国外农田风蚀发生机理与防治技术的研究

土壤风蚀是全球性土地退化的主要原因之一，也是世界上许多国家和地区的主要环境问题之一。该文简要回顾了国外对土壤风蚀发生机理、防治理念和技术的研究，提出林业上植树造林，牧业上防止草原退化，农业上实行保护性耕作是人类可以用来治理和控制土壤风蚀的3个重要原则。我国土壤风蚀和土地退化问题日趋严重，应在全国进行大力宣传，转变土壤风蚀治理的观念，使人们从思想上认识风蚀防治要从植树、种草、农田保护3个方面综合进行。同时，国家要从政策上、资金上为农田保护性耕作的大规模实施提供保证，促进保护性耕作在全国范围内的推广应用。     

水源涵养和生态保育清洁小流域河流沉积物重金属的特征及潜在风险——以董铺—大房郢水库为例

[目的]为了解安徽省合肥市饮用水源地水源涵养和生态保育清洁小流域(董铺水库和大房郢水库)汇水河流表层沉积物中重金属对下游水库的影响。[方法]在该区域3条主要汇水河流采集了23个沉积物样品,分别测定了沉积物中7种重金属(Zn,Cu,Cr,As,Cd,Pb和Hg)的含量,并采用潜在生态风险指数法(I_R)和地累积指数法(I_(geo))评估其潜在生态风险,主成分分析法解析其可能来源。[结果]研究区域重金属分布存在差异,As和Cd在泗水河上的C_1和C2两点含量超过了维护人体健康的土壤环境质量二级标准限值,且Cd在此两点的易利用态占比为34.97%和37.67%,具有较强的生物有效性;Cd生态风险指数普遍偏高,达强度等级,其中泗水河上的C_1和C2两点达极强等级;同时S_8点Hg生态风险达到强度等级,其余6种重金属生态风险水平较低。该区域重金属主要来自于人与自然混合源和人为源,贡献率分别为51.11%和27.70%。[结论]在泗水河下游流域Cd污染较为突出,为减小其对下游水库的影响,应加强Cd的污染治理。     

Literature Review: Occurrence,Degradation and Fate of Pesticides During Composting: Part II: Occurrence and Fate of Pesticides in Compost and Composting Systems

This paper reviews the findings of research reported in the currently available literature regarding the occurrence and transformations of pesticides through the composting process and the use of compost. Part I summarizes the composting process, pesticides and mechanisms of pesticide degradation. Part II reviews research studies concerning the occurrence and fate of pesticides during composting. Investigations of pesticide residues in composting feedstocks and finished compost detected few of the target pesticides. The compounds that were found occurred at low concentrations. The majority of the compounds detected were insecticides in the organochlorine category, including chemicals that have been banned from use in the U.S. for many years. Generally, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides and most herbicides were rarely detected. Comparisons of pesticide concentrations before and after composting also showed organochlorine compounds to be most resistant to biodegradation during composting. With some exceptions, pesticides in other categories decomposed moderately well to very well. Studies that followed the mechanisms of degradation indicate that mineralization accounts for only a small portion of pesticide disappearance. Other prominent fates include partial degradation to secondary compounds, adsorption, humification, and volatilization. In general the research results suggest that the pattern of pesticide degradation during composting is similar to the degradatiion observed in soils. With a few important distinctions, composting can be considered a biologically active soil environment in which degradation is accelerated. However, as some studies noted, composting does not always speed the degradation of all pesticides. The nature of the pesticide, specific composting conditions and procedures, the microbial communities present, and the duration of composting affect the extent and the mechanisms of degradation.     

农田排水沟水体与底泥中盐分迁移研究

基于陕西卤泊滩农田排水沟底泥盐分年内跟踪监测数据,探讨试验区排水沟底泥盐分的迁移特性和分布情况。研究结果表明:当前条件下研究区排水沟底泥盐分沿着水流汇集的方向和底泥层深度方向均有一定的累积,对流和水动力弥散是排水沟底泥盐分运动的主要机制;沟底泥盐分含量与水体水量呈负相关关系,而与水体盐分含量呈良好的正相关关系,且相关系数达到0.93;水体水量的变化是引起其本身和底泥盐分含量变化的主要因素。     

鄱阳湖沉积物重金属生态风险评价：SQGs和AVS-SEM模型法

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖,对我国长江中下游平原的水体环境有着重大影响。2018年测定了鄱阳湖表层沉积物中Cd、Zn、Cu、Pb的含量,并采用沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)和酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)-同步可提取态金属(SEM)模型法评价了其生态风险。研究发现:鄱阳湖沉积物中4种重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的平均值分别是其背景值的1.58、1.18、1.30、8.87倍;AVS浓度范围为0.101～0.887μmol g-1,平均值为0.278μmol g-1;而SEM浓度范围为0.281～2.170μmol g-1,平均值为0.803μmol g-1。依据沉积物基准法计算,重金属风险值为0.15～0.23,表明具有一定的风险毒性;[SEM-AVS]模型法评价结果表明也具有一定的潜在生态风险,但若用考虑有机碳的修正模型[SEM-AVS]/foc评价结果则其无生态风险;相对而言,整个湖区风险较高的地点为三江口(S11、S12)和饶河口(S16、S17)。     

Occurrence of Organotin Compounds in Water, Sediments and Mollusca in Estuarine Systems in the Southwest of Spain

Six organotin species – tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT), monobutyltin (MBT), triphenyltin (TPT), diphenyltin (DPT) andmonophenyltin (MPT) – have been determined in seawater (255 samples), sediments (85 samples) and bivalves (558 samples) collected at seventeen locations in the southwest of Spain in five occasions between May 1992 and August 1994. No phenyltinspecies were found but butyltin species were present in all the stations. The TBT concentrations ranged between 23 and 1500 ng g^-1 Sn in biota, from less than 0.6 to 160 ng g^-1 Sn in sediments and from less than 0.5 to 31 ng L^-1 Sn in water, with the highest values closely related with boating activity and decreasing according to the distance from the potential sources. For biota and water, a consistent seasonal pattern of fluctuation of TBT concentrations was evident, with the highest values found in spring and summer except for a fishing harbour. A slow decreaseof TBT concentration was observed between 1992 and 1994. Percentages of DBT and MBT in biota (22±7 and 13±6,respectively) were lower than those in water (33±10 and 31±15, respectively) and sediments (48±16 and 25±16, respectively). Sediment-water partition coefficients for TBT were 240–65 000 and bioconcentration factors 17 000–350 000. This article discusses the significance of the pollution in our study area in comparison with other world coastal areas.     

Impact on Water Quality of High and Low Density Applications of Spent Mushroom Substrate to Agricultural Lands

We studied the influence of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) land application on water resources. Four study sites, including mushroom farms with low or high density land applications of SMS, and two controls, an alfalfa field and a woodland, were instrumented with soilwater lysimeters and groundwater monitoring wells. Water samples were collected during the dormant season (winter) and growing season (spring). Samples were analyzed for a number of water quality parameters, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), ammonia, chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate, aluminum, cadmium, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, nickel, potassium, silicon, sodium, and zinc. Additional analyses were performed for pesticides commonly used in the cultivation of alfalfa or corn, or for insect control, including methomyl, dimethoate, hexazinone, atrazine, diuron and permethrin.

All agricultural sites had elevated salt concentrations relative to the woodland site. The mushroom farm where SMS was applied in high concentrations had salt concentrations in the soilwater that were 10 to 100 times higher than the other agricultural sites. Of particular note were ammonium, nitrate, chloride, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium. Each of these were also elevated in the groundwater. The high salt concentrations were reflected in measurements of electrical conductivity. DOC and DON concentrations were also elevated in the soilwater and groundwater. Groundwater from each agricultural site, including the agricultural control, exceeded the primary drinking water standard for nitrate.

No pesticide residues were detected in well or lysimeter water collected at either site amended with SMS. Water samples collected from the woodland and at the alfalfa field not receiving SMS contained part per trillion quantities of a few pesticides.     

Agricultural Impacts on Lake and Stream Water Quality in Grand Lake St. Marys, Western Ohio

Agricultural activities release variable products into air, soil and water ecosystems. The study was conducted to evaluate the impact of agriculture and concentrated livestock operations on stream and lake water quality in Grand Lake St. Marys watershed of north-western Ohio. Temporal water samples from the lake and the 6 feeding streams were collected bimonthly from January 2005 to May 2007, processed and measured for temperature, turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity (E _C), ammonium $\left( {{\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} } \right)$ , nitrate $\left( {{\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - } \right)$ , dissolved phosphorus (P), ultra-violet (UV) light absorption, and dissolved oxygen (DO), employing standard methods of analysis. The measured data were normalized and integrated into a simple index (WQ_Index) to evaluate overall water quality. Results showed that over 90% of the area in the watershed was under cropland with associated livestock operations. With a land area equal to 195 km² represented by the six major tributaries, the average animal density was over 240 units km^?2. As a result, land disposal of manure from confined feedings operations and direct deposit by grazing animals contributed to non-point sources of water pollution. While $\left( {{\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} } \right)$ and P concentration, turbidity, and UV absorption peaked during the summer, the $\left( {{\text{NO}}_{\text{3}}^ - } \right)$ and DO concentration in both stream and lake water was lowest in the summer. Water sampled from the Coldwater, Beaver and Prairie creeks had higher turbidity, $\left( {{\text{NH}}_{\text{4}}^{\text{ + }} } \right)$ , and P than other creeks. However, DO concentration and UV absorption of water did not change significantly by the influence of streams. The WQ_Index peaked in both streams and lake water with greater water quality degradation in Beaver and Coldwater creek than other creeks. A significant relationship of WQ_Index with UV absorption and P accounted 84 to 90% of the variations in stream and lake water quality degradation. However, a strong linear relationship (r ²?=?0.81; p<0.01) between UV absorption and P concentration suggested a major contribution of P to the degradation of stream and lake water quality through algal blooming and associated eutrophication.     

呼伦湖沉积物重金属分布特征及生态风险评价

采样分析了呼伦湖表层沉积物重金属（Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、As、Hg）的含量、分布特征及富集状况,分别以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值和我国《土壤环境质量标准》的一级自然背景值为参比值,采用瑞典学者Lars Hakanson的潜在生态危害指数法对呼伦湖沉积物中重金属的富集系数和生态危害系数以及各采样点的生态危害指数进行了评价。结果表明,呼伦湖沉积物中7种重金属的空间变异性较小,其中Zn、Cr、Cu的含量变化具有相同趋势,其他元素的含量分布无明显区域变化;以两种背景值为参比得出的重金属污染水平顺序相近,Cd和As为对呼伦湖生态环境具有潜在影响的主要重金属元素。     

坡度对农业耕作措施水土保持作用的影响

农业耕作措施是水土保持三大措施之一,在坡耕地水土保持中起关键作用。利用人工模拟降雨试验方法,对不同坡度条件下农业耕作措施水土保持作用进行了研究。农业耕作措施包括等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕,以平整坡面为对照措施;降雨试验在长4m,宽1m的径流小区完成;坡度为5°,10°,15°,20°,25°;降雨强度为1,1.5,2mm/min。结果表明:与平整坡面相比,等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕分别减小产流量38.19%,32.25%和15.84%;减小产沙量均在50%以上,说明农业耕作措施具有明显的水土保持作用。通过对坡度与产流量、产沙量关系分析表明,在耕作坡面,坡度会影响产流量,但是大坡度与小坡度之间差异不显著。相反,坡度对产沙量具有显著影响,在小坡度条件下,产沙量受坡度的影响较小。当坡度大于15°后,坡度每增加1°,等高耕作、人工掏挖和人工锄耕耕作措施保土作用平均降低3.08%,4.74%和7.61%。回归分析表明产沙量与坡度之间存在指数函数关系。可见,坡度对农业耕作措施保水作用和保土作用的影响不同。     

Mercury Levels of Soils,Sediments and Fish in French Guiana,South America

This study examines the level of mercury contamination for different components of the biosphere in French Guiana. The spatial variability of the contamination of the waters, soils and sediments in the catchment area of the Sinnamary River is studied. The contamination of the trophic chain isdiscussed by analysis of the flesh of fish for the principal species represented in nine Guianese rivers, especially species consumed by human populations. The mercury contamination of sediments and soils, is extremely heterogeneous and that of fish is generalised. For carnivorous fish, the average mercury content is 0.48 μg g^-1 (±0.28) (fresh weight) and for non-carnivorous species, 0.05 μg g^-1 (±0.07). The concentrationsmeasured are greater than the European standards forconsumption for 4.7% of the carnivorous individuals.     

Distribution of Arcellaceans (Testate Amoebae) in the Sediments of a Mine Water Impacted Bay of Lake Retunen, Finland

This study employs chemical fractionations of sedimentary metals and analyses of sediment arcellacean (thecamoebian) faunas to study the ecological effects of mining wastewaters in a boreal lake bay that receives metal-rich waters from a Cu mine. Sediment chemistry and arcellacean species compositions were analyzed from both surface sediment samples and a sediment profile to investigate spatial and temporal changes in mine water pollution and biota. Based on the results, geochemical gradients in the area are caused by dispersal and dilution of metal-rich, low-pH mine waters entering the lake; transport and focusing of fine grained metal precipitates and sulphate in the deep areas of the bay; increase in pH due to sulphate reduction and mobilization of redox-sensitive elements from deep water sites; and precipitation of the mobilized metals at shallower sites. Arcellacean species compositions change systematically with increasing distance from the source of pollution and species diversity as well as concentrations of tests in the samples increase as well. Fe:Mn ratio and adsorbed Al explained variation in surface sediment arcellaceans with statistical significance. Fe:Mn ratio is an indicator of the overall geochemical environment (Eh, pH), while the toxicity of Al in aquatic environments is well known. Changes in arcellacean species and geochemistry in the long core suggest that before the mine closure in 1983, mine waters differed in nature from the present acid drainage and metals such as Cu, Co, Zn and Ni may have affected arcellaceans at that time.     

混合浮床对南海湖湿地富营养化水体修复的作用

[目的]探究植物的交互作用对生态浮床去除N,P效率的影响,为后期南海湖湿地规模化建设提供理论依据。[方法]在自然开放水域条件下,选取适合于北方生长的3种挺水植物水葱、千屈菜、风车草为浮床植物,以高密聚乙烯空心塑料基盘为植物载体,建立单一种植与交叉混合种植两种浮床体系,在南海湖湿地保护区进行为期90 d的水质处理,研究植物生长特性及浮床净化效果。[结果] 10月份收割时,混合浮床中水葱和风车草的分蘖数分别达26和30株,生物量(鲜重)分别为1.43和1.98 kg/株。风车草浮床N累积量最好,达110.6 g/m~2,水体TN去除率34.9%。混合浮床P累积量最好,达26.02 g/m~2,水体TP去除率43.3%。[结论]植物的交互作用对植株的分蘖繁殖有一定促进作用,但不改变植物自身N,P吸收能力,植物体对N,P的累积量受生物量影响较大,3种植物在混合浮床中的整株N,P累积量要高于单植物浮床,混合浮床可作为针对南海湖富营养化水体修复的浮床形式推广使用。     

鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属Cd、Hg空间特征及潜在风险影响因素探析

为了解鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属的空间特征,探析其潜在生态风险及影响风险状况的因子,采用地统计学、潜在生态风险指数法、Person相关分析及地理探测器方法,分析研究区农田土壤重金属镉(Cd)、汞(Hg)的空间分异特征、潜在生态风险评价及风险状况影响因素。结果表明,研究区土壤重金属Cd、Hg均为中等程度的变异,空间分布差异较为明显。丰城大部分地区Cd含量均在江西省土壤元素背景值与我国农田土壤污染风险筛选值之间。Hg含量由南向北逐渐升高并超过江西省土壤元素背景值,但未达到全国风险管控值水平。Cd的潜在生态风险水平以轻微级别为主,Hg则以中等级别为主。在综合潜在生态风险方面,大部分地区被划分为低风险区,而中度风险区分布较为分散。重金属Cd、Hg综合潜在生态风险指数(RI)与土壤pH值、全磷、海拔、坡度以及距河流或道路的距离具有显著相关性(P<0.05)。影响综合潜在生态风险指数的第一个显著因子为全磷≤0.4 g·kg^-1,其次为pH值5.5～6.0。本研究对鄱阳湖平原区农田土壤重金属污染的监测与治理、维护生态环境安全及人类健康具有重要的现实意义。     

阿克苏河流域艾西曼湖湿地时空演变及对生态输水的响应

及时了解和定量分析干旱半干旱地区天然生态系统的变化趋势及对生态输水过程的响应,对维护绿洲生态系统健康具有重要意义。论文结合遥感影像和生态输水监测数据,对阿克苏河流域艾西曼湖湿地的时空演变特征和生态输水的响应进行了研究。结果表明,艾西曼湖水域面积萎缩较严重,由1996年的61.57 km²萎缩至2020年的27.76 km²,经历了快速下降、缓慢下降和缓慢恢复3个阶段,生态输水后水面面积出现明显的季相变化并伴随滞后现象,峰值出现在11月左右;生态输水对地下水位有明显的抬升作用,并受输水量、输水天数的影响,地下水位变动与生态输水的响应存在明显的滞后效应,时间约为1~2个月;不同的自然植被对生态输水的响应特征存在差异,胡杨对生态输水的响应明显且在距离输水口100~500 m的范围内长势最好,NDVI月度变化显示生态输水对自然植被生长的滞后时间为1个月左右。研究结果对阿克苏河流域天然植被恢复、区域水资源调配、生态需水调度等具有重要的指导价值。     

武汉月湖沉积物中硅藻的垂直分布与水质变化

采用活塞取样器采集了月湖湖中央2处钻孔沉积物,分析了其中硅藻种类与密度的垂直变化,同时采用^210Pb/^137Cs推测沉积物的沉积速率,关进行了总有机质．生物硅含量分析,以了解月湖各个不同年代的水质变化。结果表明,2个柱状沉积物中硅藻的优势属为：小环藻属、直链藻属、舟形藻属、Cyclostephanos属。Z－1钻孔优势种为：梅尼小环藻、颗粒直链藻、Navicuta porifera、Cyclostephanos tholifomis. Z-2钻孔中优势种为：梅尼小环藻、颗粒直链藻、舟形藻、Cyclostephanos invisitatus。就硅藻密度而言,总趋势是上层最多,平均7．14×10^5～58．65×10^5ind·g^-1,中层其次,平均0．08×10^5-13．98×10^5ind·g^-1,下层最少,平均0．24×10^5-0．64×10^5ind·g^-1.硅藻种类数变化虽然没有明显规律,但种类最少的样品出现在中层,^210Pb/^137Cs测年数据表明中层为19世纪90年代－20世纪70年代。相天分析表明：Z－1孔生物硅与沉积硅藻密度显著正相关（r=0．933,P=0．021〈0．05）,总有机质含量与种类数显著负相关（r=－0．972,P=0．005〈0．05）;Z－2孔生物硅与沉积硅藻密度显著正相关（r=0．985,P=0．002〈0．05）,沉积硅藻密度与种类数显著负相关（r＝－0．933,P=-0．021〈0．05）。研究结果表明,月湖沉积物中硅藻种类与密度的垂直变化可以反映月湖的富营养演化历程：19世纪60年代－19世纪80年代,月湖水质较好;19世纪90年代－20世纪10年代,月湖开始由贫营养状态向中营养状态转变,为水体富营养化开始发生时间;20世纪20年代－20世纪40年代,月湖水体营养等级持续增加,已富营养化;20世纪50年代－20世纪70年代,周边人口数量急刷上升与污水的直接排放导致月湖水质持续恶化;20世纪80年代至月湖截污前这段时期使月湖最终沦为劣五类水体的湖泊。     

Occurrence and distribution of chemical pollutants in Lake Mariut,Egypt

Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the water of Lake Mariut, a brackish coastal Egyptian lake suffering from pollution, and their accumulation in the common fish Tilapia were studied. The major pesticides detected in the lake water were lindane, p,p′-DDE, o,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDT. These compounds, except o,p′-DDT, were detected in the fish samples in exceedingly higher concentrations compared with those found in the lake water.     

Pesticides in River and Tap Water in a Rice Production Area of Niigata,Japan

Water samples collected in 1995 and 2007 from the Shinano and Agano rivers were examined to determine the types and concentrations of pesticides and their effects on tap water in typical rice production areas of Japan. Tap water originating from the Shinano River was also sampled in 2007, in Niigata City, Japan. Pesticides were present in the river and tap water throughout the year. Comparison of 13 pesticides common to both 1995 and 2007 series revealed that the frequency of individual pesticide occurrence and concentrations were decreasing. Riverine pesticides were classified into five groups according to the period of their appearance and changes in concentration. Pesticides were detected at the time of application to, and drainage from, paddy fields. Pesticide concentrations in tap water showed notable decline following rapid sand-filtration combined with granular activated carbon. The detection index (DI) for tap water and Shinano River water did not exceed a value of 1. Herbicides contributed most to the DI.

     

Erratum to: Topsoil Carbon Stock and Soil Physicochemical Properties in Riparian Forests and Agricultural Lands of Southwestern Iran

Eurasian Soil Science - An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1064229321300013