Supernova remnant OH masers: signposts of cosmic collision

A supernova explosion, the final death throe of a massive star, creates an expanding bubble of hot gas that overruns up the surrounding medium. When a supernova remnant encounters a dense interstellar cloud, the compression may trigger gravitational collapse and the formation of a new generation of stars. This event can be detected through intense stimulated emission in the 1720-megahertz transition of the hydroxyl radical, OH, which yields unique insights into the physical processes and conditions occurring during the interaction.     

Spectral line interferometry with independent time standards at stations separated by 845 kilometers

An upper limit of 0.02 second of arc has been determined for a hydroxyl radical (OH) emission region associated with the radio source W3, with the use of a Michelson interferometer consisting of two radio telescopes 845 kilometers apart. Timing was provided at the stations by independent atomic frequency standards. The 1665-megahertz radiation was translated to video frequency and recorded digitally on magnetic tapes which were later processed by computer, yielding fringe phase and amplitude as a function of frequency over the received bandwidth.     

Discovery of pulsed OH maser emission stimulated by a pulsar

Stimulated emission of radiation has not been directly observed in astrophysical situations up to this time. Here we demonstrate that photons from pulsar B1641-45 stimulate pulses of excess 1720-megahertz line emission in an interstellar hydroxyl (OH) cloud. As this stimulated emission is driven by the pulsar, it varies on a few-millisecond time scale, which is orders of magnitude shorter than the quickest OH maser variations previously detected. Our 1612-megahertz spectra are inverted copies of the 1720-megahertz spectra. This "conjugate line" phenomenon enables us to constrain the properties of the interstellar OH line-producing gas. We also show that pulsar signals undergo significantly deeper OH absorption than do other background sources, which confirms earlier tentative findings that OH clouds are clumpier on small scales than are neutral hydrogen clouds.     

Microwave measurements of carbon monoxide on titan

The ratio of the flux density of Titan was measured in two 200-megahertz bands, one centered on the (1-0) rotation line of carbon monoxide at 115.3 gigahertz and the other 2600 megahertz lower. The measurements were made with a complex-correlation technique on the new millimeter-wavelength interferometer at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory, Big Pine, California. The excess flux in the carbon monoxide band is interpreted as a strong detection of carbon monoxide and a mixing ratio, assumed constant, of 6 x 10(-5). The brightness temperature of Titan at 112.6 gigahertz is 69 +/- 10 kelvins, consistent with atmospheric emission from just below the tropopause.     

2种常用食用菌所含多糖化合物复配的体外抗氧化活性研究

[目的]研究金针菇、平菇多糖体外复配的抗氧化活性,以羟基自由基（OH?）和超氧阴离子（O2－?）为评价指标,探究多糖复配的可行性和有效性。[方法]以金针菇、平菇为原材料,优化多糖提取条件,然后进行体外抗氧化活性研究,测定其对OH?和O2－?清除率,研究复合多糖对自由基的清除能力,并与单一多糖进行比较。[结果]多糖的最优提取条件为超声时间30 min,热水浸提温度为90℃。在此条件下,金针菇得率为1．25％,多糖纯度为84．3％;平菇得率为1．46％,多糖纯度76．4％。复合多糖清除OH?的能力随着浓度的升高而升高,在金针菇多糖∶平菇多糖＝5∶1的复配比例下会体现良好的协同性,优于单一多糖。复合多糖清除O2－?的能力也随着浓度的升高而升高,尤其在低浓度下,金针菇多糖∶平菇多糖＝3∶1复配时具有比单一多糖更好的协同性。[结论]食用菌多糖的复配能有效提高其抗氧化活性。     

籼稻品种浙辐802抗稻瘟病基因的鉴定与分离

 浙辐802是20世纪90年代在中国南方稻区大面积种植的籼稻品种,它对北方稻区的菌株表现很宽的抗谱。利用2个致病性稳定的稻瘟病菌系对浙辐802(ZF802)与普感品种丽江新团黑谷(LTH)杂交的F1、F2、BC1F1群体进行抗病性遗传分析,从ZF802中鉴定出2个抗病基因Pi-ZF1(t)和Pi-ZF2(t),它们都抵抗供试菌系研54-04,其中Pi-ZF1(t)基因也能抵抗供试菌系95-t2,而Pi-ZF2(t)基因对该菌系无效。根据F3和F4株系对供试菌系在抗性表型上的差异,对ZF802携带的抗病基因进行     

Hertz-level measurement of the optical clock frequency in a single 88Sr+ ion

The frequency of the 5s 2S(1/2)-4d 2D(5/2) electric quadrupole clock transition in a single, trapped, laser-cooled 88Sr+ ion has been measured by using an optical frequency comb referenced to a cesium fountain primary frequency standard. The frequency of the transition is measured as 444,779,044,095,484.6 (1.5) hertz, with a fractional uncertainty within a factor of 3 of that of the cesium standard. Improvements required to obtain a cesium-limited frequency measurement are described and are expected to lead to a 88Sr+ optical clock with stability and reproducibility exceeding that of the primary cesium standard.     

侧柏叶乙醇提取物抗氧化性的研究

采用分光光度法测定不同质量浓度的侧柏叶乙醇提取物对羟基自由基、超氧自由基的清除能力及其还原能力。结果表明:随着侧柏叶乙醇提取物质量浓度的增加,还原能力、清除羟基自由基和超氧自由基能力都随着增强,所有提取物清除羟基自由基的活性均高于超氧自由基。此外在高实验质量浓度下,50%乙醇提取物清除羟基自由基的能力最强,还原能力和清除超氧自由基的能力由强到弱依次为50%乙醇提取物、95%乙醇提取物、70%乙醇提取物。     

Frequency Dependence of Polarization of Pulsar CP 0328

The circularly polarized emission from the pulsar CP 0328 has an approximately flat spectrum in the 1-megahertz band centered at 113.6 megahertz, whereas the linearly polarized emission varies with frequency and from pulse to pulse. A simple model for the source that has a constant Faraday rotation measure fits some of the linearly polarized spectra observed for individual pulses, but changes in the rotation measure of as much as 30 radians per square meter are required between adjacent pulses. The simple model does not fit the average spectrum of the linearly polarized emission, although the average spectrum had the same form on two nights.     

Simultaneous Observation of Columnar Defects and Magnetic Flux Lines in High-Temperature Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Superconductors

Columnar defects generated by heavy-ion irradiation are promising structures for pinning magnetic flux lines and enhancing critical currents in superconductors with high transition temperatures. An approach that combines chemical etching and magnetic decoration was used to highlight simultaneously the distributions of columnar defects and magnetic flux lines in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8) superconductors. Analyses of images of the columnar defects and flux-line positions provide insight into flux-line pinning by elucidating (i) the occupancy of columnar defects by flux lines, (ii) the nature of topological defects in the flux-line lattice, and (iii) the translational and orientational order in this lattice.     

当归水提液和醇提液体外清除自由基的研究

为了探讨当归不同提取液体外清除羟自由基(.OH)与超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)的作用.通过Fenton反应产生.OH和邻苯三酚自氧化产生O2.-模型,研究当归水提液和醇提体外清除自由基的作用.结果表明,当归水提液在浓度6.0~50.0 mg.mL-1范围内具有清除Fenton反应产生.OH作用,当归醇提液在浓度12.5~200.0 mg.mL-1范围内具有清除Fenton反应产生.OH和邻苯三酚自氧化产生的O2.-的作用,并且当归水提液和醇提液对羟自由基和超氧阴离子的清除作用与药物浓度之间具有良好的量效关系.因此认为当归水提液和醇提液具有较好的体外清除自由基的作用.     

Venus: absence of a phase effect at a 2-centimeter wavelength

Observations of Venus made during 1967 and 1968 at a frequency of 15.4 gigahertz set an upper limits of 5 percent for the variation of brightness temperature with phase. This negative result appears to contradict earlier detections of a phase effect. By comparison with Virg A (3C 274), which has an assumed flux density of 29 x 10(-26) watt per square meter per hertz, the brightness temperature of Venus at this frequency is 485 + 60, -40 degrees K (mean error).     

A solid sulfur cathode for aqueous batteries

Because of its high resistivity and subsequent low electroactivity, sulfur is not normally considered a room-temperature battery cathode. An elemental sulfur cathode has been made with a measured capacity of over 900 ampere.hours per kilogram, more than 90 percent of the theoretical storage capacity of solid sulfur at room temperature, accessed by means of a lightweight, highly conductive, aqueous polysulfide interface through the electrocatalyzed reaction S + H(2)O + 2e(-) --> HS(-) + OH(-). This solid sulfur cathode was first used in a battery with an aluminum anode for an overall discharge reaction 2Al + 3S + 3OH(-) + 3H(2)O --> 2Al(OH)(3) + 3HS(-), giving a cell potential of 1.3 volts. The theoretical specific energy of the aluminum-sulfur battery (based on potassium salts) is 910 watt.hours per kilogram with an experimental specific energy of up to 220 watt.hours per kilogram.     

测定时间对黑土区CO_2和N2_O排放通量的影响

[目的]探讨测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,确定排放通量的最佳测定时间,以期为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供科学依据。[方法]以黑土区长期肥料定位试验为平台,采用静态箱式法研究了小麦3个关键生育期(抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期)CO2和N2O排放的日变化动态,揭示不同测定时段黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的差异。[结果]土壤CO2和N2O排放通量日变化较大,变化范围分别为CO2 206～552 mg/(m2.h)和N2O 51～295μg/(m2.h)。在不同生育期CO2呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在中午12:00,峰谷出现在凌晨3:00;N2O排放通量在抽穗期白天较小,而夜间排放量大。如果不考虑小麦生育期对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,测定CO2排放代表性时间段在6:00～8:00或16:00～21:00;测定N2O时间段在8:00～10:00或16:00～21:00;若同时测定CO2和N2O排放通量,最佳测定时间在16:00～18:00。若在通常的观测时间9:00～12:00进行观测,CO2和N2O的较正系数分别为0.81和0.90。[结论]该研究结果为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供了科学依据。     

Far-infrared surveys of the sky

A series of far-infrared surveys of the sky is searching for thermal radiation from interstellar grains and for other localized sources of far-infrared radiation. A balloon-borne germanium bolometer, cooled by liquid helium, is used in association with a telescope and spectral filters. During two initial flights the response to a black-body source was mainly between 300 and 360 microns. Approximately half the celestial sphere was surveyed, including most of the northern Milky Way. The angular resolution was 2 degrees. Moon was the only source of thermal radiation detected. The upper limit on the differential flux, relative to background, from other sources was 2 x 10(-23) watt per square centimeter per hertz, corresponding to an antenna temperature of 0.6 degrees K in the Rayleigh-Jeans approximation, or 10 degrees K for a black body.     

测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响（英文）

[目的]探讨测定时间对黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,确定排放通量的最佳测定时间,以期为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供科学依据。[方法]以黑土区长期肥料定位试验为平台,采用静态箱式法研究了小麦3个关键生育期(抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期)CO2和N2O排放的日变化动态,揭示不同测定时段黑土区CO2和N2O排放通量的差异。[结果]土壤CO2和N2O排放通量日变化较大,变化范围分别为CO2206~552mg(/m·2h)和N2O51~295μg(/m2·h)。在不同生育期CO2呈单峰曲线变化,峰值出现在中午12:00,峰谷出现在凌晨3:00;N2O排放通量在抽穗期白天较小,而夜间排放量大。如果不考虑小麦生育期对CO2和N2O排放通量的影响,测定CO2排放代表性时间段在6:00~8:00或16:00~21:00;测定N2O时间段在8:00~10:00或16:00~21:00;若同时测定CO2和N2O排放通量,最佳测定时间在16:00~18:00。若在通常的观测时间9:00~12:00进行观测,CO2和N2O的较正系数分别为0.81和0.90。[结论]该研究结果为黑土区农田温室气体减排提供了科学依据。     

Atmospheric trends in methylchloroform and the global average for the hydroxyl radical

Frequent atmospheric measurements of the anthropogenic compound methylchloroform that were made between 1978 and 1985 indicate that this species is continuing to increase significantly around the world. Reaction with the major atmospheric oxidant, the hydroxyl radical (OH), is the principal sink for this species. The observed mean trends for methylchloroform are 4.8, 5.4, 6.4, and 6.9 percent per year at Aldrigole (Ireland) and Cape Meares (Oregon), Ragged Point (Barbados), Point Matatula (American Samoa), and Cape Grim (Tasmania), respectively, from July 1978 to June 1985. These measured trends, combined with knowledge of industrial emissions, were used in an optimal estimation inversion scheme to deduce a globally averaged methylchloroform atmospheric lifetime of 6.3 (+ 1.2, -0.9) years (1sigma uncertainty) and a globally averaged tropospheric hydroxyl radical concentration of (7.7 +/- 1.4) x 10(5) radicals per cubic centimeter (1sigma uncertainty). These 7 years of gas chromatographic measurements, which comprise about 60,000 individual calibrated real-time air analyses, provide the most accurate estimates yet of the trends and lifetime of methylchloroform and of the global average for tropospheric hydroxyl radical levels. Accurate determination of hydroxyl radical levels is crucial to understanding global atmospheric chemical cycles and trends in the levels of trace gases such as methane.     

羊耳菊挥发油化学成分及其清除自由基的作用研究

[目的]研究羊耳菊挥发油的化学成分及其对自由基的清除作用。[方法]采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取羊耳菊的挥发油,利用气相色谱-质谱联用法对该挥发油的化学成分进行分离鉴定,利用Fenton反应产生羟基自由基(.OH)及邻苯三酚自氧化产生超氧阴离子自由基(O.2-),以比色法测定羊耳菊挥发油对这2种自由基的清除作用。[结果]挥发油得率为0.486%(V/W),确定了28种化合物的结构和相对含量。挥发油主要含3-甲基-5-异丙基-甲基氨基甲酸酚酯(74.37%)、11,14-二十碳二烯酸乙酯(9.50%)和2,2-二甲基丙酸-2-[1,1-二甲基乙基]酚酯(7.59%)3种酯类化合物。挥发油对羟基自由基(.OH)和超氧阴离子自由基(O.2-)都有一定的清除能力,但清除羟基自由基(.OH)的能力较强。[结论]通过对羊耳菊挥发油化学成分的研究,为进一步开发利用该植物提供了科学依据。     

环境因子对兴安落叶松林生态系统CO2通量的影响

采用涡度相关技术,研究了主要环境因子与兴安落叶松林生态系统CO2通量的关系。结果表明: 1)生长季,CO2通量表现出较显著的日变化特征,白天为碳吸收阶段, 12:30—13:30 CO2通量吸收出现峰值,而夜间为碳排放阶段,昼夜CO2通量变化幅度在-1.09~0.11mg/(m2·s)之间,生态系统整体表现出较强的碳汇特征;非生长季,昼夜CO2通量变化幅度在0~0.3mg/(m2·s)之间,生态系统整体表现为碳源。2)生长季光合有效辐射(PAR)与CO2通量呈对数相关(R2=0.4861),随PAR增强,生态系统碳汇能力增大,PAR是CO2通量的直接影响因子;非生长季CO2通量与PAR相关性不显著。3)在生长季,兴安落叶松林CO2通量与气温(ta)有很好的相关性,决定系数R2为0.6272,CO2通量随ta的升高而降低,ta是兴安落叶松林生态系统CO2通量的主要限制因子;非生长季的12月至次年2月份,气温的变化对CO2通量无显著作用。4)土壤温度(ts)和含水率(RH)对CO2通量的影响,主要体现在生态系统呼吸(Re)上,兴安落叶松林生态系统的土壤含水率在62%~87%之间,土壤含水率达到67%以上时,CO2通量基本上不受土壤水分大小的影响。在水分不成为CO2通量限制因子的情况下,土壤温度对兴安落叶松林生态系统CO2通量影响起主要作用,研究表明:土壤温度与CO2通量呈指数相关(生长季R2=0.2826,非生长季R2=0.2223);即在适当的温度范围内,土壤温度的升高会加速植物和微生物的代谢,从而增强森林生态系统的呼吸作用,促进CO2排放。      

Hydroxyl orientation in muscovite as indicated by electrostatic energy calculations

The electrostatic energy of the 2M(1) muscovite structure, KAl(2)(Si(3)Al)- O(10)(OH)(2), has been calculated as a function of the orientation of the hydroxyl group (O-H distance = 0.97 angstrom). The minimum in the electrostatic energy occurs when the OH bond makes an angle of 18 degrees with the cleavage plane and an angle of 31 degrees with the b-axis (in the a-b plane), which is 2.5 degrees away from the orientation of the transition moment as determined from infrared measurements on single crystals. If the K+ ion is excluded from the calculation, the O-H bond makes an angle of 53 degrees with the cleavage plane. This indicates the strong influence that the interlayer cation exerts on the hydroxyl hydrogen in mica structures.