华北一季作区马铃薯病虫害种类、分布与为害

2009-2010年通过田间5点取样对华北一季作区马铃薯病虫害进行普查。结果查得病害有花叶病毒病C表现为花叶症的所有病毒病）、卷叶病毒病、紫顶萎蔫病、早疫病、晚疫病、黑痣病、炭疽病、叶枯病、枯萎病、环腐病、黑胫病、疮痂病共计12种。查得害虫10种：金针虫、蛴螬、地老虎、蚜虫、二十八星瓢虫、芫菁、双斑萤叶甲、草地螟、牧草盲蝽、马铃薯跳甲。明确了上述病虫的分布和为害程度,许多病虫是该地区目前严重威胁生产的问题。     

陇中干旱半干旱区不同马铃薯品种重茬抗病性和产量试验

针对陇中干旱半干旱区大面积种植马铃薯导致的重茬病害严重问题,试验研究了不同马铃薯品种在重茬地中的抗病性和产量表现。通过对各参试马铃薯品种早疫病、晚疫病、黑痣病及薯块腐烂病害抗性研究与产量、单株结薯数及商品率的综合分析,筛选出抗病性强、易贮藏、产量高、商品率好的‘陇薯7号’和‘陇薯6号’2个品种,适宜在干旱半干旱区重茬地推广种植。     

定西市部分主栽马铃薯品种块茎晚疫病发病情况调查

2012年在马铃薯收获期间,对定西师范高等专科学校马铃薯试验田5个定西市主栽马铃薯品种‘费乌瑞它’、‘早大白’、‘新大坪’、‘陇薯3号’和‘克新1号’块茎晚疫病发病情况进行了调查。结果表明:5个品种中晚疫病发病率均较高,且不同品种存在明显差异,由高到低依次为‘费乌瑞它’(52.54%)、‘早大白’(47.49%)、‘新大坪’(46.21%)、‘克新1号’(23.42%)、‘陇薯3号’(16.03%)。说明‘陇薯3号’对晚疫病的抗性最好,其次为‘克新1号’,‘费乌瑞它’的抗性最差,‘新大坪’和‘早大白’对晚疫病的抗性较低。除晚疫病之外,在不同品种中还发现了粉痂病、黑痣病和疮痂病,具体为:‘费乌瑞它’中疮痂病的发生频率为10.59%;‘新大坪’中粉痂病的发生频率为4.12%;‘早大白’中黑痣病的发生频率为8.94%;‘克新1号’中粉痂病、黑痣病和疮痂病的发生频率分别为1.27%、3.80%和3.80%;‘陇薯3号’中粉痂病和疮痂病的发生频率分别为1.91%和2.67%。     

马铃薯品种对早疫病、晚疫病和疮痂病的田间抗性评价

早疫病、晚疫病和疮痂病是3种重要的马铃薯病害.为指导科学开展品种选育推广和促进农药减量控害,在陕西省榆林市进行了不同品种马铃薯对早疫病、晚疫病和疮痂病的田间抗病性评价研究.早疫病和晚疫病抗性试验以'紫花白'为对照,疮痂病抗性试验以'冀张薯12号'为对照,调查各病害的田间发病率和病情指数,进行抗性鉴定.结果表明,供试品种...     

陇中温寒半湿润区马铃薯高产抗黑痣病品种的引进筛选

为筛选出在甘肃陇中温寒半湿润区适宜种植的高产抗黑痣病马铃薯优良品种,对引进的19个马铃薯品种(系)进行了产量和抗黑痣病比较试验。结果表明,‘陇薯7号’、‘庄薯3号’、‘青薯9号’、‘心里美’、‘丽薯6号’、‘丽薯7号’和‘陇薯8号’7个品种的马铃薯产量高,产量在37 500~62 100 kg/hm2之间;黑痣病病薯率在0~10.64%之间、病情指数在0~3.83之间,是适宜在陇中温寒半湿润区种植的马铃薯品种。     

新疆维吾尔自治区北疆地区马铃薯真菌病害发生情况分析

为明确新疆维吾尔自治区北疆马铃薯主产区真菌病害的种类及其发生特点,2014~2017年对马铃薯主产区真菌病害发生及流行情况进行调查,为开展关键有效的病害防治措施提供科学理论参考。调查表明,北疆有9种马铃薯真菌性病害,主要有早疫病、晚疫病、黑痣病、干腐病。病害的发生时间与严重程度取决于当地气候条件、品种特性和播期;主要病害因不同地区、年份、品种、栽培模式发生情况有差异;马铃薯黑痣病、黄萎病等土传病害日益严重,需引起足够重视。     

昌黎县两膜种植马铃薯品种比较试验

为了促进河北省二季作区优势产区秦皇岛市昌黎县马铃薯两膜种植高效发展,于2020和2021年在昌黎县进行了两膜种植下马铃薯品种比较试验。以当地主栽品种‘中薯5号’为对照,对9个马铃薯品种的物候期、块茎性状、主要生物学性状以及经济性状进行综合评价。结果表明,‘希森6号’为适宜昌黎县两膜覆盖种植的马铃薯品种,其生育期符合当地栽培周期,薯块性状、生长情况及产量等综合性状表现较好,较抗早疫病和疮痂病,产量优于对照品种‘中薯5号’,两年产量分别为57 456和56 952 kg/hm~2,增产率分别为30.66%和15.47%。该品种可作为适宜两膜种植品种在昌黎县进行推广示范。     

不同杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病的田间防治效果

[目的]筛选出防治马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病的有效药剂。[方法]选取不同杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病进行了田间防效研究。[结果]烯酰·吡唑酯、双炔酰菌胺和噁酮·霜脲氰对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效最高,分别为95.89%、95.86%和95.81%;苯甲·嘧菌酯和肟菌·戊唑醇对马铃薯早疫病的田间防效最高,分别为92.66%和91.21%。[结论 ]为马铃薯晚疫病和早疫病的综合防控提供技术支持。     

西南山区马铃薯病虫害状况分析

西南山区由于其立体气候的多样性而使马铃薯发生多种病虫害,造成产量的不稳定性。通过一系列的问卷调查和大田观察取样以及实验室病理检测,结果说明晚疫病、病毒病和青枯病是本地区最重要的病害。晚疫病常年造成１０％～３０％的产量损失,且每隔数年有一次大流行而造成更大的产量损失。种薯因病毒和其它病菌感染而不同程度地影响到产量的发挥。青枯病的发病规律较为复杂且较难预测控制。这几种病害的发生程度与作物生长季节、海拔、种薯年龄、品种、农艺措施等等密切相关。现有品种间发现有抗晚疫病和青枯病的差异。土样根系样中发现有各种寄生性线虫存在,但其危害性特别是与青枯病的关系有待进一步研究明确。２８星瓢虫是本地区危害最重的害虫。本文还列举讨论了各种病虫害防治措施。     

多抗淀粉加工型马铃薯品种‘维拉斯’

‘维拉斯’是呼伦贝尔市农业科学研究所从白俄罗斯引进的试管苗,经过引进、评价、鉴定,2004年通过内蒙古自治区农作物新品种审定委员会审定,命名为‘维拉斯’(审定编号:蒙审薯2004002号),2019年通过非主要农作物品种登记,登记编号:GPD马铃薯(2019)150046。该品种生育期110 d,晚熟。薯块椭圆形,浅黄皮乳白肉,商品薯率78.3%。2003年区域试验平均产量42 735 kg/hm~2。干物质含量27.20%,淀粉含量20.80%,还原糖含量0.22%,粗蛋白含量1.28%,维生素C含量43.07 mg/100g鲜薯。适合鲜食、淀粉和全粉加工。抗马铃薯X病毒(Potato virus X,PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(Potato virus Y,PVY)和马铃薯卷叶病毒(Potato leafroll virus,PLRV),抗晚疫病和疮痂病。该品种适宜在呼伦贝尔市和黑龙江省等东北一季作区春季种植。     

不同药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果

马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产中的重要病害,是影响马铃薯产量和品质的重要因素之一,在云南春作马铃薯上普遍发生,且危害较重,给当地马铃薯产业带来了巨大的经济损失。为减轻马铃薯晚疫病对马铃薯生产造成的损失,试验研究了11种药剂7种药剂组合(包衣剂+保护剂+治疗剂)通过播种期种薯包衣,现蕾期叶面喷施一次保护剂,发病初期和发病中期叶面各喷一次治疗剂的方法防治马铃薯晚疫病。结果表明,药剂组合种薯包衣+甲霜·锰锌+氟吡菌胺·霜霉威的防治效果最好,防治效果达到60.99%,增产率176.28%,增效率152.27%;其次是种薯包衣+霜脲·锰锌+氟吡菌胺·霜霉威组合,防治效果达到60.15%,增产率173.20%,增效率150.55%。这2个药剂组合对马铃薯晚疫病均有极显著的防治效果,增产增效明显。     

Rhizoctonia disease of potatoes (Rhizoctonia solani): Fungicidal efficacy and cultivar susceptibility

Rhizoctonia stem canker and black scurf is an economically important disease of potatoes in Alberta and around the world. It reduces the quality and yield of potatoes and has become an important impediment for export of seed potatoes, especially to Mexico. Seed treatment using fungicides, presently registered in Canada, are not effective in controlling the disease to growers’ satisfaction. Field experiments conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various fungicides showed that captan (Captan), iprodione (Rovral), mancozeb (Tuberseal), and fludioxonil (Maxim) provide effective control of the disease. Of these fungicides, fludioxonil consistently provided superior protection. Based on the results of this study, Maxim was registered in 2000 for control of this disease in Canada. Potato cultivars/breeding selections showed a range of susceptibility reactions toR. solani but none of these was completely resistant to the disease. The information on comparative susceptibility of potato cultivars will help the growers make informed decisions regarding the management of this disease. Of six plant species (Beta vulgaris,Brassica compestris, Hordeum vulgare, Pisum sativum,Triticum aestivum, Zea mays) most commonly used in rotation with potatoes in Alberta, none was infected by potato isolates ofR. solani. The results suggested that use of these plant species as rotation crops with potatoes in Alberta will help in reducing the development of rhizoctonia disease in potatoes.     

8种药剂对马铃薯晚疫病的防治效果试验

为减轻马铃薯晚疫病对马铃薯生产造成的损失,本研究选择了8种药剂,在马铃薯地上垄体栽培模式下进行晚疫病防治的药效比较试验。结果表明,不同处理均对地上垄体栽培模式下马铃薯晚疫病具有防治和保产的效果。其中,在马铃薯晚疫病发病前期喷施的保护性杀菌剂种中,60%百泰的防治和保产效果最好,防效达79%以上,增产43.54%;其次是银法利,防效达70%以上,增产42.55%。在发病中期喷施的治疗性杀菌剂中,防效和保产效果最好的药剂为50%安克,防效达73%以上,增产36.71%。     

Free-Living Plant-Parasitic Nematodes do not Affect the Efficiency of Seed Tuber Fungicide Treatment against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhizoctonia solani</Emphasis>

Stem canker on germinating potato sprouts is often caused by seed-borne inoculum of the fungus Rhizoctonia solani. However, high amounts of free-living plant-parasitic nematodes have been found in field patches of potato plants with stem canker. Fungicide treatment of the seed tubers can be used to avoid stem canker caused by seed-borne inoculum but it is unknown if nematodes can affect this. To investigate whether free-living plant-parasitic nematodes, the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans or a combination of several plant-parasitic nematode genera in a full nematode community, may have a negative effect on the fungicide seed treatment, a pot experiment with seed tubers inoculated with R. solani, half of which were treated with fungicides, was performed. The seed-borne inoculum caused severe damage to the plants, while no fungal damages were observed on the fungicide treated plants. This shows that the nematodes did not affect the fungicide treatment. The probability of black scurf decreased in treatments with a full nematode community, which may be due to the action of fungal-feeding nematodes.     

墨西哥野生马铃薯Solanum pinnatisectum抗晚疫病及抗马铃薯甲虫新基因的遗传分析与分子标记(英文)

马铃薯晚疫病(Phytophthora infestans)和科罗拉多马铃薯甲虫(CPB)是马铃薯生产中最为严重的病虫害。培育高抗晚疫病和甲虫的马铃薯品种是加拿大马铃薯育种工作的重要组成部分。目前,我们实验室在二倍体1EBN墨西哥野生种中已鉴定出抗马铃薯晚疫病和甲虫的新基因,并利用原生质体融合技术成功的将其转移到栽培品种中。但是,培育出抗晚疫病和抗甲虫的马铃薯新品种仍然是一项艰难而繁杂的工作。为了加快分离抗性基因,建立与抗性基因紧密关联的DNA分子标记至关重要。本研究以感病的二倍体马铃薯品种S.cardiophyllum作为父本,与带有抗性基因的墨西哥野生种S.pinnatisectum杂交。用叶片离体鉴定的方法测试F1和BC1代群体的抗病性,从而筛选抗晚疫病和抗甲虫的植株。US-8/A2交配型病菌测试显示所有的F1代植株都表现出抗晚疫病,而在BC1群体中抗病与感病植株的比例为1:1。这个结果证明,在墨西哥野生种S.pinnatisectum中存在一个抗晚疫病的单显性基因Rpi1。马铃薯甲虫抗性检测中,BC1群体的抗虫性分离比例为1:3.这表明其对甲虫的抗性是由多基因遗传控制的。在F1和BC1群体中利用分子标记结合集团分离分析法(BSA)对S.pinnatisectum中的晚疫病抗性基因Rpi1进行精细作图。根据马铃薯第7条染色体上RFLP标记TG20A和CP56之间的EST和STS标记的序列信息,合成了27对特异性PCR引物。获得一些与抗晚疫病基因Rpi1相关联的新的DNA标记。对BC1群体中大量的个体植株进行的分析表明,在马铃薯第7条染色体上位于抗晚疫病基因Rpi1两侧的两个标记S1c9和GP127-300,它们与Rpi1基因的遗传距离分别为1.17cM和3.89cM。这些标记被用来筛选两个细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库,并分离出与晚疫病抗性相关的90-125kb的BAC克隆,这些克隆将在后续的工作中通过图位克隆的方法而用于分离晚疫病抗性基因。同时分离与甲虫抗性紧密相关的分子标记的工作正在进行中。     

6种药剂防治马铃薯晚疫病药效试验

为减轻马铃薯晚疫病在生产过程中带来的减产、品质差等问题,特选择10%科佳悬浮剂等6种杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病进行药效比较试验。结果表明:不同药剂处理对马铃薯晚疫病都有防治效果和保产效果,其中10%科佳和72%克露对马铃薯晚疫病的防治和保产效果最显著,其次是抑快净和杀毒矾,再次是副帅得和可杀得。     

Ion chromatography analysis of phosphite uptake and translocation by potato plants: Dose-dependent uptake and inhibition of Phytophthora infestans development

Phosphite-based fungicides are increasingly used to control fungi-like plant pathogens from the Oomycetes group. A rapid, precise, and cost-effective suppressed conductivity high performance ion chromatography (HPIC) method was developed to assess the concentrations of soluble phosphites (Phi) and phosphates (Pi) in plant samples. This technique was used to determine the amount of Phi and Pi in leaves and tubers of potato plants following foliar applications of the Phi-based fungicide Confine™. High amounts of Phi were determined in both leaves and tubers indicating that potato plants efficiently uptake and translocate the fungicide. The number of applications of Confine™ and its concentration were found to be directly proportional with the amount of Phi detected in potato plants and inversely proportional with the development of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in these plants. Levels of Phi comparable to those determined in plants were found to strongly inhibit the growth of P. infestans in vitro. The simultaneous estimation of the in planta Phi concentration and of the sensitivity of P. infestans to Phi represent the most comprehensive approach of assessing the efficacy of Phi-based fungicides in controlling late blight development in potatoes.     

Potassium phosphite combined with reduced doses of fungicides provides efficient protection against potato late blight in large-scale field trials

Potato late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato worldwide. Most of the potato cultivars grown in conventional agriculture are susceptible, or at best moderately resistant, and require frequent applications of fungicides to avoid heavy yield losses.In field trials spanning four years, we have investigated the effect of potassium phosphite, an inorganic salt on potato late blight. Potassium phosphite is known to induce defence responses in potato and to also have direct toxic effects on oomycetes, which in turn counteract late blight and tuber blight development. However, the use of this salt is not yet implemented and approved in European potato cultivation. We compared the effect of phosphite alone with fungicides currently used in Swedish potato cultivation. We also investigated the combined use of potassium phosphite and reduced doses of fungicides. Table potato cultivars and starch potato cultivars with different levels of resistance were used.We found that potassium phosphite in combination with reduced doses of fungicides results in the same level of protection as treatments with the recommended full dose of fungicides. These combined treatments reduce the need of traditional fungicides and may also decrease the selection pressure for fungicide resistance development in the pathogen. In relatively resistant starch potato cultivars using phosphite alone gave sufficient protection against late blight. Furthermore, in starch potato a combination of phosphite and fungicides at two-week intervals provided similar protection to weekly applications of fungicide at the recommended dose. Foliar treatment with phosphite also gave protection against tuber blight at similar levels to that of the best-performing fungicide. Our data suggests that potassium phosphite could be used in potato cultivation in temperate regions such as in Sweden, at least in combinations with reduced rates of fungicides. The implementation of the use of phosphite in practical potato crop protection as part of an IPM strategy is discussed. Doses, intervals and combinations could be adjusted to the level of cultivar resistance.     

不同杀菌剂对马铃薯晚疫病的田间防效试验

马铃薯晚疫病是马铃薯生产中一种普遍发生、危害严重的病害,杀菌剂防治该病仍是生产中采用的主要措施。本试验采用氟吡菌胺和霜霉威、噁霜·锰锌、烯酰吗啉和多菌灵4种农药,从发病初期开始连续进行2次施药防治晚疫病。结果表明,4种杀菌剂均有较好的防治效果,68.75%氟吡菌胺和霜霉威SC 1000倍、64%噁霜·锰锌WP 300倍、50%烯酰吗啉WP 1500倍和50%多菌灵WP 500倍施用2次后,平均防治效果分别为76.8%、70.0%、71.0%和62.0%,前3种杀菌剂的防效明显好于后者。