Hierarchical systematic conservation planning at the national level: Identifying national biodiversity hotspots using abiotic factors in Russia

National conservation planning should operate with measures of biodiversity similar to those applied globally in order to harmonize national and international conservation strategies. Here we suggest quantitative measures which enable two criteria of the global biodiversity hotspots to be applied on a national level for 74 large countries, and show how these measures can be applied to map national biodiversity hotspots. The plant endemism criteria of global hotspots are captured by quantitative measures of endemism, which are approximately scale-independent and can be corrected to account for a country’s environmental conditions and conservation priorities. The flexible land use criteria for national biodiversity hotspots are defined from percentage of natural vegetation remaining in the global hotspots. The minimum-area-required approach is applied to define the borders of national biodiversity hotspots using data on vascular plants species richness. We show how national biodiversity hotspots can be mapped from the species-energy relationship for vascular plants using climate, topographical and land use data when spatial pattern of species richness is not known. This methodology to map national biodiversity hotspots from abiotic factors is applied to Russia as a case study. Three Russian biodiversity hotspots, North Caucasus, South Siberia and Far East were identified. The resulting hotspot maps cover national-scale environmental gradients across Russia and although they are also identified by Russian experts their actual geographical locations were hitherto unspecified. The large-scale national hotspots, identified for Russia, can be used for further fine scale and more detailed conservation planning.     

Invertebrate diversity and national responsibility for species conservation across Europe - A multi-taxon approach

Invertebrates play important roles in ecosystem functioning, but with the decline in biodiversity worldwide, it has become increasingly evident that our knowledge of invertebrate diversity distributions and of how to adequately integrate many invertebrates into conservation strategies is insufficient. We analyzed congruence between patterns of total as well as of endemic species richness of twelve invertebrate taxa across Europe and compared these patterns to those of so far predominantly studied vertebrates and plants. Coarse-scale centers of high collective diversity were identified, all in southern European regions. However, the strength of covariation between diversity patterns strongly depended on the respective taxa, with ground beetles emerging as one of the invertebrate taxa significantly reflecting endemism and total species richness distributions of many invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. Plants and ants showed similarly strong cross-taxon correlations. In contrast, correlations of vertebrates with invertebrates were in part less strong, questioning whether conservation strategies based on the former adequately account for diversity of invertebrates as a whole. Moreover, as the potential impact of environmental factors on diversity distributions varies among taxa, future climate change might affect relationships between richness patterns of different taxa. Our findings draw attention to the necessity of incorporating invertebrates, represented for instance by the highly diverse ground beetles, into national and international conservation decisions. They also highlight the importance of individual countries in maintaining European biodiversity and the responsibility of these countries for specific invertebrate taxa within international conservation frameworks, emphasizing the need for adequate consideration of invertebrates in the implementation of conservation actions.     

The transition from arable lands to rubber tree plantations in northern Thailand impacts weed assemblages and soil physical properties

In South‐East Asia, rapid land use changes in recent decades have raised concerns for biodiversity and soil conservation. Weeds provide many ecosystemic services for soil protection and support biodiversity, and could mitigate the negative effects of intensification. We investigated the changes in weed assemblages and weed–soil interactions on a chronosequence from annual crops to mature rubber tree plantations. We sampled five fields for each of four land uses in mountainous northern Thailand (rainfed upland rice, maize, young rubber tree (RT ) intercropped with maize, and mature RT ). We characterized weed assemblages (abundance, richness) and soil properties (bulk density, water, carbon and nitrogen content). Rice had the most diverse and abundant weed assemblages. Weed assemblages differed between (i) rice, (ii) maize and young RT with maize and (iii) mature RT . Soil water content was the highest in mature RT . Other soil properties varied strongly within and among fields, and did not vary significantly among land uses. Water and nitrogen content increased overall with living soil cover but decreased with weed species richness in mature RT . Such interactions could provide a basis for sustainable weeding practices favourable to soil and biodiversity conservation.     

2000-2015年黄土高原生态系统水源涵养、土壤保持和NPP服务的时空分布与权衡/协同关系

生态系统服务评估决定区域可持续发展,对人类福祉至关重要。以黄土高原为研究区域,基于CASA、InVEST和RUSLE模型,结合土地利用类型、归一化植被指数、气象等数据,分析了2000年、2005年、2010年和2015年的NPP、土壤保持和水源涵养3项关键生态系统服务的时空分布特征,识别了3种生态系统服务的热点区,并基于相关系数法分析了黄土高原地区和不同气候区(干旱气候区、半干旱气候区、高原气候区、半湿润气候区)不同生态系统服务间的权衡/协同关系。结果表明:(1)2000—2015年,黄土高原地区的土地利用类型变化剧烈,其中林地(2.8%)和建设用地(43.1%)显著增加,耕地(-2.7%)明显减少;(2)2000—2015年,净初级生产力(NPP)、产水量和土壤保持均呈现增长趋势,分别增加14.1%,5.3%和101.3%;(3)黄土高原的4类热点区(非热点区、一类热点区、二类热点区、三类热点区)所占面积变化不显著,分布具有明显的地带性,从西北到东南依次为非热点区、一类热点区、二类热点区和三类热点区;(4)在整个黄土高原地区,土壤保持与NPP、水源涵养之间为协同关系,NPP与水源涵养为权衡关系;在4个气候区,NPP与土壤保持之间的权衡/协同关系与黄土高原地区一致,但土壤保持和水源涵养在半干旱气候区和半湿润气候区呈权衡关系,NPP与水源涵养在高原气候区和半湿润气候区为协同关系。为促进区域生态系统可持续管理,应在土地规划过程中考虑生态系统服务之间的相互关系,尽可能减少权衡,增加协同。     

Spatial patterns of grasses influence soil macrofauna biodiversity in Amazonian pastures

Grasslands are often characterized by small-scale spatial heterogeneity due to the juxtaposition of grass tufts and bare ground. Although the mechanisms generating plant spatial patterns have been widely studied, few studies concentrated on the consequences of these patterns on belowground macrofauna. Our objective was to analyze the impact of grass tuft (Brachiaria bryzantha cv. marandu) spatial distribution on soil macrofauna diversity in Amazonian pastures, at a small scale (less than 9 m²). Soil macrofauna was sampled among B. bryzantha tufts, which showed a variable spatial distribution ranging from dense to loose vegetation cover. The vegetation configuration explained 69% of the variation in total soil macrofauna density and 68% of the variation in total species richness. Soil macrofauna was mainly found in the upper 10 cm of soil and biodiversity decreased with increasing distances to the nearest grass tuft and increased with increasing vegetation cover. The size of the largest grass tuft and the micro-landscape connectivity also had a significant effect on biodiversity. The density and species richness of the three principal soil ecological engineers (earthworms, ants and termites) showed the best correlations with vegetation configuration. In addition, soil temperature significantly decreased near the plants, while soil water content was not influenced by the grass tufts. We conclude that soil macrofauna diversity is low in pastures except close to the grass tufts, which can thus be considered as biodiversity hotspots. The spatial arrangement of B. bryzantha tussocks influences soil macrofauna biodiversity by modifying soil properties in their vicinity. The possible mechanisms by which these plants could affect soil macrofauna are discussed.     

山东沿海生态系统服务协同与权衡的空间格局及驱动力

提升区域生态保护效能,可为区域生态治理科学决策提供政策依据,以山东省沿海地区为研究区,使用InVEST模型和CASA模型测度产水服务、土壤保持、植被固碳和生物多样性的时空演变,借助差异比较法探究生态系统服务协同权衡的时空分异机制,进一步利用多尺度地理加权回归(MGWR)剖析了自然因素和人类活动因素对协同权衡的影响。结果表明：(1) 2018年研究区产水服务、生物多样性的均值为605.27 mm/a, 0.28,2010—2018年总量递增速率分别为0.21 mm/a, 0.23;土壤保持、植被固碳的均值为0.000 73 t/(hm²·a),537.56 gC/(m²·a),2010—2018年总量递减速率分别为0.62 t/(hm²·a),2.1 gC/(m²·a)。(2) 2010—2018年,生态系统服务的协同权衡具有显著的空间异质性,产水服务分别与土壤保持、生物多样性表现为强权衡弱协同;植被固碳分别与产水服务、土壤保持、生物多样性表现为强协同弱权衡。(3)产水服务、土壤保持、植被固碳三者存在...     

米亚罗林区冬季大型土壤动物的空间分布特征

土壤动物是陆地生态系统的组成部分,对多种地下生态过程具有重要的作用[1-2]。近些年,对土壤动物多样性及其功能的研究已成为生态学领域的一个新兴前沿[3-4]。土壤动物群落组成对植被变化有明显的依赖性,不同植被类型有着与其相适应的土壤动物群落[5-7]。但植被类型的变化常与海拔     

Positive relationship between herbaceous layer diversity and the performance of soil biota in a temperate forest

The current decline in biodiversity is particularly pronounced in the herbaceous layer of forest ecosystems. We explored the relationship between a naturally occurring plant diversity gradient in the understory vegetation of a deciduous forest and several above-and belowground ecosystem processes. We show that particularly soil microbial parameters and microarthropod densities are positively correlated with plant species richness. These results confirm recent findings in grassland ecosystems and highlight the intimate interconnectance between the diversity and functioning of above-and belowground compartments. We conclude that irrespective of a potential causal relationship between plant species richness and belowground processes, it is essential to consider the performance of soil biota in order to understand the relationship between herbaceous layer composition and ecosystem function.     

重庆市三峡库区水源涵养重要功能区生态系统服务功能时空演变特征

[目的]揭示重庆市三峡库区水源涵养重要功能区2000—2010年生态系统服务功能的时空演变特征,为其生态环境的可持续性管理提供依据。[方法]在RS和GIS技术支撑下,选择生物多样性维持、土壤保持、水源涵养和碳固定4项生态系统服务功能建立评估模型。[结果](1)10a间,研究区生态系统服务功能高等级面积增加了386.14km2;(2)各单项服务功能中,水源涵养功能高等级面积增加了4 016.4km2,土壤保持功能高、较高和中等级面积分别增加了516.2km2,2 825.9km2和2 493.8km2;(3)空间分布显示,生态系统服务功能较好的区域主要集中于开县北部、巫山县北部,奉节县南部以及长江干流支流两岸和区内植被覆盖较好的山脊(呈带状分布);生态系统服务功能较差的区域主要分布于长寿、垫江、梁平地势较平缓地区和开县、云阳、奉节、巫山地势陡峭、地质灾害多发地区。[结论]研究区内生物多样性维持功能、水源涵养功能10a间总体呈上升趋势,土壤保持功能、固碳功能总体较差,但两者呈上升趋势,好转区域主要集中于季节性水位淹没形成新生湿地的长江干流沿岸。     

基于生态系统服务和PSO-SOFM神经网络的中亚水土热资源匹配分区

水土热资源匹配度分区研究对于区域农业规划具有重要意义。中亚地区长期以来缺乏合理的水土热资源管理,已引发了一系列资源环境问题,严重威胁该地区农业生产。目前的研究也较少关注中亚水土热资源匹配分区模式。本研究利用遥感数据,通过量化4种主要生态系统服务(植被固碳、土壤保持、水源供给与涵养及生物多样性保护)的时空分布特征,结合PSO-SOFM(particleswarm optimization,PSO;self-organizing featuremap,SOFM)神经网络模型实现中亚水土热资源匹配度分区,并利用Spearman秩相关分析探索不同匹配度分区与生态环境因子的关系,应用偏相关分析确定气温和降水量对中亚地区生态系统服务的影响。结果表明,中亚生态系统服务总体呈东南高、西北低的空间格局,沿山地—绿洲—荒漠方向递减。在2000—2015年间,各类生态系统服务均有不同程度变化,其中植被固碳和土壤保持呈显著下降的面积占整个中亚的84.81%和84.82%;水源供给与涵养以及生物多样性保护服务呈显著下降的面积较少,占比分别为69.48%和19.8%,且这两种生态系统服务在个别地区有增加趋势。PSO-SOFM神经网络模型在中亚水土热资源匹配度分区中表现良好,根据生态系统服务值空间模式,中亚水土热资源匹配度可被划为5大类21个子类分区。在空间尺度,各类匹配度分区之间生态系统服务值有显著差异,降水是影响生态系统服务和匹配度高低的重要限制因子,而气温和土壤因素影响较弱;在时间尺度,降水和各生态系统服务值间呈显著正相关关系的范围更广,而气温对生态系统服务值有显著影响的区域主要集中在哈萨克斯坦北部草地—半荒漠生态敏感区、中亚荒漠生态脆弱区、中亚中部半荒漠生态敏感区以及巴特赫兹—卡拉比尔半荒漠生态敏感区等地。而在其他区域,气温和降水量并非决定生态系统服务值高低的主要因素,生态系统服务值的变化可能与土地开发利用模式有关。结合不同匹配度分区的生态地理条件,本研究可为中亚地区水土资源开发利用、农牧业发展以及生态环境保护提供有用信息。     

Grazing promotes dung beetle diversity in the xeric landscape of a Mexican Biosphere Reserve

We analyze the impact of grazing on dung beetle diversity at the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve, a xeric ecosystem in central Mexico with a long history of use by humans. We compared the community structure, as well as the alpha and beta diversity between two cover conditions (open and closed vegetation) that represent the impact of grazing within a habitat, and between habitat types (submountainous and crassicaule scrublands). From 576 samples we collected 75,605 dung beetles belonging to 20 taxa. While mean species richness and diversity were different between habitat types, cumulative species richness was not. The effects of grazing on vegetation structure influenced the cumulative species richness and diversity of dung beetles in the submountainous scrubland, where grazing has created land mosaics of a grassland matrix with scrubland patches. This was not the case in the crassicaule scrubland where the impact of grazing is not as evident. Beta diversity significantly responds to the effects of grazing on habitat conditions. We discuss the ecological factors that may promote these responses by landscape diversity components. We also identify the species that could act as useful indicators to monitor the effect of land management on biodiversity. Our results indicate cattle farming maintains a diversified land mosaic, and these areas support more diverse dung beetle ensembles than homogeneous areas of closed, shrubby vegetation cover. Thus, controlled grazing activity could certainly favour the conservation of dung beetle biodiversity and improve ecosystem functioning by maintaining dung decomposition rates.     

基于分布式测算方法的福建省森林生态系统服务功能评估

森林生态系统服务功能评估是国内外研究热点之一,评估指标体系和评估方法目前仍然处于不统一阶段.利用分布式测算方法,基于福建省2007年森林资源2类调查数据,根据中华人民共和国林业行业标准LY/T 1721-2008《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,对福建省9个地市的主要植被类型生态系统服务功能进行评估.结果表明:1)2007年,福建省森林生态系统服务功能总价值为7012.73亿元,其价值量由大到小的顺序为涵养水源、生物多样性保护、固碳制氧、净化大气环境、保育土壤、森林游憩、积累营养物质、森林防护,其中涵养水源、生物多样性保护和固碳制氧价值合计占总价值的81.55％;2)福建省各市森林生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为南平市、三明市、龙岩市、宁德市、漳州市、福州市、泉州市、莆田市、厦门市;3)不同林分类型生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为马尾松、阔叶林、杉木、竹林、经济林、灌木林、桉树、木麻黄:4)不同龄组提供的生态系统服务功能价值量由大到小的顺序为中龄林、成过熟林、幼龄林、近熟林.     

Effects of habitat degradation on the abundance, richness and diversity of raptors across Neotropical biomes

Population growth and human development result in biodiversity loss and biological homogenization not only in developed countries, but increasingly in the less developed countries as well. In those countries, where urbanization and agricultural intensification occur at a faster rate than in developed countries, habitat degradation appears to be the leading cause of wildlife loss. During the breeding seasons of 2002–2005 we conducted road surveys across five biomes of Argentina to detect variations in raptor community attributes as potential indicators of broad scale habitat degradation. Abundance of individuals, richness and diversity of species were calculated to assess the effects of habitat transformation and patch size on these community attributes. Raptor communities strongly varied in relation to habitat transformations, with lower abundance of individuals, richness and diversity of species in more transformed landscapes. Small patches of natural vegetation and locations in which natural and cultivated lands where interspersed showed lower richness and diversity of raptors than large patches. Fragmentation was the main cause of reductions in abundance of individuals. Although the relative contribution of our two estimates of habitat degradation to abundance, richness and diversity of raptors varied among biomes, these community attributes proved useful as predictors of habitat degradation. This was especially true in habitats where raptor communities are more complex although overall patterns remained constant across biomes, from forests to deserts. Taking into account current trends of habitat transformation (drastic increments in monocultures, urban areas, and habitat patchiness), the conservation of raptor communities in these biomes could be seriously compromised. In terms of species-specific responses of raptors to habitat degradation, a rapid process of homogenization can be expected, resulting in only a few winner species within a general scenario of losers.     

Spatial α-diversity patterns of diverse insect taxa in Northern China: Lessons for biodiversity conservation

Current approaches in terrestrial biodiversity conservation focus predominantly on plants and vertebrates. While these groups account for less than 4% of the estimated global species richness, it is commonly argued that especially the species richness in higher plants is a suitable indicator of overall biodiversity. We tested this assumption, investigating species richness and equitability patterns in three highly species-rich insect families and their links with the vegetation and other environmental factors. Vegetation surveys were combined with pitfall and light trapping to establish the α-diversity of ground beetles, geometrid moths and arctiid moths on 48 plots at varying altitudes between Beijing and the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Soil pH and nutrient status were also recorded. The α-diversity patterns in the three insect families were non-congruent, and links with phytodiversity were weak. The spatial α-diversity patterns in each of the three insect families were significantly correlated with the species density of individual plant families. These links varied between the three insect taxa and were mostly negative in moths. Furthermore, geometrid moth diversity decreased with increasing elevation and decreasing soil pH. Strongly diverging α-diversity patterns across different insect taxa illustrate that it is impossible to find a simple surrogate representing cross-taxon diversity for these highly diverse groups. Furthermore, phytodiversity and vegetation composition appear to play a limited role in governing insect diversity patterns. These results underline the significant risk that current plant-focused approaches in terrestrial biodiversity conservation are inadequate in addressing the conservation needs of the vast majority of species on earth.     

Lizards and landscapes: integrating field surveys and interviews to assess the impact of human disturbance on lizard assemblages and selected reptiles in a savanna in South Africa

Habitat degradation through over-grazing and wood collection is especially prevalent in developing countries such as South Africa. As human populations expand and the demand for land increases, the traditional idiom of setting aside protected areas for conservation is insufficient and assessment and protection of diversity outside these areas is needed. We assessed the impact of land use on lizard assemblages in communal rangelands in South Africa by comparing abundance, species richness and species diversity between degraded communal lands with a protected area. We first quantified vegetation differences between the study areas and found marked differences. Communal lands had significantly fewer large trees and less ground cover. Contrary to prediction, we found no evidence that any species of lizard was negatively affected by habitat disturbance. Some species were more common in communal lands, and species richness and diversity were also higher using certain sampling techniques. Terrestrial diversity was likely enhanced due to the preference of many terrestrial lizards for open, sparsely grassed areas. We discuss other reasons for increased diversity such as the intermediate disturbance hypothesis and/or reduced numbers of predators and competitors. We also conducted surveys of households and traditional healers to investigate the relationship between human uses of reptiles and abundance. The predominant users of reptiles were traditional healers. The most commonly used species were not encountered in our field surveys, and respondents indicated that they appeared to be declining. Our results emphasise the importance of integrating local knowledge into biodiversity assessment and conservation planning. Although we did not identify a negative impact of disturbance on lizard communities, community structure was different and this likely influenced ecosystem integrity and function in some way.     

长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益动态变化

基于2000年底和2015年底,长白山森工集团森林资源二类调查数据和森林生态站长期监测数据,利用森林生态系统服务全指标体系,连续观测与清查(简称森林生态连清)体系,采用分布式测算方法,对研究区天然林生态系统,从涵养水源、保育土壤、固碳释氧、林木积累营养物质、净化大气环境和生物多样性保护等6项服务进行评估,量化并揭示长白山森工集团天保工程生态效益的动态变化.结果表明:在天保工程实施后,天然林各项生态系统服务物质量和价值量均呈现增加趋势,物质量增加量分别为涵养水源7.78亿t/a、保育土壤2 255.32万t/a、固碳释氧量191.87万t/a、林木积累营养物质6.35万t/a、释放负离子0.22×10”个/a、吸收污染物量2 879.16万kg/a、吸滞PM10总物质量122.43万kg/a、吸滞PM2.5总物质量18.38万kg/a;价值量增加381.75亿元/a,6项服务的价值量贡献顺序依次为生物多样性保护＞涵养水源＞保育土壤＞净化大气环境＞固碳释氧＞林木积累营养物质,其中,生物多样性保护和涵养水源为研究区天然林生态系统服务的主导功能.天保工程实施后,保育土壤功能的生态系统服务价值量增加量最大,占总增加量的27％,涵养水源次之,对该区天然林生态效益影响最大.该研究为天保工程的后续开展提供借鉴和参考,为天然林的经营管理提供科学依据和指导.     

Conservation implications of recent advances in biodiversity–functioning research

Studies have shown that increasing diversity has a positive influence on many ecosystem functions and services, for example, biomass productivity. However, most diversity–functioning studies have derived their conclusions (1) from considering only random species assemblages, (2) from small spatial scales – often micro- and mesocosm experiments, (3) from studying merely a single trophic level, and (4) studies from a small number of biomes dominate. Critics argue that these studies provide little basis to evaluate the consequences for biodiversity loss in the real world. Here we re-consider the latest research focusing on each limitation in turn to highlight the possible lessons for real-world conservation from recent biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) research. Tentative general lessons from recent research include: (1) the need to urgently forestall human-induced extinction (i.e., non-random extinction) over large areas, in order to avert large negative functional consequences which may be more pronounced at larger scales and (2) preserve relatively intact communities because biotic interactions across the multi-trophic levels may have a synergistic contribution to the overall functioning of a system. However, considering the complexity of the community dynamics of natural systems, we recommend using natural systems – and understanding the basic physiological features and ecological roles of the species within them – because they implicitly include realistic extinction process, trophic structures and spatial–temporal scales as a useful way of increasing the relevance of future BEF studies to conservation.     

黄土高原小流域植被恢复的土壤水分和养分权衡效应研究

  目的  明确黄土高原植被恢复影响下土壤水源涵养和养分积累的权衡和协同关系。  方法  基于野外采样和实验分析,应用多元统计方法研究了典型黄土高原小流域土壤水分和养分对不同植被恢复方式的响应。  结果  （1）不同类型人工植被恢复均会引起土壤水分含量降低,尤其是乔、灌植被深层土壤水分消耗较为严重;（2）植被恢复后土壤养分含量总体增加,其中乔、灌植被的土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾积累较草地更显著,然而不同植被类型下的土壤速效磷积累相对较低且无显著差异,并且所有人工恢复植被均引起土壤全磷和有效氮的降低,而土壤有机碳和全氮积累随植被恢复年限呈显著增加趋势。（3）综合考虑土壤水分亏缺和土壤养分积累时,乔、灌植被存在相对高水分亏缺和相对高养分积累的特征,相比而言草地土壤水分和养分的权衡更具可持续性。  结论  考虑到半干旱黄土区土壤水分和养分的权衡,合理的植被配置和对人工乔、灌植被的必要管理应该受到重视。     

Magnitude of Species Diversity Effect on Aboveground Plant Biomass Increases Through Successional Time of Abandoned Farmlands on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau of China

Recent empirical and theoretical studies have shown that magnitude and direction of biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning can shifts over time. Here, we used species richness and plant abundance (total individual plant stem density) as proxies for species diversity and aboveground biomass for productivity. We used an analytical approach combining both chronosequence and 6 year of vegetation monitoring in a subalpine ecosystem as a model system to assess temporal species richness–abundance–aboveground biomass relationships at different successional stages and spatial scales. We observed that both species richness and plant aboveground biomass increased rapidly early in succession after land abandonment, then after 10 years of abandonment reached a steady state. We found that the relationship between species richness and plant abundance with aboveground biomass was strengthening over successional time. In all successional stages, species richness had stronger positive effects as compared with plant abundance on plant aboveground biomass. Species richness was linearly correlated with aboveground biomass, whereas plant abundance showed a humped‐back relationship with aboveground biomass across all successional stages. Our results showed an increase in the effect of plant diversity over time, and a combination of both plant species richness and abundance is correlated with plant productivity throughout successional time, knowledge that maybe important to managing ecological restoration and conservation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

美国市民农园生态植被景观营建及其启示

美国市民农园是一个值得借鉴的兼具生产、生态和生活等多功能的植被景观模式,本研究针对市民农园的生态服务功能,依据市民农园结构模式及经营群体的不同,随机选取了洛杉矶市14个市民农园,采用样地调查、半结构式访谈等方法,基于植被物种功能组合和乡土植物组成,定量化研究了城市植被物种多样性及其分布格局对种植者族裔背景及营建模式等影响因素的响应,进而评析对我国城市绿地建设和休闲农业的启示。本研究共计调查到439种植物,分属90科,242属,分析结果显示:市民农园是城市生态系统中重要的物种库,能维护较为丰富的乡土植物资源;其植物功能以食用植物为主,观赏植物、药用植物次之,这在保护族裔传统文化、区域乡土文化具有重要价值;其植被景观结构和功能受到族裔背景及营建模式等不同程度影响。研究证明,市民农园作为生态多样性和文化多样性的交汇景观,是实现城镇绿色基础建设和休闲农业发展的重要营建模式。以此为经验,我国在进行绿地规划和生态植被建设时要考虑不同利益相关者,尤其是关注外来者的生活习俗和选择偏好;同时也要注意监测外来物种,以防造成物种入侵,这对于建设文化强国背景下开展城镇生态植被建设和发展休闲农业具有启示意义。