适宜库布齐沙地补播的牧草品种及种子处理技术

为提高库布齐沙地补播改良退化草场的质量和补播的成功率，本文通过引种方式筛选出适宜库布齐沙地补播的牧草品种20个，并且研究了提高补播牧草幼苗抗旱能力和抵御第二年春季风蚀危害的种子处理技术。     

毛乌素沙地飞播区植被动态变化研究

对毛乌素沙地不同飞播年限的4个播区进行调查研究,通过对盖度、重要值以及生活型的研究和分析,说明飞播对沙地退化植被有明显的改善作用。分析表明:飞播后飞播植被盖度随时间逐年增加,由14%增加到33%,说明飞播后植被得到良好的恢复;飞播后在不同的沙丘部位植被盖度各不相同,但是随着飞播年限的增加沙丘各部位的盖度相差不大;各飞播植物种的盖度和重要值随飞播年限的增加而变化,在飞播后的24年中呈现出不同的消长动态。飞播改良了沙地土壤的性质,使多年生和一年生的草本植物在群落中得以生长,随着飞播年限的增长,飞播群落的结构逐渐复杂,群落更趋于稳定。     

昌吉州飞播牧草评价

飞播牧草是一种多、快、好、省地改良和建设草场的有效措施。它具有速度快、效益高、作业面广、质量好,成本低的特点。近几年全国普遍采用飞播这一现代化方式改良退化草场;恢复撩荒地植被,建立人工和半人工草场,在这方面已取得令人十分满意的成就。新疆昌吉回族自治州从1983年开始飞播试验,到1987年底,全州飞播面积累计达2.5万公顷,     

高冰草改良干旱半干旱草场试验研究

经过４年的试验，高冰草可在新疆的低山带干旱、半干旱地区生长，产草量比原生植被产草量高５－９倍。对改良新疆的干旱、半干旱草场有着一定价值。     

红砂植被盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响

以自然恢复的红砂群落为研究对象,探讨黄土高原红砂植被不同盖度对土壤不同形态碳、氮及细菌多样性的影响,为该地区的人工生态恢复措施提供理论支撑.在兰州市南北两山植被恢复技术研究与示范基地,按照5级盖度分类法设置红砂植被盖度梯度,重点对土壤养分碳氮、微生物量碳氮和细菌多样性开展研究.结果表明:随着植被恢复,土壤有机碳 (SOC)和全氮(TN)、土壤微生物碳 (MBC)和微生物氮(MBN)逐渐提高,并且增加比较快 ,但是当总盖度达到48.73%之后,增加比较缓慢,而且增加的差异不显著.相同的植被盖度对土壤有机碳、全氮和土壤微生物碳、氮的影响趋于一致.土壤细菌多样性随植被盖度有所增加,在植被盖度达到48.73%后多样性维持在彼此接近的水平,尽管微生物多样性群落结构有差异 .在植被稀疏、物种多样性较低的干旱坡地,红砂植被盖度增加明显改善了土壤生态功能, 但是片面追求植被盖度的增加,对土壤特性改善有限.     

几种工程措施对黄土区陡峭边坡植被盖度的影响及其机理

陡削以兰州新区的一段陡峭边坡作为试验地点,通过分析在植被重建初期经人工整地后形成的4种微地形(大圆形坑、小圆形坑、条形坑和原状坡面)的植被盖度特征及环境因子(土壤硬度和水分、地表和空气温度、坡位、无纺布)对植被盖度的影响,探寻能有效提高植被盖度的几种工程改造措施。研究表明:①铺设了无纺布坡面的植被盖度显著大于对照坡面;陡峭边坡不同坡位的植被盖度:下坡位>中坡位>上坡位(P<0.05),这与自然坡面植被盖度分布规律一致。②3种微地形的植被盖度均显著大于陡峭坡面,其中条形坑的土壤水分和植被盖度最大,最大盖度维持的时间最长。③微地形和坡面的植被盖度均与土壤水分呈显著正相关,与空气温度、地表温度均呈显著负相关;微地形的土壤硬度(3kg·cm^-2)适宜植物生长,大于该值会对植被生长产生抑制作用;铺设无纺布有利于促进上坡位的植被生长,使坡面植被分布更均匀。研究结果表明,在陡峭边坡坡度、坡位和温度等无法改变的情况下,选择对压实的坡面进行整地翻耕处理,增加长条坑的数量并铺设无纺布等有效的工程改造措施,能显著增加植被盖度,促进植被恢复。     

腾格里沙漠月亮湖公路沿线退化白刺沙堆封育及其防沙效益

通过对腾格里沙漠月亮湖公路路域退化白刺沙堆地进行围栏封育及人工促进更新复壮效果的调查分析表明:在干旱荒漠地区,封育和人工促进更新技术可使路域植被盖度提高17.4%,新增植物13种,植株密度增加28株/m2,粗糙度增大18.3倍,输沙量降低5.7倍,风速降低11.37%。     

人工干预对宁夏荒漠草原土壤有机碳固存的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原为研究对象,研究人工干预措施(深翻补播、浅翻补播、免耕补播、封育、放牧)对土壤有机碳固存的影响。结果表明:5种干预措施下,土壤有机碳含量在0-10cm、10-20cm、20-40和0-40cm土层的变化范围为1.63g·kg^-1-4.15g·kg^-1、2.08g·kg^-1-4.25g·kg^-1、1.72g·kg^-1-4.41g·kg^-1和2.00g·kg^-1-3.94g·kg^-1。5种干预措施0-40cm土层总有机碳的固存表现为:深翻补播>放牧>封育>浅翻补播>免耕补播,深翻补播措施固存的有机碳分别较其他4种干预措施高42.07%、6.10%、54.48%和82.61%。从短期效果看,人工深翻耕补播措施,不仅可以提高植被盖度,而且对土壤有机碳固存也有促进作用。     

不同改良措施对典型草原植物群落及土壤的影响

于2010年4-9月在宁夏云雾山草原自然保护区实验区内对草地进行各种改良措施应用试验,以寻求加快宁南半干旱区草原生态恢复的关键技术.改良后的测定结果表明:草地松耙后的植物群落多样性与对照之间差异不显著(P＜0.05),盖度和生物量明显低于对照,分别低7％、32.4 g·m-2;草地松耙、草地松耙+补播、草地松耙+施肥、草地松耙+补播+施肥、围栏封育处理后的土壤含水量与对照之间差异显著(P＜0.05),容重均小于对照；草地松耙+补播+施肥的土壤养分与对照之间差异显著(P＜0.05).     

盐池北部沙化草场的治理与改良效果

本文对盐池北部沙化草场的治理（封育、补播、补植）效益进行了全面总结。     

甘肃省1990-2002年生态足迹的计算与分析

本文运用生态足迹模型对甘肃省1990—2002年的生态足迹进行了计算和分析。结果表明,1990—2002年间甘肃省的人均生态足迹和总生态足迹需求均呈逐渐增长趋势,而人均生态承载力和总的生态承载力均有不同程度的下降。运用万元GDP、人均贸易足迹和生态协调性系数指标对计算结果进行分析,得出甘肃省的发展是通过消耗自然资本存量来弥补生态承载力的不足的,处于一种生态不协调状态。     

Field experiments to investigate long-term effects of repeated applications of MCPA, tri-allate, simazine and linuron: II. Crop performance and residues 1969–78

In four field experiments begun in 1963, each of four herbicides was applied to plots planted wilh the same crop each year. The annual treatments were: MCPA at 17 kg/ha to barley (Hordeum sativa Jess) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at growth stage 15. tri-allate at 17 kg/ha pre-emergcnce to barley and wheat, simazine at l7kg/ha pre-emergence to maize (Zea mays L.) and linuron in two applications of 084 kg/ha pre- and post-emergence to carrots (Daucus carota L.). MCPA did not affect growth or yield of either barley or wheat. In general tri-allate also did not aftect the crops although wheat yield was depressed in 1978, wheat 1000 grain weight was reduced in 1972 and barley germination percentage was increased in 1973. Simazine did not influence the height, yield or appearance of maize. Linuron normally produced no effect on carrot yield, density and size. However, in 2 years when the post-emergence application was late, density but not yield was lower than in control plots. There was no accumulation of residues of any of these compounds in the soil. Rates of loss were similar to those predicted on ihe basis of laboratory experiments. In a fifth experiment these herbicides were applied twice per year (3 times in the case of linuron) at double the rales above on each occasion to bare plots. These applications ceased in 1968 (1969 for MCPA) but residues were monitored until 1972 except in the case of MCPA. Disappearance rates were similar to those in the cropped plots and residues were largely confined to the top 10 cm. The plots treated with MCPA had developed an enhanced ability lo degrade il prior to 1968. This persisted for 5 years after the final application.     

Impact of land use/land cover types on surface humidity in northern China in the early 21st century

In the context of global change, it is essential to promote the rational development and utilization of land resources, improve the quality of regional ecological environment, and promote the harmonious development of human and nature for the regional sustainability. We identified land use/land cover types in northern China from 2001 to 2018 with ENVI images and ArcGIS software. Meteorological data were selected from 292 stations in northern China, the potential evapotranspiration was calculated with the Penman-Monteith formula, and reanalysis humidity and observed humidity data were obtained. The reanalysis minus observation (RMO, i.e., the difference between reanalysis humidity and observed humidity) can effectively characterize the impact of different land use/land cover types (forestland, grassland, cultivated land, construction land, water body and unused land) on surface humidity in northern China in the early 21^st century. The results showed that from 2001 to 2018, the area of forestland expanded (increasing by approximately 1.80×10⁴ km²), while that of unused land reduced (decreasing by approximately 5.15×10⁴ km²), and the regional ecological environment was improved. Consequently, land surface in most areas of northern China tended to be wetter. The contributions of land use/land cover types to surface humidity changes were related to the quality of the regional ecological environment. The contributions of the six land use/land cover types to surface humidity were the highest in northeastern region of northern China, with a better ecological environment, and the lowest in northwestern region, with a fragile ecological environment. Surface humidity was closely related to the variation in regional vegetation coverage; when the regional vegetation coverage with positive (negative) contributions expanded (reduced), the land surface became wetter. The positive contributions of forestland and water body to surface humidity were the greatest. Unused land and construction land were associated with the most serious negative contributions to surface humidity. Affected by the regional distribution pattern of vegetation, surface humidity in different seasons decreased from east to west in northern China. The seasonal variation in surface humidity was closely related to the growth of vegetation: surface humidity was the highest in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and the lowest in winter. According to the results, surface humidity is expected to increase in northeastern region of northern China, decrease in northern region, and likely increase in northwestern region.     

Response of soil water dynamics to precipitation years under different vegetation types on the northern Loess Plateau,China

Implementation of the Grain-for-Green project has led to rapid land cover changes and resulted in a significantly increased vegetation cover on the Loess Plateau of China during the past few decades. The main objective of this study was to examine the responses of soil water dynamics under four typical vegetation types against precipitation years. Soil water contents(SWCs) were measured in 0–4.0 m profiles on a hillslope under the four vegetation types of shrub, pasture, natural fallow and crop in a re-vegetated catchment area from April to October in normal(2010), dry(2011), wet(2014) and extremely wet(2013) years. The results indicated that precipitation and vegetation types jointly controlled the soil water temporal dynamics and profile characteristics in the study region. SWCs in 0–4.0 m profiles of the four vegetation types were ranked from high to low as cropfallowpastureshrub and this pattern displayed a temporal stability over the four years. In the extremely wet year, SWC changes occurred in the 0–2.0 m layer under shrub and pasture while the changes further extended to the depth of 4.0-m deep layers under fallow and crop. In the other three years, SWCs changes mainly occurred in the 0–1.0 m layer and kept relatively stable in the layers deeper than 1.0 m for all the four vegetation types. The interannual variation in soil depth of SWCs was about 0–2.0 m for shrub and pasture, about 0–3.4 m for fallow and about 0–4.0 m for crop, respectively. The dried soil layers formed at the depths of 1.0, 0.6, 1.6 and 0.7 m under shrub, and 1.0, 1.0, 2.0 and 0.9 m under pasture, respectively in 2010, 2011, 2013 and 2014. The infiltrated rainwater mostly stayed in the 0–1.0 m layer and hardly supplied to soil depth 1.0 m in normal, dry and wet years. Even in the extremely wet year of 2013, rainwater recharge depth did not exceed 2.0 m under shrub and pasture. This implied that soil desiccation was difficult to remove in normal, dry and wet years, and soil desiccation could be removed in 1.0–2.0 m soil layers even in the extremely wet year under shrub and pasture. The results indicated that the natural fallow was the best vegetation type for achieving sustainable utilization of soil water and preventing soil desiccation.     

基于MODIS NDVI时间序列的植被覆盖空间自相关分析——以山东半岛与辽东半岛区域比较研究

文中应用2000～2011年期间的MODIS NDVI数据对比了山东半岛和辽东半岛植被覆盖的时间变化以及空间自相关特征。结果表明:山东半岛和辽东半岛植被覆盖状况均较好,其中辽东半岛植被覆盖相对更好;2000～2011年间两个半岛NDVI均呈显著上升趋势,山东半岛的上升趋势更明显。两半岛NDVI的全局Moran's I分别为0.896和0.778,均表现为正的全局空间自相关,植被覆盖均呈空间集聚状态,且山东半岛植被覆盖的集聚特征更突出。局部空间自相关上,山东半岛大部分地区,辽东半岛千山山脉以东和辽河流域的ND-VI表现为高-高自相关,这些区域植被覆盖较好;而山东半岛西北部的黄河三角洲湿地区域以及莱州湾,辽东半岛千山山脉以西和半岛南端大连市的NDVI呈低值区集聚状态,植被覆盖较差。总的来说,该研究有助于了解山东半岛和辽东半岛植被覆盖的空间聚集规律和关联模式,从而为认识研究区植被覆盖状况以及生态保护提供依据。     

基于RDVI的尉犁绿洲植被覆盖动态变化研究

植被覆盖度是绿洲生态环境变化的最重要标志之一。本文在尉犁地区地形图数字数据和土地利用图数字数据的基础上 ,通过遥感技术 ,使用不同年份同一季相的 TM图像数据为基础底料编制重规一化植被指数图 ( RDVI) ,根据尉犁绿洲的生态环境特征 ,并结合实地调查分析的结果 ,研究植被指数灰度级与盖度级的对应函数关系 ,将其转换成植被覆盖度图。最终利用植被覆盖度度度图像所提供的各盖度级的数量和空间分配状况来评价图像所包括时段 ,即 1 991年至 2 0 0 0年期间植被环境质量的变化 ,并阐明原因 ,为该区域的生态环境综合治理提供科学方法和依据。     

Responses of vegetation cover to the Grain for Green Program and their driving forces in the He-Long region of the middle reaches of the Yellow River

The implementation of the Grain for Green Program is a great breakthrough in the history of China's ecological environment construction,which can control soil erosion effectively,increase land productivity and improve the ecological environment.To investigate the eco-environmental benefits brought by the Grain for Green Program,the spatiotemporal variations of vegetation cover in the growing season from 2000 to 2010 across the Hekou-Longmen(He-Long) region were analyzed by using remote sensing information,meteorological data and land use data.Moreover,the impacts of climate and human activities on vegetation change were evaluated objectively.Annual vegetation cover in the growing season increased very significantly.Increased vegetation cover occurred in 98.7% of the region,of which the area for vegetation cover improved slightly constituted 79.8% of the whole area.Vegetation moderately improved was mainly distributed in the south of the He-Long region,covering 9.6% of the area,and the area for vegetation basically unchanged concentrated in the middle and upper reaches of the Wuding River.Precipitation was found to be an important natural factor influencing vegetation cover change.The area of vegetation cover showing a significantly positive correlation with precipitation occupied 22.14% of the region.As driven by policies from the Grain for Green Program,forestland increased significantly and land use structure became more intensive.Human activities played a positive and effective role in the protection,restoration and improvement of vegetation in the places where vegetation cover was basically unchanged,even though precipitation declined greatly,and vegetation improved moderately with massive increases of forestland and grassland.     

黄土高原历史时期植被变化

研究黄土高原历史时期植被变化是认识其环境演变的基础。文章在文献研究的基础上分析了黄土高原历史时期的植被变化。得出:西周以前及西周战国时期黄土高原植被保持着天然状态;秦汉时期天然植被仍占较大比重,人类活动尚没有改变黄土高原的植被面貌;唐宋时期河谷、平原地区已无天然森林,丘陵、山地植被也遭到破坏,北部沙漠开始扩张,自然环境处在恶化之中;明清时期植被遭到毁灭性破坏。造成黄土高原历史时期植被变化的根本原因是人为开垦土地,采伐森林和过度放牧。据推算春秋战国时期黄河中游森林覆盖率为53%;秦汉时期下降为42%;唐宋时期下降至32%;明清时期下降至4%。黄土高原濯濯童山主要是近600多年来人类活动对植被破坏的结果。     

Seeding and Mulching Treatments as Conservation Measures of Two Burned Soils in the Central Ebro Valley,NE Spain

The effectiveness of seeding introduced species, with or without straw mulching, was tested as a measure of post-fire erosion control in gypsiferous (Xeric Haplogypsid) and calcareous soils (Xeric Torriorthent) in Central Ebro Valley (NE-Spain). Paired control, seeding, and combined seeding and mulching plots were established in four replicated plots for each soil tested. Seeding rate was 30 g m -2 and straw mulch was applied at 100 g m -2 in each plot. Plant projective cover (total and specific), plant biomass, bare soil cover and sediment yield were determined over a 2-year period. During the first year of sampling, species introduced by seeding increased plant cover (about 30%) without significant differences observed between soils. Plant cover was similar in seeding-only and seeding-mulching treatments, although the latter treatment significantly enhanced plant weight. During the second year these differences disappeared because species introduced by seeding practically did not survive. So, the introduced herbs did not interfere with native plants. Bare soil cover remained significantly lower in treated plots than on the control plots for both soils during both years of sampling. In the second year, the reduction of bare soil was attributed to both the straw mulch and litter from the seeding species. Soil protection was significantly higher in calcareous soils than in gypsiferous soils which is related to their physical and chemical properties. Cumulative sediment yield decreased significantly over time with both treatments on both soils. Soil losses from control plots were three times higher than seeding plots and 3.3 times higher than from seeding and mulching plots in gypsiferous soils. Soil losses from control plots were two times higher than from seeding plots and 2.7 times higher than the combined seeding and mulching plots in the calcareous soils. Cumulative soil loss was higher from the gypsiferous soils than from the calcareous soils due to the lower plant cover.