Response of cucurbit rootstocks to Pythium aphanidermatum

Damping-off and vine decline diseases affect most greenhouse cucumber crops in Oman, with losses frequently exceeding 25% of seedlings and adult plants. As a consequence of some recent reports that disease control using metalaxyl fungicides were ineffective, seven local and introduced rootstocks were assessed for their response to Pythium aphanidermatum. The rootstocks were also tested for grafting compatibility and production potential under greenhouse conditions. During artificial inoculation trials, no damping-off symptoms were observed in the Hercules and Titan varieties, ridge gourd or sponge gourd. In three separate greenhouse trials, Titan, Hercules and squash var. Magda showed no damping-off or vine decline symptoms up to 45 days after transplanting. When cucumber was grafted onto the seven rootstocks, no symptoms were observed in the cucumber plants grafted onto Titan and Hercules rootstocks, whereas the cucumber grafted onto the other rootstocks showed varying levels of damping-off and vine decline diseases (10–40%). The Titan and Hercules rootstocks significantly increased the vegetative growth and the fruit number, weight and length compared to the self-grafted cucumbers, non-grafted cucumbers and cucumbers that were grafted onto the other rootstocks (P < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the influence of grafting on the resistance to Pythium and on the vegetative growth and yield of greenhouse cucumbers.     

甘草中总黄酮的前处理技术探讨

目的建立甘草中总黄酮的前处理技术。方法采用不同提取技术分别对甘草中的总黄酮进行探讨,分光光度法测定总黄酮的含量。结果采用超声波提取技术获得良好的检测结果,其加标回收率为86.3%-98.7%,相对标准偏差为(RSD)3.28%-9.46%,当总黄酮含量在0μg/ml-40μg/ml,时,其相关系数为0.9986。结论超声波前处理技术操作简便、快速、重现性好、准确度高,具有广泛的应用前景,该技术适用于甘草中总黄酮含量的测定。     

Leak syndrome of potato in Tunisia caused byPythium aphanidermatum andPythium ultimum

Summary TwoPythium spp. were isolated from diseased tubers exhibiting rots at harvest, in summer stores and also in refrigerated storage. Symptoms shared features described for both pink rot caused byPhytophthora erythroseptica and leak caused byPythium spp. The causal agents were identified asPythium aphanidermatum andP. ultimum by morphological and physiological observations and by fingerprinting using oomycete specific primers to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) within ribosomal DNAs. The optimum temperatures for infection were 30°C forP. aphanidermatum and 25°C forP. ultimum, corresponding to the optimum temperatures for growth in vitro. The optimum concentration for infection of tubers inoculated by dipping in a suspension of oospores or hyphal swellings after wounding was found to be 10³ reproductive organs/ml, whereas the infection threshold was 10 reproductive organs/ml.     

大豆品种对四种腐霉菌的抗性研究

采用种子腐烂测试法,用对大豆有致病性的4种腐霉菌对83个大豆栽培品种进行抗性鉴定.在参试材料中,有抗1种腐霉菌的材料,也有同时抗两2种以上腐霉菌的品种,并获得4个对4种腐霉菌都具有抗性的品种;对于单个腐霉菌而言,抗性材料数量不同.对于P.aphanidermatum表现抗性的材料有19个,占供试材料的22.3%;对P.sylvaticun表现为高抗的材料有34份,占供试材料的41.0%;对P.irregulare表现为高抗的材料有12份,占供试材料的14.5%;对P.ultimum表现为高抗的材料有32份,占供试材料的38.6%.在参试品种中,以抗P.sylvaticun和P.ultimum的材料较多,有20个品种,占参试品种的24.1%,这表明在现有大豆品种资源中有较丰富的抗源.     

Three-layer composite filter media containing electrospun polyimide nanofibers for the removal of fine particles

Polyimide (P84) nanofibers of 200-500 nm were deposited uniformly on needle punched aramid felt with basis weight of 260-350 g/m² by optimized electrospinning. High temperature adhesive was then electro-sprayed on the nanofiber side deliberately to bind a thin protective layer made of temperature-resistant non-wovens. The three layer structure was afterwards enforced by hot pressing to form composite filter media. The application of the adhesive was tailored not to affect the permeability of the substrate felt while exerting adhesion strength of over 1000 kPa for the media to be suitable for flue gas dust treatment under 240 ºC. When 0.3-10 μm NaCl aerosols were used as the simulated dusts, it was found that even a small amount of P84 nanofibers could obviously elevate the filtration efficiency. The composite showed 100 % removal efficiency of particles equal and greater than 2.0 μm, and 99.5 % for particles 1.0-2.0 μm in diameter.     

Antifungal activity of Vitex agnus-castus extract against Pythium ultimum in tomato

Vitex agnus-castus methanolic extract showed strong antifungal activity against Pythium ultimum in tomato under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The 0.2% extract delayed the mycelial growth of the fungus and showed significant antifungal activity against P. ultimum on tomato seedlings with an efficacy comparable to that of the synthetic fungicide. To determine the involvement both of plant extract and pathogenic fungus in PR gene induction, tomato plants were treated with V. agnus-castus extract and/or inoculated with P. ultimum. The expression of four PR genes (PR-1, PR-2, PR-5, PR-6) was monitored at five time points within 48 h of the extract treatment and fungal inoculation. The PR-1 and PR-4 genes were activated directly by V. agnus-castus extract up to 12 h after treatments; at 24 h, the direct activation by plant extract disappeared and a synergistic inducing effect of extract and pathogen applied simultaneously on the plant was observed. The PR-6 gene was not activated directly by the V. agnus-castus extract but only when applied together with the pathogen; activation of the PR-6 gene occurred 24 h after treatments and the gene expression increased at 48 h. There was no activation of PR-5 gene by the plant extract. The ability of V. agnus-castus extract to enhance plant defence responses upon pathogen inoculation might be further investigated. The activation of various PR genes suggests that induction of defence responses by V. agnus-castus extract in tomato may be regulated by more than one signalling pathway.     

Using chemical and biological treatments to reduce the potential of potato leak caused byPythium aphanidermatum in Tunisia

Summary The effect of fungicides and the antagonistic fungusTrichoderma harzianum (Th) on the potato leak pathogenPythium aphanidermatum (Pa) was investigated in vitro. Rot was reduced by 73% to 89% when tubers inoculated withPa were treated by immersion in solutions (0.5% w/v) of the fungicides Ridomil MZ58. Dithane M45. Manebe 80 and Tachigaren 360. Complete protection was achieved by dusting inoculated tubers with Ridomil MZ58 diluted in kaolin at a final concentration of 0.1% (w/w). The biological treatments of dipping inoculated tubers in a conidial water suspension ofTh at 10⁸ conidia/ml or of dusting with a mixture of a barley culture ofTh and kaolin to a final concentration of 2×10⁹ conidia/g were as effective as the chemical treatments. Control was still effective when inoculated tubers were treated with Ridomil MZ58. Tachigaren 360 or the conidial suspension ofTh after 24h incubation at 25°C.     

Effects of soil solarization on soil-borne populations ofPythium aphanidermatum andFusarium solani and on the potato crop in Tunisia

Summary Soil solarization by mulching with polyethylene for 60 days during summer in Tunisia, was effective in reducing dramatically to a depth of 30 cm inoculum levels ofFusarium solani (Fs) from 3,000 to 450 propagules gram⁻¹ of dry soil. Population densities ofPythium aphanidermatum (Pa) were reduced from 1,700 and 3,000 to 0.5 and 1 propagule gram⁻¹ of dry soil in the top 15 cm and at 1–30 cm depth, respectively. After a subsequent autumn potato crop, populations ofPa remained very low in the previously solarized soil whereas propagule density in non-solarized soils was similar to the initial density. Also, inoculum level ofFs increased by 40% in nonsolarized soils while it remained unchanged in solarized soils, suggesting microbial processes that prevented soil reinfestation. All the annual weeds were eradicated by solar heating but not the perennial weedConvolvulus arvensis. Potato plant growth and yields were improved in solarized plots.     

抑制差减杂交技术在大豆研究中的应用

作为一种高效分离差异表达基因的方法,抑制差减杂交(SSH)技术已被广泛应用于医学研究领域,其低假阳性、高灵敏度和高效性的优点,在植物研究领域中也越来越受到重视.虽然抑制差减杂交技术在大豆研究中的应用起步较晚,但近年来相关研究呈现增加的趋势,研究领域涉及到大豆花叶病毒病、大豆疫霉病、大豆光温互作和逆境胁迫等方面.该文介绍了抑制差减杂交技术的原理、特点和进一步改良的方向,并综述了该技术在大豆研究中的应用.     

Urea and composted cattle manure affect forage yield and nutritive value in sandy soils of south‐central Vietnam

Improved forage management can support increased production in smallholder beef systems. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of mineral nitrogen (urea) and composted cattle manure on Brachiaria cv. Mulato II yield and nutritive value in south‐central coastal Vietnam. Study design was a randomized complete block on six farms (blocks), with treatments derived from the factorial combination of five rates of composted cattle manure (0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 Mg DM ha^?1 year^?1) and three urea rates (0, 60 and 120 kg N ha^?1 year^?1), split into six yearly applications. Yield was measured from 2011 to 2013 with 36‐day average harvest intervals. Forage nutritive value was measured in September 2011 and December 2012. Highest yields were achieved when both compost and urea were applied at high rates. The initial yield and tiller responses to urea application were not sustained over the duration of the study when no compost was applied. Compost applied in isolation did not increase yield. Compost application increased ash concentration. Urea increased nutrient yield for all forage nutritive value parameters measured. Composted cattle manure combined with urea benefits grass yield, but high application rates are needed for sustained high yields on sandy soils.     

一株大豆腐霉菌(PSHH1)rDNA的ITS序列鉴定

大豆腐霉菌是黑龙江省大豆根腐病菌群的重要组成部分,为了明确大豆腐霉菌的种类,从黑龙江省黑河市大豆根系土壤分离获得1株腐霉菌PSHH1,应用r DNA-ITS序列分析法对其进行菌种鉴定。Blast和系统进化树结果表明:PSHH1与Gen Bank上登录号为AB259316.1和AB512973.1等的Pythium sylvaticum亲缘关系最近,r DNA-ITS序列同源性大于99%,因此认定PSHH1为Pythium sylvaticum。为了考察PSHH1的致病性,选取了60份当前大豆主栽品种,应用种子腐烂法和下胚轴接种法进行回接试验,通过计算种子腐烂率和植株茎折率来评价PSHH1的致病性,结果显示,PSHH1仅对13.33%的大豆主栽品种表现出较强的致病力,而对61.67%的大豆主栽品种致病力较弱。     

Gravitropic reaction in the growth of tea roots.

In Japan, tea (Camellia sinenis (L.) Kuntze) seedlings are propagated by cutting. A root system of clonal plants by cutting consists of adventitious roots and lateral roots. Most of the roots grow horizontally, which results in a shallow distribution of the root system. Such a shallow root system could be one of the factors contributing to the deterioration of nutrient uptake and resistance to water stress. Gravitropism of the roots is considered to be a decisive factor that controls the depth of a root system. The authors have investigated changes in the growth direction of roots to gravitative stimulus, using several kinds of roots (seminal roots, lateral roots and adventitious roots). Furthermore, amyloplasts in the root-cap cells, which are considered to be an equipment sensing gravistimulus, were observed. Seminal roots prominently showed orthogravitropism and contained many amyloplast particles in their root cap cells. Most lateral and adventitious roots showed plagiogravitropism, growing in an angle to gravistimulus, and lacked observable amyloplast particles in their root cap cells. The results suggest that the shallowing of root systems of elonal tea plants could be attributed to a gravitropic reaction of the adventitious and lateral roots composing the root system. There could also be a close relationship between the growth direction of roots and the presence of amyloplasts in root-cap cells.     

Evaluation of some quality characteristics in cassava storage roots

The susceptibility to physiological deterioration and the hardness (penetration) of fresh peeled cassava roots as well as the cooking time, taste and texture of cooked roots of four (one local and three promising) cultivars at four plant ages (6, 8, 10 and 12 months) were evaluated. Variety or cultivar, plant age and their interactions significantly affected all these parameters. Roots produced by the local cultivar (M Col 113) had lower DM contents and susceptibility to physiological deterioration, a longer cooking time and higher penetration measurements than the promising cultivars. Physiological deterioration and penetration values tended to decrease, whereas cooking time increased as the plants became older. The variation in correlation coefficients between quality and chemical parameters among the different cultivars was substantial, with no correlation being significant in all four cultivars. The experimental results demonstrate the great variability among cassava cultivars in the root quality factors.     

Differences in early growth of shoots and roots in potato clones

Summary Genetic differences have been found between potatoclones in early growth of shoots, early growth of roots and in the roots/shoots ratio. The early growth of shoots was positively correlated with the early growth of roots both in the variation of individual plants within a clone and in the variation of individual clones. Clones with greater early shoot growth exhibited earlier tuber growth and had a shorter growing period. Clones with a higher roots/shoots ratio exhibited delayed tuber formation and a longer growing period. The possibility of applying these results to the selection of high-yielding clones is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung In 25 Kartoffelklonen, die auf leichten, trockenen B?den vergleichsweise gute Ertr?ge brachten, wurde 1975 und 1976 das frühe Wachstum gemessen. In jedem Jahr wurden bei 4 Pflanzen pro Klon an drei Ernteterminen folgende Messungen durchgeführt: Gewicht der Stengel. Gewicht der Wurzeln und das Verh?ltnis Wurzel: Stengel. Die selben Klone wurden zwei Jahre in Feldversuchen auf leichten, trokkenen B?den geprüft. In den Kartoffelklonen wurden genetische Unterschiede in Bezug auf das frühe Wachstum der Stengel, der Wurzeln und das Verh?ltnis Wurzel: Stengel gefunden (Tabelle 1). Das frühe Wachstum der Stengel war mit dem frühen Wachstum der Wurzeln positiv korreliert, sowohl in der Variation zwischen Einzelpflanzen des Klons als auch Zwischen den Klonen (Tabelle 2, Fig. 1). Bei Klonen mit einem st?rkeren frühen Wachstum der Stengel setzte die Knollenbildung früher ein und die Wachstumszeit war kürzer. Klone mit einem h?heren Verh?ltnis Wurzeln: Stengel zeigten eine verz?gerte Knollenbildung und eine l?ngere Wachstumszeit (Tabelle 3). Burton (1966) und Raeuber & Engel (1963) weisen daraufhin, dass hoch ertragsreiche Kartoffeln eine schnelle Entwicklung verbunden mit einem verl?ngerten Wachstum besitzten sollten. Die gezeigten Ergebnisse deuten an, dass die erw?hnten Kennzeichen auf einfache Weise im frühen Wachstum von Kartoffelklonen bestimmt werden k?nnen: grosses G ewicht der Stengel zeigt eine schnelle Entwicklung an und ein grosses Verh?ltnis Wurzeln: Stengel ein verl?ngertes Wachstum. In Versuchsmaterial wurden 2 Klone gefunden, in denen ein h?heres Gewicht der Stengel mit einem gr?sseren Verh?ltnis Wurzeln: Stengel (Fig. 1) kombiniert ist. Die m?gliche Bedeutung dieser Ergebnisse für die Züchtung hoch ertragsreicher Kartoffeln wird diskutiert.

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Résumé Dans 25 clones produisant bien en sols légers et déficients en eau, la croissance en début de végétation a été mesuré en 1975 et 1976. Chaque année, pour chaque clone, à trois dates de récolte, les mesures suivantes ont été effectuées sur 4 plantes: poids des pousses, poids des racines et rapport racines/pousses. Les mêmes clones ont aussi été testés pendant deux ans au champ, en sols légers et déficients en eau. Des différences génétiques ont été trouvées entre clones au niveau de la croissance des pousses, des racines, du rapport racines/pousses (tableau 1). Des corrélations positives intraclones et interclones entre croissance des pousses et des racines sont notées (tableau 2, fig. 1). Les clones qui produisent plus grandes pousses tubérisent plus t?t et ont une durée de végétation plus courte. Ceux qui ont un ratio racines/pousses plus élevé ont un retard de tubérisation et une durée de végétation prolongée (tableau 3). Burton (1966), Raeuber & Engel (1963) suggèrent qu’un bon rendement correspond à un développement précoce et rapide de la plante et à une végétation prolongée. Les résultats montrent que ces éléments peuvent être déterminés de fa?on simple en début de végétation des clones: un poids de pousse élevé indique un développement rapide et précoce et un rapport racines/pousses élevé indique une végétation de longue durée. Dans le matériel expérimenté, 2 clones présentaient à la fois le poids de pousses le plus élevé et le ratio racines/pousses le plus élevé (fig. 1). La possibilité d’utiliser les résultats pour la création de variétés productives est discutée.

     

Presence of umbelliferose in carrot roots:Daucus carota L

Chromatographic studies (descending paper chromatography) have shown that roots from cultivated or wild carrots contain small quantities of umbelliferose (α-D galactopyranosyl-2′-α-D glucopyranosyl-2-β-D fructofuranoside).     

Association of Pythium and Phytophthora with Pre-emergence Seedling Damping-off of Soybean Grown in a FieldConverted from a Paddy Field in Japan

Abstract

In Japan, soybean is usually cultivated in fields that have been converted from rice paddies, and poor seedling establishment due to pre-emergence seedling damping-off is often observed during the rainy season. In this study, the factors that cause the damping-off in flooded soil were investigated under high soil moisture conditions in a greenhouse and in agricultural fields. In sterilized soil sampled from a soybean field, seedlings emerged well under 48-hr flooded conditions. In unsterilized soil, soybean seeds treated with the fungicide, mancozeb+metalaxyl exhibited much higher emergence rates even under 48-hr flooded conditions than the seeds treated with oxytetracycline +streptomycin, benomyl, or flutolanil. Pythium, Phytophthora, Mucorales, Trichoderma, Geotrichum-like microorganisms, and some fungi producing conidia in a false head, were isolated from decayed seedlings. Of the isolated microorganisms, oomycete microorganisms, Pythium helicoides, other Pythium sp., and Phytophthora sp. were pathogenic to soybeans under flooded conditions. As the length of the flooding period increased, pre-emergence seedling rot also increased. However, the pathogenic oomycetes rarely caused pre-emergence seedling rot under conditions without flooding. Furthermore, under flooded conditions, the damage caused by these pathogens was reduced by treating the seeds with mancozeb+metalaxyl. These results indicate that oomycete microorganisms are involved in pre-emergence seedling damping-off under flooded soil conditions.     

Identification of sources of resistance to damping-off and early root/hypocotyl damage from Rhizoctonia solani in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Rhizoctonia solani causes economically important root and hypocotyl diseases in common bean throughout the world. Root health is a vital factor in plant development and root diseases would negatively influence water and nutrient uptake as well as cause direct stand reduction and root rot damage to the crop. An efficient common bean screening method to evaluate damping-off and early root/hypocotyl damage from R. solani was developed and used to identify dry bean lines with levels of resistance to this disease. Two sets of 163 and 111 lines previously evaluated for drought tolerance in Nebraska and Puerto Rico were evaluated for damping-off resistance and early root/hypocotyl damage under greenhouse conditions. Disease severity on plants was identified based on above-ground symptoms, seedling survival and root lesions using a rating scale of 1 (resistant) to 9 (susceptible). In the first set of lines representing commonly grown dry bean cultivars, germplasm and sources of damping-off resistance, the Rhizoctonia mean rating ranged from 1.7 to 3.9; Phaseolus vulgaris lines PI 310668 and PI 533249 had the highest damping-off resistance. In the second set of the best lines from a drought tolerance shuttle breeding program the Rhizoctonia mean rating was between 2.6 and 5.7. The availability of drought tolerant dry bean lines allowed the testing of the hypothesis that there was a correlation between selecting for drought tolerance and R. solani damping-off resistance. No correlation between mean disease rating and drought tolerance was found, but adapted dry bean lines such as NE14-08-176 released as SB-DT1, and NE14-08-225 were identified with moderate damping-off resistance and drought tolerance. Lines with both traits and other attributes will facilitate development of resistant bean cultivars to manage damping-off caused by R. solani.     

Changes in mass and chemical composition of grass roots during decomposition

The decomposition of dead roots of perennial grasses was examined in nylon litter bags not containing soil at two soil depths, 10 and 20 cm, and also in larger nylon bags containing soil at 020 cm depth. Bags were sampled three times during the growing season to determine weights of organic matter, crude protein, Klason lignin and non-structural and structural carbohydrates.
From 3 July to 5 October (94 days) the litter bags at 10 and 20 cm and the nylon bags lost, respectively, 35,38 and 65% of their organic mass of particle size < 1 mm.
Non-structural carbohydrates constituted 6% of the organic matter in the original sample but only 1% or less during the sampling period. Klason lignin increased from 22 to 29% and crude protein from 8 to 10% of the remaining organic matter, whereas structural carbohydrates changed very little.
The constituents were degraded at different rates. The non-structural carbohydrates had decomposed almost completely by the first sampling and of the other constituents the structural carbohydrates were degraded most rapidly. Before the first sampling unexpected amounts of structural carbohydrates, particularly glucans, had disappeared.
The results help to explain rapid declines in root mass (up to 50%) during summer in perennial grass leys observed in earlier experiments.     

Chemopreventive potential of 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid: an active constituent of liquorice, in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis

Chemoprevention, a useful and attractive approach in experimental oncology, helps to investigate the cancer preventive potential of natural products and synthetic entities. Present study evaluated the chemopreventive potential of glycyrrhetinic acid in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral tumor was developed in the buccal pouch of golden Syrian hamsters by painting with DMBA three times a week for 14 weeks. The tumor incidence and the status of phase I and phase II detoxification enzymes were assessed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone and DMBA+glycyrrhetinic acid treated hamsters. One hundred percent tumor formations, which were histopathologically confirmed as well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, were observed in hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Also, the status of detoxification enzymes were markedly altered in the liver and buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone. Oral administration ofglycyrrhetinic acid at a dose of 45 mg kg(-1) body weight to hamsters treated with DMBA completely prevented the tumor formation as well as restored the status of detoxification enzymes. Present study thus demonstrated the chemopreventive potential of glycyrrhetinic acid in DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis.     

棉花洗根移栽技术在南繁中的应用研究

综述了一套棉花洗根移栽技术，通过对其研究，结果表明：(1)比方格、营养袋育苗移栽操作简单；(2)移栽成活率高。苗期安全性高；(3)棉花的生长不会受到明显的影响；(4)洗根移栽棉花的单株铃数和铃重比直播处理略高；(5)洗根移栽棉花耐旱能力较差、后期略早衰，成熟度差、衣分偏高；(6)洗根移栽技术及其配合假植技术可用于棉花水灾后的挽救中。