核电厂冷源海生物探测预警及决策支撑系统研究

针对多个核电厂频发的由于海生物(海洋生物)入侵,导致取水口堵塞,影响核电厂冷源安全的问题,通过调研、分析事件发生的原因,以综合智能传感技术、计算机软件硬件技术、数字信号处理技术为基础,采用物联网技术、云计算以及大数据技术,通过水下声学探测和微光成像技术,实现对水域生物及异物远程实时监测,设计了探测预警及决策支撑系统。该系统对监测信息进行存储、分析和处理,并在电脑客户端和手机上实时显示,为工作人员可提供应急决策支撑。经过相应关键设备的研制和试验,结果表明,该系统能够整体提升核电站冷源安全可靠性,能够有效地预警海生物入侵,减少对电厂经济性和安全性的影响。     

Power plant cooling systems: policy alternatives

Policies and pressures emanating from the 1972 Amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act favor the installation of cooling towers, or closedcycle cooling systems, in power plants. An assessment of the relative risks of alternative cooling system designs indicates that, in general, adverse environmental effects associated with cooling towers are more certain, are of larger scale, and are more likely to be irreversible than impacts associated with once-through cooling systems and cooling reservoirs. Adverse environmental effects associated with once-through cooling and cooling reservoirs are largely amenable to mitigation in the context of resource management principles. These factors, together with the greater costs associated with cooling towers, indicate that wherever the feasibility is demonstrated and there is minimal risk to aquatic ecosystems, once-through cooling systems or cooling reservoirs should be preferred.     

中国学术期刊

The features of high-reliability power converters, that can help to meet the added power-system design requirements to improve the reliability of the power systems are discussed. The advantages of distributed power systems with multiple dc-dc converters on each card which can be used to generate the low voltages very close to the load are also discussed. Some     

Energy needs versus environmental pollution: a reconciliation?

In this article I have presented, for discussion, a proposed system for energy generation by which the principal sources of environmental pollution by power plants could be eliminated. For stationary power plants the concept appears feasible technically and, according to my " horseback estimates," perhaps economically as well, depending upon the economic value of the by-products of sulfur, CO(2), water, and possibly nitrogen, and upon the price we are willing to pay for a clean environment .Thus, a more thorough engineering and economic analysis to explore these and other factors in greater depth seems warranted. In the case of turbine-driven vehicles, the technical and economic feasibility of widespread distribution and handling of the fuel constitutes a serious question, but one which deserves equally serious consideration before the possibility is discounted. The reports of the cited study panels notwithstanding, the technology required for the proposed system exists today, with one exception. This exception (which is not essential for trial of the system but will be required for its complete fruition) is the development of a nuclear reactor for the prime purpose of delivering process heat for the steam reforming of natural gas and, ultimately, for gas production from coal in a continuous process, such as those discussed by Pieroni et al. (16). Today's intermittent processes of coking and gas production are both archaic and themselves large sources of atmospheric pollution, and a development program aimed at advancing the technology of the coal industry in this regard would seem long overdue. The report of the PSAC Environmental Pollution Panel recommended "demonstration of the feasibility and economy of new developments for abating or controlling pollution through their use at Federal installations" and suggested the coalburning TVA power plants as a likely place for such demonstration. This suggestion is doubly appropriate since the TVA is in a region of subnormal " atmospheric ventilation" (8). By design these plants are adjacent to the AEC's Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and such a location would seem ideal for an experiment on the wedding of nuclear and fossil sources of energy. In comments on a preliminary draft of this article, proponents of "conventional " nuclear power pointed out that such power is hard to beat on the basis of cost, and that dissipation of heat to the air by way of cooling towers can also be accomplished in conventional plants (17). These observations are individually correct but not compatible: the low power costs cited are for very large plants [of the order of 1000 mega-watts lectrical) and larger], and the costs of cooling towers and associated equipment needed to dissipate such large amounts of heat [of the order of 2000 megawatts (thermal)] to air from a closed cycle would offset the power cost advantage of the large plant. In regard to the proposed use of nuclear process heat, Weinberg (20) has expressed doubt that much advantage can be derived from this approach because the temperatures involved are too high for low-cost reactors, and heat transfer from surfaces could involve materials problems. In the case of gas production, this is indeed an anticipated problem-not a technologically insuperable one, but a problem of reducing the cost of the materials required (16). Indeed, Weinberg himself has mentioned this possible use of nuclear heat in a recent publication discussing the steam reforming of coal to liquid fuel(21). Also, an improved process for synthesizing methane from lignitec has recently been reported (22). Since the earlier studies date back a decade, a new look at the problems and costs involved relative to the benefits to be derived (not the least of which could be new vigor for the coal industry) would seem to be in order. In the case of steam reforming of natural gas, the temperature level (about 1500 degrees F) is such that the technology is available today, and a process-heat-reactor design study could be initiated without awaiting further developments.     

Cooling, heating, generating power, and recovering waste heat with thermoelectric systems

Thermoelectric materials are solid-state energy converters whose combination of thermal, electrical, and semiconducting properties allows them to be used to convert waste heat into electricity or electrical power directly into cooling and heating. These materials can be competitive with fluid-based systems, such as two-phase air-conditioning compressors or heat pumps, or used in smaller-scale applications such as in automobile seats, night-vision systems, and electrical-enclosure cooling. More widespread use of thermoelectrics requires not only improving the intrinsic energy-conversion efficiency of the materials but also implementing recent advancements in system architecture. These principles are illustrated with several proven and potential applications of thermoelectrics.     

The safety goals of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission

In August 1986, after 6 years of effort, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission adopted a Policy Statement on safety goals for nuclear power reactors. The commission's qualitative goals state that individual members of the public should be provided a level of protection from the consequences of nuclear power plant operation such that they bear no significant additional risk to life and health, and societal risks to life and health from nuclear power should be comparable to or less than the risks of generating electricity by viable competing technologies and should not be a significant addition to other societal risks. The commission's safety goal Policy Statement also includes quantitative design objectives.     

Radiation damage, at high temperatures

The successful development of nuclear power reactors that are economically competitive with other sources of energy has led us to believe that more economical reactors will be developed. But, in developing the next generation of reactors, a new set of problems must be overcome. One of the most important of these is that of the embrittlement of the structural materials at high temperatures as a result of the intense neutron fields in these advanced systems. The radiation-induced embrittlement at high temperatures is probably associated with helium produced in the materials due to (n,alpha) reactions with the metal, and in some alloys radiation-induced precipitation of compounds within the alloy may also play a role. We believe that the most serious longterm problem is the generation of helium. Our current understanding of the mechanism by which this radiation damage is produced has allowed us to effect some improvement in the behavior of conventionally produced structural alloys, through minor modifications of the normal working and annealing processes used in their manufacture. However, we may find that new alloys will have to be developed to withstand the service conditions in future nuclear power reactors.     

单缸柴油机功率油耗测试仪设计

研究开发适用于单缸柴油机的机械摩擦式功率油耗测试仪,并阐述该仪器的工作原理和功能,热计算和试验证明必须设计好可靠的冷却系统,以保证连续的测试要求．     

输气管道阴极保护的理想电源——TEG

ＴＥＧ即热电发生器，以天然气为燃料，可满足边远无电地区输气管道阴极保护直流用电需要。ＴＥＧ供电范围在３０￣３０００Ｗ，特点是安全可靠，无需人员管理，是一种可与太阳能电池相竞争的新型电源，目前已在世界广为应用。     

新型熟食品真空冷却装置研究

[目的]综合分析熟食品真空冷却的特点,提出一种适用于熟食品真空冷却的动力配置方案。[方法]分析了果蔬和熟食品对真空冷却设备的不同配置要求,结合目前应用现状,着重分析已有真空冷却装置的优缺点以及各真空泵的工作特性。[结果]机械油封泵与捕水器的组合形式适用于处理果蔬和小批量的熟食品;水环-大气喷射装置适用于熟食品,但只能将其降到常温,且机组的工况变动大;水环-罗茨泵装置工况稳定,但只能将其降到常温。[结论]采用水环泵、罗茨泵和制冷机组组成动力配置方案适用于熟食品的真空冷却。     

Nuclear power after Chernobyl

The causes and progress of the accident at Chernobyl are described, and a comparison between the Chernobyl accident and the 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear power station is made. Significant similarities between Chernobyl and Three Mile Island include complacency of operators and industry, deliberate negation of safety systems, and a lack of understanding of their plant on the part of the operators, which shows the critical importance of the human element. The Chernobyl accident has implications for nuclear power in the United States; it will affect the research program of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, regulation of Department of Energy reactors, new reactor designs, and public attitudes.     

水平管道中冰浆流动的三层模型

本文建立了冰浆在水平管道中流动的三层唯象工酶的表型上有可以求解冰浆流动时管道断面的冰晶粒子浓度分布和流动时的压降。为实际工程应用提供了计算依据，文中还给出了一个计算实例。     

水平管道中冰浆流动的三层模型

本文建立了冰浆在水平管道中流动的三层唯象工酶的表型上有可以求解冰浆流动时管道断面的冰晶粒子浓度分布和流动时的压降。为实际工程应用提供了计算依据，文中还给出了一个计算实例。     

Microwave-induced cooling of a superconducting qubit

We demonstrated microwave-induced cooling in a superconducting flux qubit. The thermal population in the first-excited state of the qubit is driven to a higher-excited state by way of a sideband transition. Subsequent relaxation into the ground state results in cooling. Effective temperatures as low as approximately 3 millikelvin are achieved for bath temperatures of 30 to 400 millikelvin, a cooling factor between 10 and 100. This demonstration provides an analog to optical cooling of trapped ions and atoms and is generalizable to other solid-state quantum systems. Active cooling of qubits, applied to quantum information science, provides a means for qubit-state preparation with improved fidelity and for suppressing decoherence in multi-qubit systems.     

配有感应加热器的双半桥共振型串连整流器分析与设计

为了除去因相邻的下属操作周波数的差而引起的杂音,提示了具有单一逆流的诱导加热器的新Dualhalf-bridge共振型串连整流器(DHB-SRI)。该回路可以用一个整流器在整个下属的诱导加热器电力范围内的两个部下单独控制。为缩小损失,得到高周波开关的能力,拥有零电压开关特性。为评价需要的冷却能力,诱导了主要发生损失的配件的公式。又提示了共振配件的设计过程。为了确认已提出的回路操作,制作和实验了消耗2.8kW的各诱导加热元件试制型DHB-SRI。     

Cretaceous extinctions: evidence for wildfires and search for meteoritic material

Clay samples from three Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary sites contain 0.36 to 0.58 percent graphitic carbon, mainly as fluffy aggregates of 0.1 to 0.5 micrometers-apparently a worldwide layer of soot. It may have been produced by wildfires triggered by a giant meteorite. This carbon, corresponding to a global abundance of 0.021 +/- 0.006 gram per square centimeter, could have greatly enhanced the darkening and cooling of the earth by rock dust, which has been suggested as a cause of the extinctions. The surprisingly large amount of soot (10 percent of the present biomass of the earth) implies either that much of the earth's vegetation burned down or that substantial amounts of fossil fuels were ignited also. The particle-size distribution of the soot is similar to that assumed for the smoke cloud of "nuclear winter," but the global distribution is more uniform and the amounts are much greater, suggesting that soot production by large wildfires is about 10 times more efficient that has been assumed for a nuclear winter. Thus cooling would be more pervasive and lasting. No trace of meteoritic noble gases and no meteoritic spinel were found in these carbon fractions. Accordingly, limits can be set on the mass fraction of the meteorite that escaped degassing (相似文献   

冷却模拟技术在注射模设计中的应用

阐述了注射模冷却模拟技术的基本原理，利用模拟软件给出了冷却时间、模具型腔与型芯的温差、冷却液的流量、雷诺数(Re)分布及温升和模壁的温度及热流等设计参数，通过实例说明了冷却模拟技术在注射模设计中的作用和意义．     

The nuclear debate: clashes in congress and california

Federal and state governments may be headed toward a collision over a key aspect in the development of nuclear power. Antinuclear groups in California are pressing for a law that would ban nuclear power plants unless Congress removes the present legal limitations on the damages payable in the event of a nuclear accident. But Congress, far from repealing the limitation (mandated by the Price-Anderson nuclear insurance law), recently voted to extend it. The skirmish on Capitol Hill over the Price-Anderson law is analyzed in the first of the following articles; the events that have made the California proposition possible are discussed in the second.     

转发模块在电力调度远动系统中的应用

叙述了在电网监控及远动系统中转发模块的设计，介绍了转发模块的作用及硬件和软件的构成，以及如何实现传送电网数据和各种控制命令。     

Earthquakes, faults, and nuclear power plants in southern new york and northern new jersey

Seismic activity in the greater New York City area is concentrated along several northeast-trending faults of which the Ramapo fault appears to be the most active. Three nuclear power plants at Indian Point, New York, are situated close to the Ramapo fault. For a reactor site in use for 40 years, the probability that the site will experience an intensity equal to or in excess of the design (safe shutdown) earthquake is estimated to be about 5 to 11 percent.