秸秆还田量对陇中旱作麦田土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳含量的影响

为探明秸秆还田后土壤团聚体与有机碳的变化特征和作用机制,依托2019年布设于甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同秸秆还田试验,设置两种秸秆类型：小麦秸秆和玉米秸秆,秸秆还田量分别为：0（CK）、3 500（低量）、7 000（中量）、14 000 kg·hm^-2（高量）,研究了秸秆还田对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤团聚体稳定性和有机碳的影响。结果表明：土壤机械稳定性团聚体以>0.25 mm团聚体为主,且随土层加深粒径逐渐增大,水稳性团聚体均与之相反;秸秆还田较不还田处理的机械稳定性和水稳性<0.25 mm粒级团聚体含量分别降低了3.53%～21.74%和2.73%～8.95%,土壤机械稳定性和水稳性团聚体平均重量直径MWD、几何平均直径GMD的提升幅度最大分别达到16.29%、30.12%和20.93%、12.12%,团聚体破碎率PAD降低了2.53%～13.23%,在中量秸秆还田时效果最好,且玉米秸秆比小麦秸秆效果更明显。秸秆还田提升了土壤有机碳含量,且在表层土壤秸秆还田量越高,对土壤有机碳的提升效果越显著,其中玉米秸秆高量还田处理的土壤有机碳含量较CK显著提高了...     

氮肥与秸秆还田对陕西关中灌区冬小麦 农田CO2排放的影响

利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对陕西关中灌区不同氮素用量及秸秆还田处理(190 kg N·hm-2,N190;150 kgN·hm-2,N150; 75 kg N·hm-2,N75; 150 kg N·hm-2+ 5000 kg· hm-2秸秆,N150+S)下冬小麦农田CO2排放及其影响因素进行研究.结果表明:农田CO2排放通量呈明显的季节变化规律,且与温度的动态变化趋势相一致;各处理CO2排放通量与大气温度和土壤温度均具有极显著的指数相关关系,且与大气温度相关性最好;全生长季各处理累积CO2排放量顺序为:N1S0+ S＞ N150≈N190＞ N75,在中低氮水平范围内CO2排放量随施氮量增加而增加,秸秆还田增加了农田CO2排放,排放量较不还田增加18％.     

长期秸秆还田对褐土农田土壤有机碳、氮组分及玉米产量的影响

基于1992—2022年连续30 a的长期定位试验,研究秸秆不还田（CK）、秸秆覆盖还田（SM）、秸秆粉碎直接还田（SC）和秸秆过腹还田（CM）4种不同秸秆还田方式对土壤有机碳、氮组分和作物产量的影响。结果表明：（1）不同秸秆还田方式均可增加耕层土壤有机碳、全氮及其组分含量;与CK相比,CM处理0~20 cm土层土壤的总有机碳（SOC）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、水溶性有机碳（DOC）和颗粒有机碳（POC）的含量分别显著增加42.85%、93.51%、80.09%、190.42%和123.38%;土壤全氮（TN）、轻组有机氮（LFON）、微生物量氮（MBN）、水溶性有机氮（WSON）和颗粒有机氮（PON）的含量分别显著增加49.37%、34.26%、69.49%、172.73%和129.29%。（2）各活性有机碳组分与土壤有机碳的比值表现为LFOC>POC>MBC>DOC;各氮组分与土壤全氮的比值表现为LFON>PON>MBN>WSON。（3）CM和SC处理下敏感指数最高的指标为DOC,DOC可作为CM和SC处理早期有机物变化的指示物;SM处理下敏感指数最高的指标为LFOC,LFOC可作为SM处理早期有机物变化的指示物。（4）土壤有机碳、氮组分间均呈显著正相关关系,其中DOC可以较好地反映SOC的变化情况,WSON可较好地反映TN的变化情况。（5）与CK相比,长期秸秆还田均可以显著提高玉米产量,SM、SC和CM处理30 a累计产量分别增加6.38%、7.82%和23.00%。综上,长期秸秆还田是提高土壤有机碳氮组分含量和作物产量的有效耕作措施,以秸秆过腹还田效果最为突出,可在黄土高原旱地玉米种植区域推广。     

棉花秸秆和氮肥对土壤CO_2和N_2O排放及碳氮排放系数的影响

以新疆绿洲棉田土壤为研究对象,通过室内控制试验,针对棉花秸秆结合氮肥等不同处理进行了为期63 d的CO_2和N_2O排放观测,探讨秸秆和氮肥施用对土壤有机碳和全氮含量及碳氮排放系数的影响。结果表明:秸秆显著增加CO_2和N_2O排放量,而氮肥对CO_2排放量无显著影响,但却显著增加了N_2O排放量。在施加秸秆和氮肥处理下,CO_2排放速率在前16 d较快,而N_2O排放速率在前3~5 d较快。施加秸秆均能增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量;而施加氮肥降低了土壤有机碳含量,提高了土壤全氮含量。在不同量秸秆和氮肥的配比下,计算得出:秸秆还田产生的有机碳约有47.67%(均值)以CO_2形式排出,其中在全量秸秆和低氮量水平下最高,约为48.71%和50.72%;秸秆碳的排放系数平均值为35.2%,但不是一个常数;秸秆氮的排放系数随施氮量增加而增大,与秸秆量没有直接关系;尿素氮的排放系数均随秸秆量和氮量的增加而增大。     

绿洲化过程中塔里木地区农田土壤固碳速率与驱动因素分析

通过对不同时期塔里木北部灌区农田样地土壤采样及剖面分析,结合第二次全国土壤普查和塔里木北部灌区相关农业资料,利用Arc GIS软件分析农田土壤有机碳储量和碳密度变化,揭示绿洲化过程中塔里木北部灌区农田土壤有机碳库的演变规律,分析影响土壤有机碳固存的主要因素。结果表明:1灌区不同类型土壤的固碳能力差异显著,有机碳含量从高至低依次为草甸土、盐土、潮土和风沙土;剖面土壤有机碳含量自上而下递减,其中表层土壤有机碳含量高达2~8 g·kg~(-1)。2剖面0~20 cm和20~40 cm深度的平均土壤有机碳密度分别为(1.36±0.09)kg·m~(-2)和(1.10±0.07)kg·m~(-2),其中风沙土的土壤有机碳密度远低于该区平均水平。3与1981年相比,2011年塔里木北部灌区土壤有机碳密度增量不明显,固碳速率为-0.01~0.03 kg·m~(-2)·a~(-1);不同类型土壤的有机碳密度变化差异显著。总体而言,在绿洲化过程中,新疆塔里木北部灌区的土壤有机碳含量呈增加趋势,土地开发年限及农田管理措施是影响该变化的主要因素。     

麦豆长期轮作下秸秆还田对土壤碳氮组分及作物产量的影响

通过在陕西杨凌开展的田间长期定位试验,研究冬小麦-夏大豆长期轮作模式下秸秆还田量（不还田、半量还田、全量还田）对土壤碳氮养分及麦豆产量的影响。结果表明：土壤全氮、矿物质氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮含量随着秸秆还田量的增加而增加,与不还田相比,半量还田处理0～40 cm土壤全氮、矿物质氮、硝态氮、微生物量氮含量比不还田处理平均增加10.51%、11.58%、15.71%、35.68%,全量还田处理比不还田处理平均增加19.61%、21.84%、26.50%、40.77%。秸秆半量还田、全量还田处理土壤有机碳含量比不还田处理分别增加4.10%、14.58%,水溶性有机碳含量分别增加2.01%、6.68%,微生物量碳含量分别增加6.71%、7.67%。土壤全氮、硝态氮、矿物质氮含量表现为9—12月份较高,3—5月份较低,微生物量碳、氮变化趋势与之相反。0~20 cm土壤中碳、氮各组分含量均高于20~40 cm土层。秸秆还田处理增产显著,与不还田处理相比,半量还田处理大豆、小麦产量分别增加3.63%、5.44%,全量还田处理分别增产19.69%、10.38%。长期麦豆轮作下秸秆全量还田措施是提高作物产量、改善土壤质量的有效途径。     

不同轮作方式和秸秆还田对麦田土壤CO2排放与水热碳氮状况和产量的影响

为探讨免耕条件下不同轮作方式秸秆还田对土壤CO₂排放的影响,本研究通过长期定位试验,采用GXH-3010E1型便携式红外线分析器测量土壤CO₂排放速率,对比研究冬小麦-夏闲、冬小麦-夏玉米和冬小麦-夏大豆在秸秆还田条件下土壤CO₂排放的动态变化及其与土壤温度、水分之间的回归关系,并分析比较土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量的变化。结果表明：三种轮作方式秸秆还田条件下冬小麦土壤CO₂排放具有明显的季节变化规律,平均CO₂排放通量表现为冬小麦-夏玉米全量还田>冬小麦-夏玉米不还田>冬小麦-夏大豆全量还田>冬小麦-夏大豆不还田>冬小麦-夏闲全量还田>冬小麦-夏闲不还田。所有处理土壤CO₂排 放通量与土壤含水率和土壤温度均呈极显著正相关,秸秆未还田处理地温与CO₂排放通量的模拟模型要好于秸秆还田处理。各处理冬小麦收获后土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量均比播种前高,FA、FN处理有机碳增加最大,SA、SN碱解氮增加最大。     

绿洲农田土壤团聚体组成及有机碳和全氮分布对秸秆还田方式的响应

通过田间定位试验,在甘肃干旱灌区,研究了不同小麦秸秆还田方式(NTSS: 25~30 cm 高茬收割立茬免耕; NTS: 25~30 cm高茬秸秆覆盖免耕; TIS: 25~30 cm 高茬秸秆深翻耕; CT: 传统不留茬深翻耕—对照) 对农田土壤团聚体及有机碳和全氮分布特征的影响,以期为优化试区种植模式与提高农业可持续发展提供依据。结果表明：免耕秸秆还田处理(NTSS、NTS)≥0.25 mm团聚体含量较高,与CT相比,在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层分别提高5.4%与12.5%、13.3%与14.1%、11.1%与19.2%,以NTS提高幅度较大。NTSS、NTS提高了0~10、20~30 cm土壤团聚体的平均重量直径,较CT处理分别提高6.7%与11.6%、7.6%与8.1%,以NTS提高效果最明显。NTSS、NTS处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均高于 CT 处理,在0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层,有机碳含量分别增大8.1%与13.3%、7.4%与11.4%、7.8%与12.8%;全氮含量分别提高14.6%与17.9%、14.5%与17.9%、16.2%与20.5%,同样,以NTS提高土壤有机碳及全氮程度较大。各级别团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量均随土层深度增加而减小,团聚体中有机碳和全氮含量随团聚体直径减小而增加,NTS处理在各土层各级别团聚体均保持较高的土壤有机碳及全氮含量。因此,前茬小麦25~30 cm秸秆覆盖免耕还田是干旱灌区增强土壤团聚体形成、提高土壤有机碳及全氮含量的适宜栽培措施。     

基于DNDC模型的不同水文年稻田水碳管理模式优化

为探究不同水文年型下稻田最优的水碳管理模式,基于2 a田间试验数据校正并验证了DNDC模型,选取了3种典型的水文年,模拟了不同灌溉模式和秸秆还田水平下稻田土壤有机碳（SOC）和水稻产量的变化,并对结果进行了比选。结果表明：DNDC模型可以较好地模拟节水灌溉条件下稻田SOC和水稻产量变化;灌溉模式影响了稻田SOC和水稻产量,相同秸秆还田水平下,控灌稻田0~10 cm土层SOC略低于淹灌处理,但水稻产量更高,控灌稻田的SOC和水稻产量分别较淹灌稻田降低了0.25%~1.92%和增加了0.32%~8.13%。随着秸秆还田水平的提高,不同水文年的稻田SOC均呈阶梯状上升趋势,但水稻产量和水分生产率的结果存在差异,平水年呈先升高后稳定的趋势,在6 500 kg·hm^-2秸秆还田水平下达到峰值,丰水年条件下秸秆还田的增产作用较枯水年更为明显。与1 000 kg·hm^-2的秸秆还田水平相比,8 000 kg·hm^-2秸秆还田水平下水稻产量和水分生产率在1964年（枯水年）分别增加了1.95%和2.27%,而在1977年（丰水年）分别增加了4.36%和4.38%。节水灌溉与秸秆还田耦合是值得推荐的水碳管理模式,平、枯、丰水年的推荐秸秆还田水平分别为6 000、6 000 kg·hm^-2和7 500 kg·hm^-2,SOC和产量达到潜力的99.2%和89.8%以上,水分生产率较相同秸秆还田量的淹灌处理高43.5%以上。     

麦玉两熟秸秆还田对作物产量和农田氮素平衡的影响

为探讨秸秆还田对作物产量和农田氮素平衡的影响,于2006~2007生长季在河南省滑县进行了田间小区定位试验。研究结果表明,与单施纯氮90、1802、70和360 kg/hm2相比,秸秆还田配施同量氮肥能够增加作物产量,冬小麦分别增产7.1%、8.4%、11.1%和10.2%,夏玉米籽粒产量分别增产5.8%、9.5%、10.1%和9.0%,其中,秸秆还田配施N 270 kg/hm2的冬小麦-夏玉米产量最高。为保持周年农田氮素平衡,冬小麦-夏玉米秸秆还田配施纯N不要超过360 kg/hm2。麦玉两熟秸秆还田配施纯N以360~540 kg/hm2为宜。     

Effects of cotton field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in an arid region of Northwest China

Changes in both soil organic C storage and soil respiration in farmland ecosystems may affect atmospheric CO2 concentration and global C cycle. The objective of this field experiment was to study the effects of three crop field management practices on soil CO2 emission and C balance in a cotton field in an arid region of Northwest China. The three management practices were irrigation methods（drip and flood）, stubble managements（stubble-incorporated and stubble-removed） and fertilizer amendments（no fertilizer（CK）, chicken manure（OM）, inorganic N, P and K fertilizer（NPK）, and inorganic fertilizer plus chicken manure（NPK＋OM））. The results showed that within the C pool range, soil CO2 emission during the whole growing season was higher in the drip irrigation treatment than in the corresponding flood irrigation treatment, while soil organic C concentration was larger in the flood irrigation treatment than in the corresponding drip irrigation treatment. Furthermore, soil CO2 emission and organic C concentration were all higher in the stubble-incorporated treatment than in the corresponding stubble-removed treatment, and larger in the NPK＋OM treatment than in the other three fertilizer amendments within the C pool range. The combination of flood irrigation, stubble incorporation and application of either NPK＋OM or OM increased soil organic C concentration in the 0-60 cm soil depth. Calculation of net ecosystem productivity（NEP） under different management practices indicated that the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK＋OM increased the size of the C pool most, followed by the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation and NPK. In conclusion, management practices have significant impacts on soil CO2 emission, organic C concentration and C balance in cotton fields. Consequently, appropriate management practices, such as the combination of drip irrigation, stubble incorporation, and either NPK＋OM or NPK could increase soil C storage in cotton fie     

不同耕作措施下陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤活性有机碳组分及其与酶活性间的关系

通过设置在陇中黄土高原半干旱雨养农业区15年的不同保护性耕作措施长期定位试验,研究了传统耕作(T)、免耕(NT)、免耕结合秸秆覆盖(NTS)、传统耕作结合秸秆还田(TS)4种不同耕作措施下不同土层的土壤总有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量、碳库管理指数和土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶和过氧化物酶等4种参与碳循环土壤酶,并分析了土壤有机碳及其活性碳组分与土壤酶之间的相关关系。结果表明:0~30 cm土层,NTS处理可显著提高土壤有机碳、土壤活性有机碳、土壤微生物量碳及碳库管理指数,分别较T处理增加了16.3%、28.26%、41.88%、37.04%,NT、TS处理较T处理各指标也均有不同程度提高;在0~30 cm土层,NTS、TS、NT处理与T处理相比,蔗糖酶分别提高了33.84%、21.59%、25.15%,淀粉酶活性分别提高了20.90%、13.43%、12.69%,纤维素酶活性分别提高了39.13%、17.39%、4.34%,过氧化物酶活性分别提高了7.81%、2.08%、3.65%;土壤蔗糖酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶、过氧化物酶与各形态有机碳及碳库管理指数均表现为显著或极显著正相关关系;蔗糖酶活性增加对有机碳积累作用最显著,有助于土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、微生物量碳含量提高,土壤纤维素酶对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量的增加有促进作用,过氧化物酶有利于总有机碳的积累。免耕结合秸秆覆盖是适宜该地区农田生态系统健康稳定发展,减少碳库损失的重要途径。     

保护性耕作对黄土高原春玉米田土壤理化特性的影响

为了探索黄土高原春玉米区保护性耕作农田土壤理化特性变化,测定分析了保护性耕作处理第二年春玉米生长不同时期农田土壤容重、水分和养分变化.结果表明,保护性耕作处理在玉米生长前期0～10 cm土壤容重呈下降趋势且小于传统耕作,但后期增加幅度较大;与传统耕作相比保护性耕作能显著增加玉米生长前期表层0～60 cm和后期100～200 cm土壤含水量 ,有较好保水、蓄水作用;保护性耕作下表层0～20 cm土壤养分指标除全磷外,均表现为稳定升高趋势,且能有效提高土壤全钾和速效钾含量;土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷含量低于传统耕作,但变异系数较小.     

Effects of different tillage and straw retention practices on soil aggregates and carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils of the northwestern China

Soil tillage and straw retention in dryland areas may affect the soil aggregates and the distribution of total organic carbon. The aims of this study were to establish how different tillage and straw retention practices affect the soil aggregates and soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in the aggregate fractions based on a long-term (approximately 15 years) field experimentin the semi-arid western Loess Plateau, northwestern China. The experiment included four soil treatments, i.e., conventional tillage with straw removed (T), conventional tillage with straw incorporated (TS), no tillage with straw removed (NT) and no tillage with straw retention (NTS), which were arranged in a complete randomized block design. The wet-sieving method was used to separate four size fractions of aggregates, namely, large macroaggregates (LA, >2000 μm), small macroaggregates (SA, 250-2000 μm), microaggregates (MA, 53-250 μm), and silt and clay (SC, <53 μm). Compared to the conventional tillage practices (including T and TS treatments), the percentages of the macroaggregate fractions (LA and SA) under the conservation tillage practices (including NT and NTS treatments) were increased by 41.2%-56.6%, with the NTS treatment having the greatest effect. For soil layers of 0-5, 5-10 and 10-30 cm, values of the mean weight diameter (MWD) under the TS and NTS treatments were 10.68%, 13.83% and 17.65%, respectively. They were 18.45%, 19.15% and 14.12% higher than those under the T treatment, respectively. The maximum contents of the aggregate-associated SOC and TN were detected in the SA fraction, with the greatest effect being observed for the NTS treatment. The SOC and TN contents were significantly higher under the NTS and TS treatments than under the T treatment. Also, the increases in SOC and TN levels were much higher in the straw-retention plots than in the straw-removed plots. The macroaggregates (including LA and SA fractions) were the major pools for SOC and TN, regardless of tillage practices, storing 3.25-6.81 g C/kg soil and 0.34-0.62 g N/kg soil. Based on the above results, we recommend the NTS treatment as the best option to boost soil aggregates and to reinforce carbon and nitrogen sequestration in soils in the semi-arid western Loess Plateau of northwestern China.     

Changes in soil organic carbon and nitrogen after 26 years of farmland management on the Loess Plateau of China

Soil carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) play a crucial role in determining the soil and environmental quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of 26 years(from 1984 to 2010) of farmland management on soil organic carbon(SOC) and soil N in abandoned, wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) non-fertilized, wheat fertilized(mineral fertilizer and organic manure) and alfalfa(Medicago Sativa L.) non-fertilized treatments in a semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau, China. Our results showed that SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.29(24.4%) and 1.39 Mg/hm2(100%), respectively, after the conversion of farmland to alfalfa land. Compared to the wheat non-fertilized treatment, SOC and soil total N contents in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased by 4.64(26.4%) and 1.18 Mg/hm2(85.5%), respectively, in the wheat fertilized treatment. In addition, we found that the extents of changes in SOC, soil total N and mineral N depended on soil depth were greater in the upper soil layer(0–30 cm) than in the deeper soil layer(30–100 cm) in the alfalfa land or fertilizer-applied wheat land. Fertilizer applied to winter wheat could increase the accumulation rates of SOC and soil total N. SOC concentration had a significant positive correlation with soil total N concentration. Therefore, this study suggested that farmland management, e.g. the conversion of farmland to alfalfa forage land and fertilizer application, could promote the sequestrations of C and N in soils in semi-arid regions.     

不同耕作方式下冬小麦田N2O排放特征的差异性研究

采用静态箱—气相色谱法对空白对照(CK)、常规施肥(CG)、免耕(CB)、秸秆还田(CJ)4种处理小麦田的N_2O排放通量进行原位监测,同时测量土壤温度、水分及NH+4等相关影响因子的变化情况。研究结果表明:(1)4种处理方式下麦田N_2O排放通量具有明显的季节性变化规律,N_2O排放通量变化趋势基本一致,其中空白对照各处理N_2O的排放通量受季节性影响变化较小。(2)在小麦生长季,4种处理方式下的农田均表现为N_2O的排放源。与空白对照相比,常规耕作、免耕和秸秆还田处理下N_2O的排放总量分别增加了0.89 kg·hm~(-2)、0.41 kg·hm~(-2)和1.02 kg·hm~(-2)。(3)气温和土壤5 cm、10 cm温度与N_2O排放通量不存在显著的相关性,因而温度不是影响麦田N_2O排放的限制性因素。各处理N_2O排放通量与土壤水分均呈现正相关(P0.05)。通过对比几次降水与施肥前后N_2O排放通量的关系,发现降水后施肥能显著减少N_2O排放。降水引起的土壤水分增加是影响N_2O排放通量剧烈变化的因素。(4)免耕和秸秆还田分别在N_2O减排与小麦增产方面效果最好。N_2O减排与小麦增产作为农业可持续发展的基本要求,秸秆还田处理效果最优。     

河北栾城县农田土壤养分肥力状况与调控

与1979年土壤普查时养分含量相比,2000年栾城县农田土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量均有增加,而速效钾含量明显下降。全县氮磷钾肥投入逐年增加,但养分投入结构不合理,氮、磷投入均高于产出,钾的投入则低于产出,产投比严重失调。推广秸秆直接还田技术、调整化肥结构、实行有机无机相结合的培肥措施、改善施肥方法,是调控土壤肥力的有效途径。     

翻压油菜绿肥对枸杞产量和土壤养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了化肥施用量减半条件下,种植绿肥对宁杞5号枸杞果实产量和土壤养分含量的影响,试验包括化肥减半+配施有机肥（T1）、化肥减半+翻压油菜（T2）和全施化肥（CK）三个处理。结果显示:与CK相比,T1和T2处理分别使枸杞干果年产量显著增加24.1%和19.1%; 在秋果采收后,T1和T2处理分别使枸杞地土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较CK显著增加12.8%、13.2%、36.0%、28.2%和60.2%、23.1%、28.5%、57.9%。说明在化肥施用量减半条件下,配施有机肥或翻压油菜绿肥均可以提高枸杞地土壤养分含量,增加枸杞干果产量;而且在提高土壤养分含量方面,翻压绿肥油菜效果更为显著。枸杞行间套种油菜作为绿肥翻压,可以减少化肥施用量,也是提高枸杞产量和枸杞地土壤养分含量的重要技术措施。     

Cultivation effects on soil texture and fertility in an arid desert region of northwestern China

In arid desert regions of northwestern China, reclamation and subsequent irrigated cultivation have become effective ways to prevent desertification, expand arable croplands, and develop sustainable agricultural production. Improvement in soil texture and fertility is crucial to high soil quality and stable crop yield. However, knowledge on the long-term effects of the conversion of desert lands into arable croplands is very limited. To address this problem, we conducted this study in an arid desert region of northwestern China to understand the changes in soil physical-chemical properties after 0, 2, 5, 10, 17, and 24 years of cultivation. Our results showed that silt and clay contents at the 17-year-old sites increased 17.5 and 152.3 folds, respectively, compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The soil aggregate size fraction and its stability exhibited an exponential growth trend with increasing cultivation ages, but no significant change was found for the proportion of soil macroaggregates (>5.00 mm) during the 17 years of cultivation. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content at the 24-year-old sites was 6.86 g/kg and increased 8.8 folds compared with that at the 0-year-old sites. The total (or available) nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents showed significant increasing trends and reached higher values after 17 (or 24) years of cultivation. Changes in soil physical-chemical properties successively experienced slow, rapid, and stable development stages, but some key properties (such as soil aggregate stability and SOC) were still too low to meet the sustainable agricultural production. The results of this long-term study indicated that reasonable agricultural management, such as expanding no-tillage land area, returning straw to the fields, applying organic fertilizer, reducing chemical fertilizer application, and carrying out soil testing for formula fertilization, is urgently needed in arid desert regions.     

西南紫色土丘陵区不同耕作方式对土壤水热条件、有机碳含量及蚕豆产量的影响

在重庆北碚西南大学试验农场开展大田试验,设置传统耕作(T)、垄作(R)、传统耕作+半量秸秆覆盖(TS_1)、垄作+半量秸秆覆盖(RS_1)、传统耕作+全量秸秆覆盖(TS_2)、垄作+全量秸秆覆盖(RS_2)6个不同处理,研究不同耕作方式对蚕豆土壤水热条件、有机碳含量和蚕豆产量的影响及其相关关系。结果表明:秸秆覆盖下的土壤温度在低温时显著高于平作,在高温时则显著低于平作,而垄作的土壤温度与平作间没有明显的差异;在苗期、分枝期、开花期和成熟期,RS_2处理土壤水分均显著高于R处理;在分枝期、开花期和成熟期TS_2处理土壤水分均显著高于T处理;垄作和秸秆覆盖能提高土壤的有机碳含量,不同处理间的有机碳含量表现出RS_2TS_2RS_1TS_1RT的趋势;垄作和秸秆覆盖能提高蚕豆的产量,与对照T相比,R、TS_1、RS_1、TS_2、RS_2处理的蚕豆产量分别增产3.55%、9.20%、9.88%、10.78%、12.54%;蚕豆产量与土壤有机碳含量呈显著正相关。