Buprenorphine suppresses cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys

Cocaine abuse has reached epidemic proportions in the United States, and the search for an effective pharmacotherapy continues. Because primates self-administer most of the drugs abused by humans, they can be used to predict the abuse liability of new drugs and for preclinical evaluation of new pharmacotherapies for drug abuse treatment. Daily administration of buprenorphine (an opioid mixed agonist-antagonist) significantly suppressed cocaine self-administration by rhesus monkeys for 30 consecutive days. The effects of buprenorphine were dose-dependent. The suppression of cocaine self-administration by buprenorphine did not reflect a generalized suppression of behavior. These data suggest that buprenorphine would be a useful pharmacotherapy for treatment of cocaine abuse. Because buprenorphine is a safe and effective pharmacotherapy for heroin dependence, buprenorphine treatment may also attenuate dual abuse of cocaine and heroin.     

Morphine: conditioned increases in self-administration in rhesus monkeys

Operant responding in three monkeys was maintained by intravenous presentations of morphine. Nalorphine produced reliable increases in morphine-reinforced responding. With successive daily nalorphine injections there was a decreased latency of self-administration responding for morphine, and substituted saline injections produced conditioned increases in morphine-reinforced responding.     

Functional MRI of macaque monkeys performing a cognitive set-shifting task

Functional brain organization of macaque monkeys and humans was directly compared by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects of both species performed a modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test that required behavioral flexibility in the form of cognitive set shifting. Equivalent visual stimuli and task sequence were used for the two species. We found transient activation related to cognitive set shifting in focal regions of prefrontal cortex in both monkeys and humans. These functional homologs were located in cytoarchitectonically equivalent regions in the posterior part of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. This comparative imaging provides insights into the evolution of cognition in primates.     

Induction of AIDS-like disease in macaque monkeys with T-cell tropic retrovirus STLV-III

The T-cell tropic retrovirus of macaque monkeys STLV-III has morphologic, growth, and antigenic properties indicating that it is related to HTLV-III/LAV, the etiologic agent of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in humans. Four of six rhesus monkeys died within 160 days of STLV-III inoculation with a wasting syndrome, opportunistic infections, a primary retroviral encephalitis, and immunologic abnormalities including a decrease in T4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes. These data show that an immunodeficiency syndrome can be produced experimentally in a nonhuman primate by an agent from the HTLV-III/LAV group of retroviruses. The STLV-III-macaque system will thus provide a useful model for the study of antiviral agents and vaccine development for human AIDS.     

Mobile DNA in Old World monkeys: a glimpse through the rhesus macaque genome

The completion of the draft sequence of the rhesus macaque genome allowed us to study the genomic composition and evolution of transposable elements in this representative of the Old World monkey lineage, a group of diverse primates closely related to humans. The L1 family of long interspersed elements appears to have evolved as a single lineage, and Alu elements have evolved into four currently active lineages. We also found evidence of elevated horizontal transmissions of retroviruses and the absence of DNA transposon activity in the Old World monkey lineage. In addition, approximately 100 precursors of composite SVA (short interspersed element, variable number of tandem repeat, and Alu) elements were identified, with the majority being shared by the common ancestor of humans and rhesus macaques. Mobile elements compose roughly 50% of primate genomes, and our findings illustrate their diversity and strong influence on genome evolution between closely related species.     

猕猴脾脏中IL–2蛋白表达的性别差异

观察白细胞介素2(IL–2)在猕猴脾脏中的表达分布及性别差异。采用免疫组织化学SP法,对雌、雄猕猴脾脏内IL–2的分布与表达进行观察。雄性猕猴脾脏红髓区阳性细胞强染且多为胞浆着色,中等密度分布;白髓区有低密度分布的中等阳性细胞,且多数为胞浆着色;在边缘区有中等密度分布的中等阳性细胞。雌性猕猴脾脏中,红髓区脾索有高密度强阳性细胞,有部分胞核和部分胞浆着色;白髓区有低密度分布的胞核着色的中等阳性细胞;边缘区有中等密度分布的中等阳性细胞。雌性猕猴脾脏中IL–2阳性细胞数量及蛋白表达强度均显著高于雄性猕猴(P<0.01或0.05)。IL–2阳性产物主要表达于红髓中,表明IL–2对猕猴脾脏体液免疫功能的发挥起到了较强的作用,且性别差异明显。     

GABA and its agonists improved visual cortical function in senescent monkeys

Human cerebral cortical function degrades during old age. Much of this change may result from a degradation of intracortical inhibition during senescence. We used multibarreled microelectrodes to study the effects of electrophoretic application of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the GABA type a (GABAa) receptor agonist muscimol, and the GABAa receptor antagonist bicuculline, respectively, on the properties of individual V1 cells in old monkeys. Bicuculline exerted a much weaker effect on neuronal responses in old than in young animals, confirming a degradation of GABA-mediated inhibition. On the other hand, the administration of GABA and muscimol resulted in improved visual function. Many treated cells in area V1 of old animals displayed responses typical of young cells. The present results have important implications for the treatment of the sensory, motor, and cognitive declines that accompany old age.     

Clock基因在不同繁殖时期雌性马岗鹅中的组织表达

为研究Clock基因对鹅繁殖周期的影响,选取产蛋高峰期、休产期和就巢期的2.5年龄雌性马岗鹅各6只,采集下丘脑、垂体和卵巢组织样品,克隆鹅的Clock基因,并采用实时荧光定量PCR的方法检测其在不同繁殖周期的表达水平.通过克隆获得马岗鹅Clock基因cDNA序列2 905 bp,基因组序列全长41 039 bp,含22个外显子,21个内含子.比对分析发现该序列包含了Clock基因的全部编码序列,共2 574 bp,编码857个氨基酸.氨基酸序同源性比对发现,鹅Clock基因与其他禽类的同源性均超过96%,在物种间的保守性高.产蛋高峰期时Clock基因表达水平在下丘脑、垂体和卵巢组织中均高于休产期和就巢期,其中在下丘脑(P0.01)和卵巢组织(P0.05)中差异均显著,而休产期和就巢期的表达水平差异无统计学意义(P0.05).研究发现Clock基因在产蛋高峰期的下丘脑和卵巢中高表达,说明该基因可能参与鹅繁殖节律的调控.     

Behavior disruption in Cebus monkeys as a function of injected substances

Intraperitoneal injections of blood substances from schizophrenic or stressed normal human donors into primates trained to perform a precision timing task resulted in significant prolongation of time taken to complete the task as compared with injections of blood substances from normal donors.     

大体积日粮对母猪及其繁殖性能的影响

研究了大体积高纤维日粮对母猪的影响,试验分为A组(对照组)和B组(试验组),两组的粗纤维含量分别为3.87%,12.56%.A组便秘发生率为60%,B组5%(P＜0.05),A组平均产活仔数9.69头,初生窝重10.7kg,,B组10.08头,11.59kg(P＞0.05);从分娩到仔猪20日龄期间,A组日平均采食量4.48kg,B组4.61kg(P＜0.05);仔猪20日龄成活率及平均窝重A组分别为94.84%、44.30kg,B组95.04%、47.04kg(P＜0.05);断奶后的发情间隔A组平均为8.9天,B组5.4天,缩短了3.5天(P＜0.05).说明添加粗纤维能有效解决母猪的便秘问题,同时对其产仔数和窝重不仅无不良影响,而且有改善趋势;在哺乳期母猪食欲好,采食量大,因此仔猪在20日龄的成活率及窝重B组略优于A组;B组断奶后的发情间隔较A组缩短了3.5天.总之,饲喂大体积日粮对生产有益.     

雌性黑熊生殖系统的形态学观察

对3头雌性黑熊的生殖系统进行形态学观察.结果表明,雌性黑熊卵巢脂肪囊发达,卵巢呈卵圆形或椭圆形,皮、髓质界限清晰;子宫为双分子宫,子宫角长,子宫颈管具有明显的子宫内口和外口,输卵管和子宫壁由黏膜、肌层和浆膜构成,子宫腺发达;阴道呈背腹压扁的管状,形成阴道穹隆和阴蒂窝.     

大刺鳅生殖季节雌鱼的脂肪酸组成研究

采用气相色谱法测定了大刺鳅(Mastacembelue armatus)生殖季节雌鱼卵巢、肌肉和肝胰脏内的脂肪酸组成和脂肪酸含量.结果表明,在雌鱼卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉中的脂肪酸种类不同;雌鱼卵巢和肌肉中C18:1n-9含量最高,分别为32.65％和34.99％;肝胰脏中DHA含量最高(18.54％);肌肉中单不饱和脂肪酸含量最高(42.66％);肝胰脏中饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高,分别为31.67％和44.07％;肝胰脏中多不饱和脂肪酸中的n-3系列脂肪酸含量最高、达27.94％.因此,给大刺鳅投喂DHA及ARA含量高的饲料原料有助于n-3PUFA在其肝胰脏中作为营养物质储存.     

Monosodium glutamate admlinistration to the newborn reduces reproductive ability in female and male mice

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) administered during the neonatal period (days 2 to 11) resulted in a sequence of events that were manifested in adulthood. Reproductive dysfunction was seen in both female and male animals. Females treated with MSG had fewer pregnancies and smaller litters, while males treated with MSG showed reduced fertility. The MSG-treated mice showed increased body weight and decreased pituitary, thyroid, ovary, or testis weights.     

Study on features of female fetal reproductive system development in Chinese northeast fine-wool sheep

Some charaterasics of female fetal reproductive system were studied in different gestation phases of Chinese northeast fine-wool sheep.The results showed that reproductive system consisted of ovary,oviduct,uterus and genitalia.The fetal ovaries were granular in early phase and became elliptic in later phase.The functional formula of ovarian weight,length and volume was obtained. Primary oocyte was encapsulated by monolayer cells in 7-week fetal ovary cortex.Primordial follicles were formed in 8-week fetal ovary,the follicular cells were sporadically arranged and not always regular.Complete organization of primordial follicles appeared until 10-week gestation,most of them scattered in nests in the following weeks of gestation.Two types of follicular complexes were found in fetal.There were continuous and quick mitosis of oogonia in fetal ovaries,large complexes were formed by oogoniaes encapsulated by multilayer of follicular cells,then they differentiated into small complexes,one or more primary oocytes were formed by mitosis of oogonia,primordial follicles which were caused by follicular cell approaching into them developed.     

A physiological role of epidermal growth factor in male reproductive function

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates the proliferation of various mammalian cells in culture, but its physiological role is not well defined. In mature male mice, large amounts of EGF are produced in the submandibular gland; it is present in the circulation at approximately 5 nanograms of EGF per milliliter of plasma. Sialoadenectomy (removal of the submandibular glands) decreased the amount of circulating EGF to an undetectable level but did not affect the circulating levels of testosterone or follicle-stimulating hormone. The number of mature sperm in the epididymis decreased by as much as 55 percent; the number of spermatids in the testis decreased by 40 to 50 percent; and the number of spermatocytes increased by about 20 percent. Administration of EGF to sialoadenectomized mice restored both the sperm content of the epididymis and the number of spermatids in the testis to normal. Thus, EGF may play a role in male reproductive function by stimulating the meiotic phase of spermatogenesis.     

广西地区人工饲养雌性食蟹猴雌二醇和睾酮含量变化的研究

探索广西地区人工饲养的雌性食蟹猴在少年、青年和中年阶段睾酮和雌二醇分泌情况。使用放射免疫方法分别测定血清中的睾酮、雌二醇含量变化。试验结果表明：广西地区人工饲养的雌性食蟹猴少年组、青年组和中年组间雌二醇分泌的量分别是38.81±21.57 pg/ml、76.09±56.23 pg/ml、64.37±39.48 pg/ml,分泌水平差异极显著（P〈0.01）,其中青年组雌二醇分泌量大于中年组,少年组的含量最少。雌性食蟹猴少年组、青年组和中年组间睾酮的分泌量分别是52.36±24.93 ng/ml,37.95±21.69 ng/ml、80.91±29.19 ng/ml,分泌水平差异极显著（P〈0.01）,其中中年组分泌水平最高,青年组其次,少年组最少。     

罗氏沼虾雌虾规格对生殖性能和胚胎质量的影响

为了解罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)雌虾体质量对其生殖性能和胚胎质量的影响,本研究比较了4种规格（A组：16~20 g/尾、B组：24~28 g/尾、C组：32~36 g/尾、D组：40~44 g/尾）的雌虾亲本的生殖性能、胚胎质量和胚胎色泽,以及分析了体质量和生殖性能之间的相关性. 结果显示：随着雌虾体质量的增加,雌虾抱卵量呈显著上升趋势,D组的抱卵量显著高于A、B、C组的抱卵量,C组显著高于A组(P<0.05),生殖力和生殖指数也随着体质量的增加而呈上升,D组显著高于A组(P<0.05),但是A、B、C组之间无显著性差异,B、C、D组之间无显著性差异;各组之间的单卵湿质量、单卵干质量和卵径均无显著性差异;各组之间的胚胎色泽参数均无显著性差异;体质量与抱卵量（r=0.847, P=0.000）、生殖力（r=0.508, P=0.004）和生殖指数（r=0.551, P=0.001）均呈显著正相关. 结果表明,大规格罗氏沼虾的生殖性能优于小规格,但是规格对胚胎质量无明显的影响,该研究为罗氏沼虾亲本选择、生殖性能评价和人工育苗提供了重要基础资料     

RFRP-3对大鼠附睾生殖功能的影响

[目的]探究RFRP-3对大鼠附睾生殖功能的影响,为全面了解RFRP-3调控雄性动物的生殖生理功能提供理论依据.[方法]通过半定量RT-PCR检测不同发育阶段(20、40、60和80日龄)SD大鼠附睾中RFRP-3及其受体GPR147的表达情况;选取60日龄雄性SD大鼠,分别对其睾丸注射0(CK)、0.1、1.0和10.0μg/d的RFRP-3,连续注射7 d,然后通过组织石蜡切片、酶活性测定、Western blotting等分别检测不同剂量RFRP-3对SD大鼠附睾形态学、Caspase-3活性、凋亡相关蛋白(Caspase-3和Bcl-2)和自噬相关蛋白(Beclin-1、LC3和Atg5)表达的影响.[结果]RFRP-3和GPR147在不同发育阶段SD大鼠附睾中的表达水平呈波动性变化,均以60日龄的表达水平最高;不同剂量的RFRP-3均能导致SD大鼠附睾上皮细胞发生异常,使精子数量减少.与CK相比,不同剂量的RFRP-3均能极显著增加SD大鼠附睾Caspase-3活性(P<0.01,下同),还能显著(P<0.05,下同)或极显著提高附睾中活化Caspase-3与完整Caspase-3的比值,有效抑制Bcl-2的表达,且呈明显的剂量依赖关系.RFRP-3对SD大鼠附睾内自噬标志蛋白Beclin-1、LC3-II/LC3-I和Atg5的表达出现相互矛盾的结果.[结论]RFRP-3在雄性大鼠附睾中有表达,但对附睾活性有直接抑制作用,具体作用原理是RFRP-3能诱导附睾中总Caspase-3裂解为活性Caspase-3并下调Bcl-2表达以触发附睾细胞凋亡,而附睾细胞的凋亡促使附睾退化及精子数量减少.     

雌性双峰驼生殖道粘膜免疫组织和细胞的结构与分布

应用光镜和透射电镜观察12峰雌性双峰驼生殖道粘膜免疫组织和细胞的结构与分布。结果显示，输卵管、子宫和阴道的粘膜上皮以及子宫腺上皮内普遍分布着上皮内淋巴细胞（IEL），尤其在子宫颈后段和阴道前段的上皮中可见淋巴细胞浸润现象。从输卵管伞到阴道，固有膜内分布有数量不等的固有层淋巴细胞（LPL）、浆细胞、巨噬细胞和嗜中性粒细胞，在子宫角、子宫体和子宫颈固有膜中还出现淋巴小结，小结内含有一种成群分布的强嗜伊红细胞，细胞大而有突起。子宫颈粘膜上皮和腺上皮内还见嗜中性粒细胞，这些细胞有时充满于子宫颈腺腔内。在子宫（尤其子宫角）固有膜深层和浅肌层分布着成群的肥大细胞，肥大细胞在孕驼子宫内明显减少。母驼生殖道粘膜形成的众多皱襞和腺体大大增加了上皮表面积，进而增大了粘膜免疫组织和细胞的数量。结果提示，双峰驼生殖道具有强大的粘膜免疫功能。     

珍贵绢丝昆虫天蚕雌性内生殖器官的结构及其发育

报道了天蚕幼虫、蛹和成虫雌性内生殖器官结构及其发育的系统观察结果．幼虫卵巢大小随虫龄增长而增大．其中以５龄取食期增长最快，老熟结茧后增长明显减缓．蛹（化蛹第４天开始）和成虫内生殖系统由卵巢、侧输卵管、中输卵管、导精管、交配囊、受精囊和附腺等组成．蛹期各内生殖器官大小一般随日龄增长而增大；卵巢鲜重随日龄增长的趋势及同一卵巢管中卵室体积自顶端至基端增长的趋势，均可用Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ曲线较好地加以描述