibit iron(III)-ascorbate-catalyzed hydroxyl radical-mediated brain phospholipid peroxidation. Total phenol content and qualitative and quantitative compositional analyses of each extract were also made. The extracts demonstrated varying degrees of efficacy in each assay, with the M. x piperita "Frantsila" extract being better than the other extracts, except for ferrous iron chelation. With the exception of iron chelation, it appeared that the level of activity identified was strongly associated with the phenolic content.     

Soil-borne strain IC14 of Serratia plymuthica with multiple mechanisms of antifungal activity provides biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum diseases

Plant-associated strain IC14 of the Gram-negative bacterium Serratia plymuthica isolated from soil around melon roots was shown to suppress a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Foliar application of strain IC14 protected cucumber against Botrytis cinerea gray mold and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum white mold diseases of leaves under greenhouse conditions, reducing disease incidence by 76 and 84%, respectively. The strain possessed chitinolytic and proteolytic activities, produced the antibiotic pyrrolnitrin [3-chloro-4-(2′-nitro-3′-chlorophenyl)pyrrole] and siderophores, and secreted the plant growth hormone indole-3-acetic acid. An endochitinase with an apparent molecular mass of 58 kDa, was estimated to be the main secreted chitinolytic enzyme. Two mutants, one with increased chitinolytic activity and the second deficient in chitinolytic activity, were obtained by miniTn5-insertion mutagenesis. Neither mutant differed appreciably from the parental strain in the production of other antifungal compounds or in suppression of B. cinerea and S. sclerotiorum on plates or in the greenhouse, suggesting that chitinolytic activity is less essential for biocontrol of these pathogens by strain IC14. The obtained results present novel information concerning the potential of the soil-borne S. plymuthica strains as biocontrol agents of foliar diseases caused by plant pathogenic fungi.     

Soil fungal isolates produce different organic acid patterns involved in phosphate salts solubilization

Phosphorus availability is a major limiting factor for yield of most crop species. The objective of this study was to compare the solubilization of three sources of phosphorus (P) by different fungal isolates and to determine the possible mechanisms involved in the process. Talaromyces flavus (S73), T. flavus var flavus (TM), Talaromyces helicus (L7b) and T. helicus (N24), Penicillium janthinellum (PJ), and Penicillium purpurogenum (POP), fungal strains isolated from the rhizosphere of crops, are known to be biocontrol agents against pathogenic fungi. The P solubilization efficiency of these fungal strains in liquid media supplemented either with tricalcium phosphate (Ca₃(PO₄)₂; PC), aluminum phosphate (AlPO₄; AP), or phosphorite (PP) depended on the source of P and the fungal species. The type and concentration of organic acids produced by each species varied according to the source of available P. In the medium supplemented with PC, the highest proportion was that of gluconic acid, whereas in the media supplemented with the other P sources, the highest proportion was that of citric and valeric acids. This suggests that the release of these organic compounds in the rhizosphere by these microorganisms may be important in the solubilization of various inorganic P compounds. Results also support the hypothesis that the simultaneous production of different organic acids by fungi may enhance their potential for solubilizing insoluble phosphate.     

红三叶根际促生菌中具生防效果菌株筛选、鉴定及特性研究

【目的】 从岷山红三叶根际分离的109株促生菌,鉴定、筛选了具有生防能力的菌种资源并研究其生防特性,为生产应用提供服务。 【方法】 采用平板对峙法筛选优良生防菌株,对其产铁载体能力进行定性、定量测定和16S rRNA基因序列分析鉴定。 【结果】 平板对峙试验显示,109株促生菌中有8株促生菌对3种病原真菌 (立枯丝核菌、黄瓜枯萎菌、西瓜尖镰孢菌) 具有拮抗效果,分别是菌株MHS3、MHS7、MHS9、MHS27、MHS31、MHS38、MHS39和MHS48。其中,菌株MHS27、MHS31发酵液对立枯丝核菌抑菌率分别为40.1%、47.1%;菌株MHS7和MHS48发酵液对黄瓜枯萎菌抑菌率分别为26.1%、22.8%;菌株MHS27和MHS31发酵液对西瓜尖镰孢菌抑制率分别为34.0%、30.5%;产嗜铁素是生防菌 (MHS7、MHS27、MHS31、MHS48) 拮抗3种病原真菌的主要途径之一。经16S rRNA基因序列分析初步鉴定,菌株MHS7为特基拉芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus tequilensis),菌株MHS27为溶蛋白芽孢杆菌 (Bacillus proteolyticus),菌株MHS31为Pseudomonas paralactis,菌株MHS48为克雷伯氏菌 (Klebsiella oxytoca)。 【结论】 从岷山红三叶根际分离筛选出4株具有优良生防作用的PGPR菌株,为今后生物菌肥应用推广提供了菌种资源支持。      

Mycorrhizal fungi increase biocontrol potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens

Wheat roots are susceptible to colonisation by soil-borne pathogens, such as Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), which causes the globally important disease take-all, and mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Certain rhizosphere fluorescent Pseudomonas strains have received much attention as potential biocontrol agents given their ability to produce antibiotics, such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG), that confer a measure of plant protection. Here we show that Pseudomonas fluorescens only produced DAPG in the presence of soluble carbon from soil containing either Ggt or AMF, and production increased by two orders of magnitude in response to both AMF and Ggt. Encouragement of mycorrhizal colonisation may therefore offer a sustainable strategy for protection against take-all.     

滇重楼根际土壤解无机磷细菌的分离与鉴定

研究筛选滇重楼根际土壤解磷菌,提高滇重楼产量和品质,为其微生物菌肥的研发提供优良菌株。采集四川、云南、贵州中10个不同地区野生品和移栽品滇重楼根际土壤分离筛选高效解无机磷菌,通过钼锑钪比色法进行溶磷能力测定,结合生理生化和16S rDNA进行鉴定分析。结果表明,共分离纯化42株溶磷菌,发酵液中有效磷的含量为66.68~104.10 mg/L,其中属于芽孢杆菌属Z3-4菌株解无机磷能力最强,发酵上清液中有效磷的含量为104.10 mg/L、增磷量为38.55 mg/L、解磷率为37.03%。菌株Z3-4是一株具有高效解无机磷作用的细菌,可应用于生物菌肥的生产。     

Proteome-level differences between auxinic-herbicide-susceptible and -resistant wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.)

To identify proteins that may be involved in mediating auxinic herbicide resistance (i.e., resistance to dicamba, picloram, 2,4-D), we compared the proteomes of an auxinic-herbicide-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) biotype at different developmental stages. Using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified 11 seedling and leaf proteins that showed reproducible differences in expression between the S and the R wild mustard biotype following application of dicamba. Our proteome-level studies revealed the increased expression of the enzyme peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase), which has recently been implicated in auxin signal transduction. Juglone, an inhibitor of PPIase, interfered with the normal ability of R seeds to germinate in the presence of dicamba, whereas S seeds did not germinate in the presence of dicamba or dicamba plus juglone. When R and S plants (3-4 leaf stage) were treated with dicamba, S showed typical auxinic herbicide effects (e.g., epinasty) whereas R did not. However, the concomitant application of dicamba and juglone to greenhouse-grown R plants produced morphological changes that were consistent with known auxinic-herbicide-induced symptoms. This is the first report suggesting the potential involvement of differential expression of PPIase in mediating auxinic herbicide resistance.     

云南个旧市郊农作物重金属污染现状及健康风险

通过现场采样及室内分析,对云南个旧市郊鸡街镇的土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行野外调查,并进行健康风险评价。结果表明,土壤Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd含量均超出《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618—1995）二级标准,Pb、Cu和Cd的二乙三胺五乙酸（DTPA）提取态与总量呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,Zn则呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）。农作物中除萝卜、甘蓝、花椰菜和甘蔗Pb含量未超出对应的食品安全限量标准外,其余作物均超标,Pb超标率达80%,其中薄荷Pb含量最高,平均值为3.28mg.kg-（1鲜重）,超标9.93倍;朝天椒、土豆、大米和玉米Cd含量均超标,Cd超标率为20%,其中大米Cd含量最高,平均值为0.446mg.kg-1,超标1.23倍;Cu和Zn在所采的农作物中均未超标。薄荷对Pb和Cu、莴苣对Zn和Cd的富集系数高于其他农作物。豌豆尖、蚕豆、甘蓝、花椰菜、葱、朝天椒、甘蔗、韭菜、厚皮菜、白菜、萝卜、青花菜、土豆和金丝菜对Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd吸收能力较低,适合在污染区继续种植;薄荷、莴苣和青菜对4种重金属吸收能力较高,不适合在污染区继续种植。根据单因子评价方法,农作物受Pb轻度、中度、重度污染分别占50%、10%和20%,受Cd轻度、中度污染各占10%。对于不同种类农作物,不同重金属的综合污染指数为Pb〉Cd〉Zn〉Cu。居民经食用蔬菜途径日摄入Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd量分别为0.204、2.336、0.376mg.d-1和0.028mg.d-1,分别占暂定每日耐受摄入量（PTDI）的101.78%、7.08%、5.79%和39.29%。因此,经蔬菜途径摄入Pb对当地居民健康构成潜在威胁。     

Effects of antibiotic-producing Streptomyces on nodulation and leaf spot in alfalfa

The ability of antibiotic-producing streptomycetes to colonize alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plants and influence the activities of a fungal plant pathogen (Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis) and a mutualistic symbiont (Sinorhizobium meliloti) was investigated. Streptomyces strains were introduced around seeds at the time of planting. Hyphal filaments and spore chains were observed by scanning electron microscopy on roots of alfalfa seedlings receiving the streptomycete amendment. Streptomyces strain densities on leaves decreased 10–100-fold over an 8-week period, while densities on roots remained constant over time. The Streptomyces strains also colonized alfalfa root nodules. We then tested the ability of 15 antibiotic-producing strains of Streptomyces to inhibit in vitro growth of Phoma medicaginis var. medicaginis Malbr. & Roum., the causal agent of spring blackstem and leaf spot of alfalfa. The majority of the Streptomyces strains inhibited growth of three diverse strains of P. medicaginis. In a detached leaf assay, one Streptomyces strain decreased leaf spot symptoms caused by P. medicaginis when inoculated onto leaves 24 h before the pathogen. Two Streptomyces strains decreased defoliation caused by P. medicaginis when the streptomycetes were introduced around seeds at the time of planting. We also examined inhibitory activity of Streptomyces strains against 11 strains of S. meliloti. Eight of the 15 Streptomyces strains inhibited in vitro growth of five or more of the S. meliloti strains, while four Streptomyces strains had no effect on growth of any test strains. In a growth chamber assay, two of six Streptomyces strains, when inoculated into the planting mix, significantly reduced plant dry weight compared to the treatment with S. meliloti alone, but did not significantly reduce the number of nodules. These results suggest that careful selection of Streptomyces isolates for use in biological control of plant diseases will limit the potential negative impacts on rhizobia.     

两种基因型龙葵对镉胁迫的生理响应及镉吸收差异

采用盆栽试验,通过研究不同浓度镉（0、5、25、50、100μg·g-1）胁迫下红果龙葵和少花龙葵幼苗根、茎和叶的生物量变化、镉吸收量、镉转移率、镉富集系数和叶片抗氧化酶（SOD、POD）活性、叶片可溶性蛋白和游离脯氨酸含量等指标的变化,比较2种基因型龙葵富集镉的差异。结果表明,2种基因型龙葵富集重金属镉存在明显差异。与对照相比,在Cd胁迫浓度≥25μg·g-1时,2种龙葵的生物量显著下降（P〈0.05）,而少花龙葵的下降趋势较红果龙葵小;随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,2种龙葵根、茎和叶的Cd吸收量显著上升（P〈0.05）,且根部Cd含量高于茎和叶,而少花龙葵的根、茎和叶中的Cd含量均高于红果龙葵,2种龙葵的镉转移率和富集系数除5μg·g-1Cd胁迫外,均小于1,且少花龙葵对镉转移率和镉富集系数均大于红果龙葵。2种龙葵叶片可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸含量以及抗氧化酶（SOD、POD）活性均表现为先上升后下降,均表现为少花龙葵上升幅度大而下降幅度较小。综合各项指标表明,2种龙葵均不是Cd的超积累植物,少花龙葵的耐Cd胁迫能力较红果龙葵强。     

Aroma chemicals isolated and identified from leaves of Aloe arborescens Mill. Var. Natalensis Berger.

Extracts from leaves of aloe (Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis Berger) were obtained using two methods: steam distillation under reduced pressure followed by dichloromethane extraction (DRP) and simultaneous purging and extraction (SPE). A total of 123 aroma chemicals were identified in the extracts obtained by both methods using gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. There were 42 alcohols, 23 terpenoids, 21 aldehydes, 9 esters, 8 ketones, 6 acids, 5 phenols, and 9 miscellaneous compounds. The major aroma constituents of this extract by DRP were (Z)-3-hexenol (29.89%), (Z)-3-hexenal (18.86%), (E)-hexenal (7.31%), 4-methyl-3-pentenol (5.66%), and butanol (4.29%). The major aroma constituents of this extract by SPE were (E)-2-hexenal (45.46%), (Z)-3-hexenal (32.12%), hexanal (9.14%), (Z)-3-hexenol (1.60%), and 3-pentanone (1.41%). Terpenoids were also found as one of the major constituents. The fresh green note of aloe leaves is due to the presence of these C(6) alcohols and aldehydes as well as terpenoids.     

Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci

The residual contact toxicity of three benzofuranoids (Z)-butylidenephthalide (1), (3S)-butylphthalide (2), and (Z)-ligustilide (3) identified in the rhizome of Cnidium officinale (Apiaceae) to B- and Q-biotype females of Bemisia tabaci was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay. Results were compared with those of eight conventional insecticides. Based on 24 h LC(50) values, (Z)-butylidenephthalide (254 ppm) and (Z)-ligustilide (268 ppm) were more toxic than (3S)-butylphthalide (339 ppm) against B-biotype females, whereas (Z)-ligustilide (254 ppm) and (3S)-butylphthalide (338 ppm) were more toxic than (Z)-butylidenephthalide (586 ppm) against Q-biotype females. Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, and acetamiprid differ significantly in toxicity between the B- and Q-biotype females (LC(50), 1.7 to 11.6 vs 364.5 to >3000 ppm). This original finding indicates that the phthalides and the neonicotinoids do not share a common mode of action or elicit cross-resistance. Structure-activity relationship indicates that the presence of conjugation rather than aromaticity appeared to play an important role for phthalide toxicities to the B-biotype females. Global efforts to reduce the level of highly toxic synthetic insecticides in the agricultural environment justify further studies on C. officinale rhizome-derived materials as potential insecticides for the control of B. tabaci populations.     

禾谷镰刀菌拮抗菌株的筛选及鉴定

禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病能够导致小麦产量的大幅降低和品质的严重损失。为探索赤霉病生物防治方法,本试验从扬花期被禾谷镰刀菌侵染的麦穗上分离得到28株芽孢杆菌,利用平板对峙法对其进行筛选,其中20株菌对禾谷镰刀菌表现出明显的拮抗作用。根据生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列分析,这20株拮抗菌分别被鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(11株)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(2株)、枯草芽孢杆菌(2株)、暹罗芽孢杆菌(3株)和特基拉芽孢杆菌(2株)。这些菌株能够有效降低小麦赤霉病的发病率、发病程度和病情指数,其中菌株JS62N、JS15E和JS29I能够将赤霉病发病率降低80%以上;菌株JS29I、JS62N、JS39C和JS39D能够将赤霉病发病程度降低80%以上。16株菌能将病情指数降低80%以上;所有菌株均能极显著增加小麦的百粒重,JS12Q效果最好(+101.4%)。本研究结果为小麦赤霉病的防治提供了生物防治材料。     

改良剂对锰超富集植物短毛蓼锰吸收及抗氧化酶系统的影响

为了探究改良剂与超富集植物联合修复锰(Mn)污染土壤,采用温室土培的方法,研究了Mn污染土壤分别添加25、50 g/kg的海泡石(S2.5,S5)和沸石(Z2.5,Z5)对Mn超富集植物短毛蓼(Polygonum pubescens Blume)生长、Mn吸收及叶片抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明:改良剂添加显著增加了短毛蓼茎、叶中Mn的含量(P0.05),但降低了株重、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量。S2.5、Z5.0处理的株高比对照提高了15%和16%,Z2.5与Z5.0处理分别比对照降低了40.05%、35.58%。沸石和海泡石添加显著提高了短毛蓼叶片中MDA含量及H2O2含量(P0.05),表明短毛蓼受到了一定胁迫。超氧自由基(·O2–)含量在S2.5、S5.0、Z2.5处理时下降了4.69%、16.49%、21.01%。同时沸石和海泡石引起了短毛蓼抗氧化酶活性和非酶物质含量的改变。海泡石显著提高(P0.05)短毛蓼叶片中超氧歧化酶(SOD)活性,在S2.5、S5.0处理下,SOD活性分别比对照提高了14%和15%;POD、CAT活性也均有不同程度提高,在S2.5、S5.0处理下,POD分别是对照的4.63、4.23倍,Z2.5、Z5.0处理分别是对照的4.71、4.74倍;但显著降低了抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性以及–SH、GSH含量(P0.05)。表明沸石和海泡石对短毛蓼抗氧化酶系统的影响不一。     

Composition of the essential oil of leaves, galls, and ripe and unripe fruits of Jordanian Pistacia palaestina Boiss

Pistacia palaestina Boiss. (Pistacia terebinthus L. var. palaestina (Boiss.) Engl.) is a medicinal and foodstuff plant. The ripe fruits are used largely in the Middle East as a component of the so-called Zaatar, a mix of aromatic and food plants. Results of GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oils of leaves, galls produced by Baizongia pistaciae (L.), and ripe and unripe fruits of Pistacia palaestinaBoiss. collected in Jordan are reported. Both qualitative and quantitative differences between different parts of the plant were observed. The oil was rich in monoterpenes, and the main constituents were alpha-pinene (63.1%) and myrcene (13.3%) in the leaves and alpha-pinene (49.4%), sabinene (22.8%), and limonene (8.1%) in the galls. (E)-Ocimene (33.8-41.3%), sabinene (20.3-24.1%), and (Z)-ocimene (3.8-13.0%) were the main ones in both unripe and ripe fruits. Sesquiterpenes have been detected in small quantities in leaves and fruits and in trace amounts in galls.