Development of cellular dependence on infective organisms: micrurgical studies in amoebas

Nuclei and cytoplasm were transferred between a normal strain anda variant strain of Amoeba discoides heavily infected with bacteria. After 5 years of infection, the infective bacteria that were initially harmful to the host cells became harmless, and the nucleus of the host cell became dependent on the infective organisms for its normal functions.     

根瘤农杆菌二组分体VirA/VirG介导的侵染性

根瘤农杆菌（Agrobacterium tumefaciens）是存在于土壤中的革兰氏阴性菌，可以侵染很多种双子叶植物、单子叶植物以及裸子植物的受伤部位，用位于其Ti质粒上vir基因产物来诱导植物产生冠瘿瘤，因此，根瘤农杆菌广泛用于植物基因工程研究，是个农业工程菌。研究表明vir基因的表达受VirA/VirG二组分体的介导。回顾和总结了根瘤农杆菌的VirA/VirG二组分体的结构、作用机理、以及所感知的环境因子，和这些环境因子通过VirA/VirG二组分体对vir基因的表达调控分子机制。     

根瘤菌与灰金合欢及小麦结瘤固氮作用的比较

豆科灰金合欢根瘤的固氮活性，自根瘤幼小时开始上升，成熟时达到峰值，至衰老时又急剧下降．根瘤菌在宿主豆科植物细胞内转变为固氮类菌体时，由宿主受侵染细胞分化衍生出周膜包裹．周膜内最初只有单个类菌体，随后增殖为几个群聚生存．成熟根瘤中含类菌体细胞最多，固氮作用也最大，根瘤衰老阶段固氮活性减低直至丧失．本实验结果表明：使用浓度０．５－１．０μｍｏｌＬ－１２，４－Ｄ和０．２－０．６μｍｏｌＬ－１激动素，并接种根瘤菌ＯＲＳ５７１菌株，可诱发出小麦类似根瘤结构的发育，且可测出微量固氮活性（乙炔还原率），但与豆科根瘤相比低得多．小麦类根瘤的侵染位置发生在根表皮与露出裂隙之间，用电镜照片证明根瘤菌存在于皮层受侵染细胞间隙及其细胞内部靠近核的区域．根瘤菌侵入后能够进行繁殖并可大量堆积     

实验性兔出血症的病毒抗原定位及病理形态学研究

对5例健康对照兔及25例实验感染RHDV的不同发病阶段病兔用生物素—亲和素免疫酶组化(BA)技术和常规病理学方法进行研究。结果表明RHDV是侵害多种组织细胞的泛嗜性病毒,但其主侵器官是肝脏,主要靶细胞是肝细胞及血管内皮细胞。感染初期RHDV首先在宿主细胞核内出现,随着病情发展在核内增殖、聚集,至疾病严重期核内感染强度达到高峰,濒死期略有下降。疾病后期,核内的RHDV颗粒通过破损的核膜或核崩解向细胞浆扩散。但只要核的轮廓尚存,核内RHDV的密度始终高于胞浆。本病的主要病理变化为急性坏死性肝炎,诸多器官出血、弥漫性血管内凝血,后期发展为急性败血症。疾病的实质是RHDV损伤肝细胞引起的病毒性肝炎。出血是重要的病理变化之一,它是血管内皮损伤、DIC和其它多种因素致使毛细血管壁通透性增强的反映,属于继发性病变。本文对RHDV在宿主细胞内的定性、动态变化,以及各器官组织的病理形态学变化及临床症状作了详细描写。     

水涝胁迫下海滨锦葵幼苗根尖细胞内Ca~(2+)分布与变化

采用醋酸双氧铀染色与透射电镜技术,以海滨锦葵为试验材料,连续观测水涝胁迫下及涝后恢复期间海滨锦葵根尖细胞内Ca~(2+)的分布与变化特性。结果显示:随着水涝时间延长,海滨锦葵根尖细胞间隙与细胞核、液泡中钙离子沉积密度逐步降低,质体外膜上存在Ca~(2+)分布,但低于对照组,而Ca~(2+)向细胞质移动,在局部区域聚集,导致细胞质钙离子增加。水涝去除20 d后,细胞壁中出现钙离子沉积,细胞间隙、质体外膜上与液泡中所分布钙离子增加,细胞质所聚集的Ca~(2+)逐步分散,基本不存在Ca~(2+)沉积。研究认为,水涝胁迫下,海滨锦葵根尖细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度迅速上升;涝后恢复期间,Ca~(2+)浓度逐渐下降,起着外界信号传递的作用。     

Generating and exploiting polarity in bacteria

Bacteria are often highly polarized, exhibiting specialized structures at or near the ends of the cell. Among such structures are actin-organizing centers, which mediate the movement of certain pathogenic bacteria within the cytoplasm of an animal host cell; organized arrays of membrane receptors, which govern chemosensory behavior in swimming bacteria; and asymmetrically positioned septa, which generate specialized progeny in differentiating bacteria. This polarization is orchestrated by complex and dynamic changes in the subcellular localization of signal transduction and cytoskeleton proteins as well as of specific regions of the chromosome. Recent work has provided information on how dynamic subcellular localization occurs and how it is exploited by the bacterial cell. The main task of a bacterial cell is to survive and duplicate itself. The bacterium must replicate its genetic material and divide at the correct site in the cell and at the correct time in the cell cycle with high precision. Each kind of bacterium also executes its own strategy to find nutrients in its habitat and to cope with conditions of stress from its environment. This involves moving toward food, adapting to environmental extremes, and, in many cases, entering and exploiting a eukaryotic host. These activities often involve processes that take place at or near the poles of the cell. Here we explore some of the schemes bacteria use to orchestrate dynamic changes at their poles and how these polar events execute cellular functions. In spite of their small size, bacteria have a remarkably complex internal organization and external architecture. Bacterial cells are inherently asymmetric, some more obviously so than others. The most easily recognized asymmetries involve surface structures, e.g., flagella, pili, and stalks that are preferentially assembled at one pole by many bacteria. "New" poles generated at the cell division plane differ from old poles from the previous round of cell division. Even in Escherichia coli, which is generally thought to be symmetrical, old poles are more static than new poles with respect to cell wall assembly (1), and they differ in the deposition of phospholipid domains (2). There are many instances of differential polar functions; among these is the preferential use of old poles when attaching to host cells as in the interaction of Bradyrhizobium with plant root hairs (3) or the polar pili-mediated attachment of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogen to tracheal epithelia (4). An unusual polar organelle that mediates directed motility on solid surfaces is found in the nonpathogenic bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. The gliding motility of this bacterium is propelled by a nozzle-like structure that squirts a polysaccharide-containing slime from the pole of the cell (5). Interestingly, M. xanthus, which has nozzles at both poles, can reverse direction by closing one nozzle and opening the other in response to end-to-end interactions between cells.     

Strawberry vein banding virus P6 protein intracellular transport and an important domain identification

Strawberry vein banding virus(SVBV)-infected strawberry cells contain cytoplasmic inclusions with isometric particles.To identify the components of the inclusions,green fluorescent protein(GFP)was fused to the carboxy-terminus(C-terminus)of SVBV open reading frames,these constructs were separately transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and infiltrated into Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.Results showed that the SVBV P6 protein assembled into prominent and amorphous inclusion bodies(IBs).To investigate P6 subcellular localization,P6-GFP was ectopically expressed in N.benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration and then stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI).We found the P6 protein accumulated in the nuclei and also formed cytoplasmic IBs with different sizes.To further determine the location of P6 IBs in the cytoplasm,and explore whether the P6 IBs move freely or depend on cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum(ER),the microfilament marker protein(GFP-ABD2-GFP),microtubules marker protein(m Cherry-MAP65-1)and ER marker protein(m Cherry-HDEL)were separately coexpressed with P6-GFP and into N.benthamiana leaves by agroinfiltration,exhibiting that P6 IBs aligned with cytoskeleton and endoplasmic reticulum.Meanwhile,coinfiltration of P1 and P6 indicated the P6colocalized with the P1 protein at periphery of cells.The P6 protein contains one C-terminal nuclear localization signal(NLS)region,a P6 protein mutant with a deleted NLS did not localize in the nucleus,did not form IBs,and was unable to facilitate exogenous GFP expression.These results demonstrate that the deleted NLS region is an important P6 domain required for biological functions.In summary,the mobile P6 IBs are associated with ER,microfilaments and microtubules and move along microfilaments to the SVBV P1 protein in the PD.     

Quantitative imaging of nitrogen fixation by individual bacteria within animal cells

Biological nitrogen fixation, the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia for biosynthesis, is exclusively performed by a few bacteria and archaea. Despite the essential importance of biological nitrogen fixation, it has been impossible to quantify the incorporation of nitrogen by individual bacteria or to map the fate of fixed nitrogen in host cells. In this study, with multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry we directly imaged and measured nitrogen fixation by individual bacteria within eukaryotic host cells and demonstrated that fixed nitrogen is used for host metabolism. This approach introduces a powerful way to study microbes and global nutrient cycles.     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫（Eimeria ternlla）小配子发育超微结构的观察

利用透射电镜对柔嫩艾美耳球虫小配子发育的超微结构进行了观察。小配子母细胞和大配子母细胞于相邻的宿主细胞内相伴产生,系由末代裂殖子侵入后,长大变圆而形成。小配子的形成为直接分化型。首化细胞核分裂为多个,随后细胞核向周边移动,随之近核处限制膜外突,临近外限制膜下陷。中心粒在核上方形成半并发育为基粒、鞭毛中的微管和附着微管,早期形成的小配子仍与小配子母细胞的残体相连。成熟小配子与残体分离,外型呈香蕉状,外被单位膜,内有一电子结构＋分致密的细胞核,核实端侧面有一个巨大线粒体,小配子有鞭毛2根,每根鞭毛内有微管,为9＋2结构,附着微管至少6根,这些微管起始于基粒。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eimeria tenella)小配子发育超微结构的观察

利用透射电镜对柔嫩艾美耳球虫小配子发育的超微结构进行了观察 小配子母细胞和大配子母细胞于相邻的宿主细胞内相伴产生 ,系由末代裂殖子侵入后 ,长大变圆而形成 小配子的形成为直接分化型 首先细胞核分裂为多个 ,随后细胞核向周边移动 ,随之近核处限制膜外突 ,临近处限制膜下陷 中心粒在核上方形成并发育为基粒、鞭毛中的微管和附着微管 ,早期形成的小配子仍与小配子母细胞的残体相连 成熟小配子与残体分离 ,外型呈香蕉状 ,外被单位膜 ,内有一电子结构十分致密的细胞核 ,核头端侧面有一个巨大线粒体 ,小配子有鞭毛 2根 ,每根鞭毛内有微管 ,为 9+2结构 ,附着微管至少 6根 ,这些微管均起始于基粒     

Malaria parasites adopt host cell superoxide dismutase

Aerobic organisms depend on superoxide dismutase to suppress the formation of dangerous species of activated oxygen. Intraerythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite exist within a highly aerobic environment and cause the generation of increased amounts of activated oxygen. Plasmodium berghei in mice was found to derive a substantial amount of superoxide dismutase activity from the host cell cytoplasm. Plasmodia isolated from mouse red cells contained mouse superoxide dismutase, whereas rat-derived parasites contained the rat enzyme. This is believed to be the first example of the acquisition of a host cell enzyme by an intracellular parasite.     

甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中微管骨架的变化（英文）

In order to understand the microtubule change of monocotyls stem-tip during mitosis,the arrangement,transformation of microtubule array and its relation with chromosome movement during mitosis were studied with freezing microtome,indirect immunofluorescence,DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy.The results showed that nucleolus was intact when the cortical microtubules formed;cortical microtubules were changed into phramoplast microtubule bands at mitosis prophase.When phramoplast microtubule came into being,nuclear membrane was ruptured and chromosome was arranged at the position of cell plate;subsequently,phramoplast microtubules were changed into phragmoplast microtubules,phramoplast microtubules were shortening and microtubules on the sides of cell plate were increasing gradually,during this course sister chromatid was separated by microtubules at cell plate and tract to the two poles,forming phragmoplast microtubules.Then the nucleolus of two daughter cells formed and separated in the end with the increase of cells numbers.Therefore,cell division orientation could be judged from the arrangement of cell microtubules in different periods in order to understand its growth status.     

肠道病原性大肠杆菌和宿主细胞间的相互作用

肠道病原性大肠杆菌(EPEC)属于胞外菌,主要通过粘附在肠上皮细胞上引起宿主的发病。EPEC形成基座、产生粘附和脱落(A/E)损伤的细菌因子、导致宿主信号转导改变的途径及其发病机制的遗传基础都已经得到广泛的研究。对近年来关于EPEC和宿主细胞间的相互作用的研究进展进行总结,并着重论述EPEC对于肠上皮细胞紧密连接的影响。     

甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中微管骨架的变化

笔者拟从微管列阵变化及其参与染色体运动的关系方面探讨甘蔗茎增粗机理,为单子叶植物的微管与染色体相关研究提供一定的例证。     

Conversion of Unc104/KIF1A kinesin into a processive motor after dimerization

Unc104/KIF1A belongs to a class of monomeric kinesin motors that have been thought to possess an unusual motility mechanism. Unlike the unidirectional motion driven by the coordinated actions of the two heads in conventional kinesins, single-headed KIF1A was reported to undergo biased diffusional motion along microtubules. Here, we show that Unc104/KIF1A can dimerize and move unidirectionally and processively with rapid velocities characteristic of transport in living cells. These results suggest that Unc104/KIF1A operates in vivo by a mechanism similar to conventional kinesin and that regulation of motor dimerization may be used to control transport by this class of kinesins.     

P1 of strawberry vein banding virus,a multilocalized protein,functions as a movement protein and interacts with the coat protein

Although the complete nucleotide sequence of strawberry vein banding virus (SVBV) has been determined and bioinformatic analysis has revealed that the SVBV genome could encode seven proteins, the precise function of each protein is unclear. This study provided evidence that the P1 protein of SVBV (SVBV-P1) possesses the following features. Bioinformatic and subcellular localization analyses showed that SVBV-P1 is localized in the cytoplasm and cell walls of epidermal cells in Nicotiana benthamiana, and it forms inclusion bodies associated with microtubules and the endoplasmic reticulum. Dilution experiments demonstrated that SVBV-P1 could move from the original agro-infiltrated cells to adjacent cells in N. benthamiana leaves. Further trans-complementation experiments demonstrated that SVBV-P1 could facilitate the intercellular movement of a movement-deficient potato virus X mutant in N. benthamiana leaves. Finally, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that SVBV-P1 could interact with the SVBV coat protein, which is a major component of Caulimovirus virions. Results of the electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that SVBV-P1 lacks DNA-binding capability. In summary, the results suggest that SVBV-P1 is probably a movement protein of SVBV, providing new insights into the function of movement proteins of the Caulimovirus genus.     

三唑酮对小麦条锈菌在寄主内发育的影响

小麦幼苗接种小麦条锈菌3d后,三唑酮喷雾施药。电镜观察三唑酮对条锈菌在寄主内发育的影响。观察发现,菌丝和吸器最初的变化是细胞质中脂肪粒和液泡数量的增加,菌丝和吸器的壁与细胞质膜间出现一些电子致密度高的小泡囊,随后壁内层不规则增厚,菌丝顶端细胞壁增厚最为明显;菌丝和吸器最终解体。吸器外间质的宽度明显增宽,其中累积有染色较深的物质。三唑酮对吸器发育具有致畸作用,并抑制隔膜的形成;受侵寄主细胞分泌的胼胝质,可将吸器体完全包围。观察结果表明三唑酮不仅可直接作用于条锈菌,同时也可通过影响寄生而间接作用于该病菌。     

Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes

Although common among bacteria, lateral gene transfer-the movement of genes between distantly related organisms-is thought to occur only rarely between bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes. However, the presence of endosymbionts, such as Wolbachia pipientis, within some eukaryotic germlines may facilitate bacterial gene transfers to eukaryotic host genomes. We therefore examined host genomes for evidence of gene transfer events from Wolbachia bacteria to their hosts. We found and confirmed transfers into the genomes of four insect and four nematode species that range from nearly the entire Wolbachia genome (>1 megabase) to short (<500 base pairs) insertions. Potential Wolbachia-to-host transfers were also detected computationally in three additional sequenced insect genomes. We also show that some of these inserted Wolbachia genes are transcribed within eukaryotic cells lacking endosymbionts. Therefore, heritable lateral gene transfer occurs into eukaryotic hosts from their prokaryote symbionts, potentially providing a mechanism for acquisition of new genes and functions.     

黄瓜抗霜霉性的组织学和超微结构研究

组织学研究表明，黄瓜霜霉菌在不同抗病类型品种上，其侵入前的过程基本相似，并且都能形成胞间菌丝和吸器。然而，随着品种抗病性的增强，吸器形成速率变慢，数目减少，同时菌丝扩展缓慢；寄主细胞坏死发生时间早，机率高。电镜观察显示，抗病品种中菌丝和吸器的细胞质中液泡数量增加，菌丝和吸器的壁与细胞质膜分离，原生质电子致密度加深，最后菌丝和吸器解体；受侵寄主细胞分泌的胼胝质，可将吸器体完全包围，从而阻止了吸器的进一步发育；在发生坏死的寄主细胞中，吸器也解体坏死。     

Temperature sensitivity: a cell character determined by obligate endosymbionts in amoebas

A strain of Amoeba proteus has lost its ability to survive at temperatures above 26 degrees C as a result of becoming dependent on endosymbiotic bacteria that are psychrophile-like. The observed temperature sensitivity develops in fewer than 200 host cell generations (18 months of culture) after the host cells are experimentally infected with the symbionts.