1949～2000年辽宁省水稻育种情况分析

1949年以来，辽宁省水稻育种取得重大进展，特别是1974年辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会成立以来，通过审定的水稻品种逐年增多，累计达82个。新品种的产量呈上升趋势。杂交粳稻黎优57和株型理想的直立穗品种辽粳244的培育成功，使区域试验产量出现两次突破，其它品种的产量水平也明显提高。促使水稻新品种产量增长的关键因素是增加了杂交粳稻的理想株型品种的每穗成粒数。     

辽宁省农业科学院 辽宁省水稻研究所

正理想株型杂交粳稻辽优9906辽优9906是辽宁省水稻研究所采用半矮秆、优质、直立穗理想株型不育系辽99A与中秆、弯曲穗型、优质偏长粒爪哇型一般配合力较强的广亲和恢复系配组,育成的理想株型杂交粳稻新组合。2011年1月通过了辽宁省农作物品种审定委员会审定。该组合叶片上冲直立、内卷,半直立穗型,株型理想。株高105 cm,穗长约24.3 cm。茎秆粗壮,成熟期植株耐寒,转色好。分蘖力强,成穗率高。     

1949年以来辽宁省水稻发展形势的分析

1949年以来,辽宁省水稻生产取得了突破性进展,总的趋势是面积显增加,单产成倍增长,总产量不断提高,农田水利工程建设,塑料薄膜及新农药的使用。肥料用量的增加等是水稻增产的基础,杂交粳稻辽优1号和株型理想的直立穗品种辽粳5号等的培育成功,是水稻产量提高的关键,旱育苗,稀播稀插,节水灌溉,平衡施肥,化学除草,综合防治病虫害等栽培措施的应用,是水稻增产的保证,同时,在籼粳稻杂交,水稻杂种优质利用,理想株型育种,高产优质育种和旱育苗,稀植栽培,节水灌溉,配方施肥,模式化栽培技术等理论研究方面也取得许多重要成果。     

水稻直立穗型的初步观察

水稻与小麦不同,穗子在灌浆开始后逐渐弯曲。而近年来通过籼粳稻亚种间杂交育成的、以株型好产量高著称的辽粳5号品种,在株型上的一个重要特点是穗子直到成熟仍然保持直立状态。关于辽粳5号品种的穗直立性问题,虽已引起了人们的关注,但由于过去直立穗型水稻品种很少,迄今尚未见到这方面的具体研究报道。本试验对穗的直立性进行了初步观察,并着重分析了穗直立性与其它性状的关系,以探讨直立穗型品种资源的利用价值。     

硅肥对杂交粳稻和常规粳稻产量性状和品质的影响

以杂交粳稻辽优9906、辽99优15、辽99优19,常规粳稻盐丰47为材料。在辽西滨海盐碱稻区通过硅肥不同处理试验,研究硅肥施用对杂交粳稻和常规粳稻产量和稻米品质的影响。结果表明:施用硅肥可以提高水稻的穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和稻米的出糙率、精米率,并提高水稻的产量。同时选用杂交组合中产量最好的辽99优19与盐丰47在不同处理下对产量性状进行了分析,发现杂交粳稻辽99优19在穗长、每穗实粒数优势较强,而平均有效穗数、结实率、千粒重方面明显低于盐丰47,说明杂交粳稻的增产主要缘于穗大粒多。     

辽粳系列水稻品种选育及主要产量性状研究

回顾了辽粳系列品种选育过程,并对8个具有代表性的辽粳系列品种开展了品种特性研究,总结了辽粳系列品种的育种实践与品种特性.研究表明:辽宁省水稻研究所育种工作者通过采用以高产、优质、多抗、广适为育种目标,以理想株型与杂种优势利用相结合、优化性状组配为指导,以“扩大遗传背景、扩大变异范围,提高后代结实率、提高后代选择效率”为原则的技术路线,以籼粳杂交后代的理想株型材料为桥梁种质,当地主栽品种为骨干亲本,采用多元复合杂交技术,结合多点生态选择、联合抗性鉴定和南北异地穿梭育种等方法,选出一系列粳稻新品种.辽粳系列水稻品种大体上表现出了随时代发展而增产的趋势,品种由穗数型向穗重型逐渐变化,一次枝梗数多,成穗率提高.     

辽宁省杂交粳稻产量构成及光合生理生态特性研究

对辽宁省4个冠层形态具有一定差异但又具有较高产量水平的杂交粳稻组合与常规水稻品种辽粳294在籽粒灌浆期的光合生理生态特性进行了比较研究。结果表明:杂交粳稻各组合单株产量明显高于常规对照品种,每穴穗数比对照有所降低,每穗颖花数比对照高出很多,结实率和千粒重差别不大;各杂交组合的上功能叶叶面积和群体LAI都高于对照品种,各组合的叶绿素含量和光合速率平均值在灌浆初期与对照品种差别不明显,在水稻灌浆末期,各杂交组合的茎鞘干物质输出率差别较大。     

大穗型超级杂交粳稻辽优3072产量结构及灌浆特性研究

对北方大穗型超级杂交粳稻辽优3072进行了产量结构和灌浆特性的研究。结果表明：辽优3072在产量结构上表现出了较强的杂交优势，比对照辽粳294增产明显。辽优3072在灌浆上的特点为穗上、中、下各部间干物质充实及灌浆速率差异较小：穗下部灌浆启动早，后期灌浆速率大；整穗表现出较强的持续灌浆能力。辽优3072良好的籽粒灌浆特性是其在产量上表现出超高产的生理基础之一。同时探讨了利用水稻杂交优势选育具有特异灌浆特性的杂交组合的育种思路以及在北方冷凉稻区推广大穗型超级杂交粳稻品种的可能性。     

作物新品种介绍

1.辽星8号水稻由辽宁省农科院稻作所以珍珠2号为母本、v2为父本杂交经系统选育而成通过国审的特优米水稻新品种。该品种全生育期156天,较秋光晚熟2天,属中熟品种。秧苗健壮,叶色浓绿,分蘖力较强,株型松散,叶片披垂。株高100～115厘米。穗长16～18厘米,每穗成粒95～110粒,半紧穗     

浙江省粳稻品种的演替研究综述

浙江省作为我国经济较为发达的地区,较早地开展了水稻新品种选育研究。浙江省种植的品种基本涵盖了各种水稻类型,其中粳稻是主要的种植类型,尤其是晚粳稻。虽然自杂交水稻出现后,常规水稻面积占比日益减小,但由于晚粳稻兼顾产量和品质,在生产上仍具有不可替代的地位。对晚粳稻产量影响最大的4个因素进行分析,发现可以通过增加穗粒数和有效穗数以及千粒重来提高产量。除了产量的提高之外,稻米品质也成为了晚粳稻育种的主要目标,因此,现在的育种工作已经将米质作为重要育种目标。本文主要通过对浙江省近20 a通过审定的晚粳稻品种进行生育期、产量、品质、抗病性等方面的分析,总结浙江省粳稻品种的性状变化,以期为浙江省的粳稻育种工作提供参考依据。     

机插栽培籼杂交稻的日产量及与株型的关系

【目的】探讨日产量作为中籼杂交稻机插栽培品种筛选指标的可行性,系统研究中籼杂交稻品种株型特征及与日产量的关系,筛选出适宜四川地区机插栽培的高产品种,以期为中籼杂交稻机插高产栽培和育种工作提供理论和实践依据。【方法】 以34个中籼杂交稻品种为材料,采用单因素随机区组田间试验收集数据,通过聚类分析、方差分析等方法对机插栽培下中籼杂交稻品种的株型特征及日产量进行研究。【结果】（1）机插栽培不同水稻品种全生育期、日产量及产量差异较大,以2017年为例,供试品种全生育期为141—168 d,以154—164 d的品种为主,占供试品种的82.4%;产量变幅为10 261.05—13 099.34 kg·hm ^-2,天优华占产量最高,宜香3728最低,产量在11 110.90—12 827.15 kg·hm ^-2范围内的品种占供试品种的76.5%;供试品种的日产量主要分布在67—80 kg·hm ^-2·d ^-1,占供试品种的82.4%,天优华占、繁优609和晶两优534日产量较高,均超过80 kg·hm ^-2·d ^-1,但仅占供试品种的8.8%。（2）聚类分析显示,高日产量类型品种占总数的29.4%;中日产量类型占总数的38.2%;低日产量类型占总数的32.4%。（3）与低日产量类型品种相比,高日产量类型品种具有较高的每穗粒数和群体颖花量,且有效穗充足,结实率较高,故其产量较高。（4）不同类型品种株型特征差异较大,相关分析表明株高、秆长、N3节间长、N4节间长、穗长与日产量呈显著或极显著负相关,着粒密度与日产量呈极显著正相关。【结论】 日产量可以作为中籼杂交稻机插栽培品种筛选的重要指标之一,日产量较高的品种,其机插适应性较强。株高、秆长适宜,第三、四节间长较短,着粒密度高是高日产量品种的重要株型特征。此外,适宜四川地区机插的中籼杂交稻品种还具有全生育期适中、穗足粒多、群体颖花量和结实率高的基本特征。综合来看,天优华占、繁优609、晶两优534、Y两优1号、C两优华占及F优498是适宜在四川地区机插种植的品种。     

中国杂交水稻在柬埔寨马德望省的

【目的】研究中国杂交水稻品种在柬埔寨马德望省的种植长势和产量表现,为中国杂交水稻在柬埔寨马德望省的推广应用提供参考。【方法】2012年旱季（1~4月）,将3个中国杂交水稻品种（早优362、特优362和桂源优362）与当地水稻品种（Senpidao）种植于柬埔寨马德望省,测定比较不同品种农艺性状和产量。【结果】不同水稻品种株高间差异显著。中国杂交水稻品种株高均显著高于当地对照品种（Senpidao）,但分蘖数较低。中国杂交水稻品种的每穗粒数和穗长也显著高于当地对照品种,其中特优362的每穗粒数最多,桂源优362的穗最长。早优362的千粒重均高于其他3个品种,而特优362和桂源优362的产量显著高于其他两个品种。此外,每穗粒数、穗长和产量间表现出极显著的相关性。【结论】中国杂交水稻适合在柬埔寨种植,旱季在马德望省的Toul Samrong土壤种植可比当地品种增产23%～38%。     

Relationship Between Grain Yield and Yield Components in Super Hybrid Rice

Chinese super hybrid rice breeding project has developed many new varieties with great yield potential.It is controversial which yield component should be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.The present study was conducted to compare super hybrid rice with common hybrid and super inbred rice and analyze contributions of yield components to grain yield of super hybrid rice under experimental conditions,and evaluate relationships between grain yield and yield components of super hybrid rice in farmer's paddy fields.Field experiments were done in Changsha,Guidong,and Nanxian,Hunan Province,China,from 2007 to 2009.Eight super hybrid varieties,one common hybrid variety,and one super inbred variety were grown in each location and year.Rice production investigation was undertaken in high-yielding (Guidong),moderate-yielding (Nanxian),and low-yielding (Ningxiang) regions of Hunan Province,China,in 2009.Grain yield and yield components were measured in both the field experiments and rice production investigation.Super hybrid rice varieties outyielded common hybrid and super inbred varieties across three locations and years.Yield potential has been increased by 11.4％ in super hybrid rice varieties compared with common and super inbred varieties.The higher yield of super hybrid varieties was attributed to improvement in panicle size.Panicles per m2 had the highest positive contribution to grain yield with the exception under yield level of 10.0 to 12.0 t ha-1,and was positively related to grain yield in farmer's field at all of the high-,moderate-,and low-yielding regions.Our study suggests that panicle per m2 ought to be emphasized in super hybrid rice production.     

不同早稻品种直播栽培的生育特性研究

选用6个早稻品种(组合),探讨直播栽培方式下的生育特性。结果表明,杂交稻产量为7 833～8 100 kg/hm2,差异不显著;常规稻嘉育948产量7 344 kg/hm2,杂交稻组合与嘉育948产量差异显著。杂交稻组合表现了不同的产量形成特性。产量水平相同的陆两优996和禾盛两优25,陆两优996穗大、粒重,而禾盛两优25穗多、粒轻。陆两优996和嘉育948的分蘖力相对较弱,成穗率较高。春光1号和株两优819分蘖力强,穗小;春光1号表现分蘖期较长,株两优819分蘖期短而集中。禾盛两优25生育前期发育快、干物质积累量较高。嘉育948、株两优30和春光1号前期发育慢、干物质积累量较低。不同品种直播栽培表现了不同的生育特性,因而直播栽培策略需因品种而异。在促进分蘖早发的同时严格控制过多分蘖、促进有效分蘖的干物质积累是高产的关键。     

稻-油熟制下不同施氮量对杂交水稻群体构成及产量的影响

为中低肥力的稻-油熟制稻田的氮肥运筹提供参考,利用杂交稻品种Ⅱ优7号、渝香203在稻-油熟制的中低产田进行不同施氮量对杂交水稻群体构成及产量的影响试验。结果表明,施氮量在0～150kg/hm2水平范围,随着施氮量的增加,杂交水稻品种的产量均逐渐增加,再增加施氮肥时产量表现为下降的趋势,施氮量在150kg/hm2水平时产量最高,农学利用效率(AE)最经济;施氮量对群体的影响表现为:随着施氮量的增加,群体叶面积指数(LAI)增大,群体LAI值在7左右时,容易形成高产;成穗率随着施氮量的增加而降低,施氮量为210kg/hm2时成穗率最低。     

中国超级稻育种研究进展与前景

综合评述了中国超级稻育种研究进展与前景,认为培育和推广超级稻,是继株型改良和杂交稻育种之后,提高水稻综合生产能力,实现水稻单产水平进一步提高的重要途径。在"利用籼粳稻杂交创造新株型和强优势,通过复交优化性状组配聚合有利基因,选育理想株型与优势利用相结合的超级稻"育种理论与技术路线确立之后,在常规超级稻育种和超级杂交稻育种两方面都已取得重大突破,成功地创造出一批新株型优异种质,培育出一批优质抗病的超级稻新品种和新组合。这些超级稻新品种、新组合已广泛地应用于水稻生产实践,并已取得较好的增产效果。     

Growth characteristics and grain yield of machine-transplanted medium indica hybrid rice with high daily yield

High-yield rice varieties with a suitable growth duration are required for mechanical transplanting in multiple cropping systems. Daily yield is an appropriate criterion for the selection of machine-transplanted rice varieties. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth characteristics and grain production in machine-transplanted medium indica hybrid rice with a high daily yield. We conducted a field experiment on 20 medium indica hybrid rice varieties in 2017 and 2018. Grain yield decreased significantly with growth duration between jointing and heading, but it increased with dry matter accumulation, growth rate between jointing and heading, dry matter partitioning to the stem plus sheath at heading, daily yield, and number of spikelets per panicle. Compared with the medium and low daily yield variety types, the high daily yield variety type increased shoot biomass by improving crop growth rate and dry matter accumulation amount between jointing and heading and after heading. The high daily yield variety type decreased the growth duration pre-heading and the proportions of dry matter partitioned to the leaf lamina at heading and maturity, but it also increased the post-heading accumulated dry matter in the grain and the remobilization of dry matter stored in the vegetative organs. Furthermore, the high daily yield variety type significantly increased the occurrence rate of tillers, which is beneficial for the formation of a larger panicle size and an increase in the grain-filling rate. These changes contributed to a 6.51–23.16% relative increase in grain yield of the high daily yield variety type. In conclusion, the selection of high daily yield indica hybrid rice varieties with shorter pre-heading growth duration, greater tiller occurrence rate and spikelet numbers per panicle, higher post-jointing growth rates and stem plus sheath dry matter accumulation at heading is suitable for machine-transplanted rice.     

低供氮处理对杂交稻产量性状及产量的影响

[目的]研究低供氮处理对杂交稻产量性状及产量形成的影响。[方法]通过田间试验,对供试的20个杂交稻品种产量性状及产量在低供氮处理下进行相关分析和通径分析。[结果]有效穗数与实粒数、着粒数与结实率均呈极显著负相关关系,实粒数与着粒数呈极显著正相关关系,各产量性状对产量的贡献大小表现为实粒数有效穗数千粒重着粒数结实率。[结论]以有效穗数、实粒数为主攻对象可提高杂交稻的理论产量,为水稻栽培技术提供理论依据。     

杂交中籼新组合的比较试验研究

为了筛选适合安徽省寿县地区种植的中籼组合,为良种推广提供科学依据。设汕优63为对照,对引进的12个中籼组合(品种)进行区域试验,对其产量、生育性状和株高、穗长、穗粒结构、有效穗、成穗率、抗病性、抗倒性和落粒性等经济性状进行了分析,还对品种综合评述,筛选适合寿县地区种植、符合市场需要的新组合(品种)。9个品种比对照产量高,3个品种比对照产量低,其中辐优138、籼杂优0403、丰优18和籼杂优0501 4个品种比对照增产10%以上。所有参试组合均具有良好的抗病性、抗倒性和落粒性。丰优18、籼杂优0403、籼杂优0501、两优827适宜在本生态地区种植,而隆安0402、金23A/R源5可在寿县示范种植。该研究为杂交中籼组合在生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

Advances and prospects of super rice breeding in China

Super rice breeding in China has been very successful over the past 3 decades, and the Chinese government has made great efforts to support breeding and cultivation of both conventional and hybrid super rice. In this review, we focus on the progress in and potential of super rice breeding. After the establishment of the breeding theory and strategy of "generating an ideotype with strong heterosis through inter-subspecies hybridization, by using gene pyramiding to combine elite traits through composite-crossing to breed super rice varieties with both ideotype and strong hybrid vigor", a series of major breakthroughs have been achieved in both conventional and super hybrid rice breeding. A number of new genetic materials with ideotype have been created successfully, and the Ministry of Agriculture of China has approved 156 novel super rice varieties and combinations for commercialization. During the Developing the Super Rice Varieties Program, great attention has also been paid to the integration and demonstration of the rice production technology. Collaboration between industry and university researchers has led to technological innovations and initiation of a demonstration system for super hybrid rice. With widespread cultivation of super rice with higher quality and yield, as well as resistance or tolerance to abiotic or biotic stresses, the yield of rice production per unit has reached a new level. In addition to increased quality and yield, hybrid rice breeding has also led to improvements in many other agronomic traits, such as resistance to pests and diseases, resistance to lodging, and optimized light distribution in population. Achievements in super rice breeding and innovation in rice production have made major contributions to the progress in rice sciences and worldwide food security.