采用调节阀系统控制管道的水击

介绍了我国几条输油管道水击试验的基本情况，对管道调节阀系统的功能作了一般性叙述，对水击控制试验进行了详细的分析。强调调节阀系统在水击控制中必须反应灵敏、关阀速度快。指出调节阀的另一重要作用就是启泵保护。启泵和停泵一样，会产生一个水击波，启泵过程也是一个很强的水击控制过程，而调节阀就位于波源处进行控制。在密闭输油中，调节灵敏、动作可靠稳定的调节系统是优化运行和安全运行的根本保障，它的调节速度与压力变     

移动式天然气流量标准装置的研制与应用

为满足天然气流量计的检定和校准需求,完善企业天然气流量量值溯源和传递体系,中国石化研制并投用了一套移动式天然气流量标准装置。其研制借鉴了国内外天然气流量标准装置的设计经验,并结合实际需求进行创新,首次在移动式天然气流量标准装置中设计了3条标准表支路,工况流量范围达到20～8009m3／h。在设备选型方面,选用高准确度涡轮流量计作为标准器,选用超声流量计作为核查表,选用技术先进的强制密封球阀和轴流式流量调节阀进行支路关闭和流量调节。通过不确定度评定和测试试验,该标准装置流量测量不确定度优于O．33％（k=2）,达到了设计指标要求。（图2,参11）     

止回阀的正确选择

止回是管线系统中较为重要的阀门，多年来，止回阀的不正确选择往往成为管线系统中增大水击压力的危害源。从水力学的观点出发，提出了正确选择止回阀的意义和基本原则，并首重对产生水击时止回阀的工作状态进行分析，在充分利用止回阀动态特性曲线和管线系统特性的基础上，提出了选择止回阀的方法，从而可以减少止回阀的水击增值，避免水击危害。     

管道水击增压速率控制技术研究

控制管道水击增压速率对长输管道可防止早选超压，减少泵站压力保护系统的投用；对工艺管道可减轻振动，防止低压仪表与设备损坏。综述了国内外控制管道水击增压速率所采用的措施和装置，主要有泄压阀系统，气压缓冲罐系统，电子－液力泄放系统，橡胶套泄放阀系统，飞轮系统等。着重介绍新型双功泄压阀的原理和结构。在水击增压控制理论指导下，通过对增压速率调节系统数学物理模型的研究，发现在固定阻力下调节的非线性本质，它要求     

Long-Term Variable Rate Lime and Phosphorus Application for Piedmont No-Till Field Crops

Variable rate (VR) fertilizer application is a paradigm with potential to improve input efficiency and farm profitability. It is widely marketed by commercial applicators in the southeastern US. However, field studies comparing VR with traditional management have not demonstrated consistent, positive results. The objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the soil impact, crop response and economic potential of VR phosphorus (P) and lime application in a North Carolina Piedmont no-till field crop system using intensive soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production and (2) to economically evaluate alternatives to standard commercial grid soil sampling for directing VR P and lime. A 23-ha long-term no-till field in the SE Piedmont was divided into 0.4ha plots assigned to either VR or uniform P and lime application. Grid soil sampling and VR P and lime application were done prior to four crops over 3 years: full season soybean, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–double cropped soybean, and full season soybean. Soil test P, pH and crop yield response to VR P were inconsistent. Soil pH in areas with low pH initially did increase in response to VR lime, but it took two to three applications to bring all of these areas to the target pH. Once VR-liming raised initially low soil pH to levels close to target, yield of soybean, but not wheat, were up to 0.74Mgha^–1 higher than with uniform lime. Even with significantly higher soybean yields associated with VR lime, 3 years of grid sampling and VR application were not profitable compared to uniform application. The results indicated that VR lime could be profitable if the initial grid sampling data were used either for 2 consecutive years, or if it was used to restrict future grid sampling to specific areas requiring further VR lime.     

Automatic blood sampling in dairy cows

Loose housing systems for dairy cows are becoming increasingly common, raising new questions in the area of animal health and welfare. Some of these questions can be addressed by studying the variation in blood parameters, such as glucocortistioids. However, the traditional manual blood sampling procedure can in itself affect the responses of the animal. To address this issue we have developed a device for automated collection of multiple blood samples. The device is placed on the back of the animal and allows the animal to be kept in all types of environments, either alone or in social groups. The animal can move freely: no restraints and no handling of the animal are necessary during blood sampling.Three experiments were conducted to study the performance of the system and how the blood sampling procedure affected the cortisol responses in dairy cows. In the first experiment the accuracy of sample size and timing were investigated.In the second experiment, automatic samples were collected from six cows kept in tie-stalls, with samples taken at 3-min intervals for 38 min. At 12, 24, 36 and 38 min, a manual sample was taken by vein puncture. None of the cows showed a consistently increased cortisol response to automatic sampling, while two cows showed increased cortisol concentration after vein puncture.In the third experiment automatic blood sampling was conducted with 12 cows kept in a loose housing system. In the morning, over a period of 1.5 h, 14 blood samples were taken at varying time intervals from each cow. In the afternoon, over a period of 2.5 h, a further 14 samples were taken. Cortisol concentrations in the blood samples suggest that the cows were not affected by the blood sampling procedure.On some occasions during these experiments, it was not possible to get a sample. For the manual vein puncture 3 out of 24 samples (12.5%) were not successfully taken within a time limit of 2 min. During the automatic blood sampling process, the catheter occasionally became twisted and blocked by the movement of the cow's head. This occurred in 8 out of 84 samples (9.5%). In four of the manual samples, considerable hemolysis had occurred during the sampling procedure. No hemolysis was observed in the automatic blood samples.Automated blood sampling offers the opportunity to collect a series of samples without disturbing the animal. Data suggest that automatic blood sampling is a superior alternative to manual blood sampling, even in a tie barn.     

液化石油气储罐安全泄放与冷却水系统

储存易燃易爆液化石油气的储罐，必须设置安全泄放系统，同时加设冷却水系统，以防止火灾情况下发生爆炸事故。安全泄放与冷却水系统是二者互相联系的安全措施。液化石油气储罐应设置弹簧封闭全启式安全阀。把国家劳动部《压力容器安全技术监察规程》中安全阀计算公式与《建筑设计防火规范》中的有关内容联系起来，提出了液化石油气储罐安全阀的简化计算公式。对安全阀泄放管的设置提出了以下要求：由于安全阀排放时喷嘴处气速极大，     

基于反问题理论的油库管道阀门控制方案

目前,油库管道阀门进行现场操作时大多结合工程经验与SCADA数据进行试探性调节,具有一定的盲目性,阀门调节时间长、风险大。为了制定压头约束下油库管道复杂水力系统中阀门的调节方案,根据油库管道系统的通用物理模型,结合水力瞬变相关理论,建立阀门调节过程的数学模型,并根据实际工况,确定对应的定解条件。结合有限差分法和空间特征线法,针对存在变径点、泵、阀等元件的复杂油库发油管路系统,基于反问题相关理论,求解压头约束下以调节时间最短为目标的阀门控制方案,从而为复杂水力系统中阀门的控制优化提供借鉴。(图6,表3,参20)     

水稻品系试验中遗传方差的刀切法估计

 通过水稻RC96（104个品系）,RC97A（48个品系）以及RC97B（128个品系）3个水稻品系比较3次重复试验结果,利用刀切法对遗传方差进行抽样估计分析,获得了在不同群体大小下的适宜抽样范围。     

双节拍门水头损失系数模型试验研究

进行了双节拍门水头损失系数模型试验，对试验结果进行了分析与讨论，给出了双节拍门水头损失系数和经验公式，为泵站和拍门设计及计算提供了技术参数。     

A Model for Agro-Economic Analysis of Soil pH Mapping

Core soil sampling followed by laboratory analysis is the traditional method used to map soil pH prior to variable rate application (VRA) of lime on cropland. A recently developed automated soil sampling system capable of measuring soil pH on-the-go has significantly increased sampling resolution. However, adoption of such systems must be justified economically. This paper presents a method for assessing the economic benefit from automated mapping of soil pH prior to variable rate lime application. In this work, geostatistical, agronomic, and economic methods were used to generate a comprehensive numerical model for quantitative assessment of the net return over cost of liming for different lime management strategies. The strategies included: automated pH mapping, manual grid soil sampling, and whole field sampling used in combination with either variable or fixed rate liming. The model was demonstrated using a simulated field with known average pH and semivariogram model. The analysis showed the largest benefit ($6.13ha^–1year^–1) from using VRA with automated soil pH mapping versus VRA based on 1ha (2.5acres) manual grid point sampling for the selected simulated field conditions. A sensitivity analysis demonstrated that for a wide range of field conditions and crop prices, VRA plus automated mapping promises higher relative benefits than VRA based on either manual grid point or grid cell sampling.     

GSF—80型高速电磁阀

本文分析了目前市售电磁阀的结构特点,找出影响高速电磁阀振动频率的因子。经缩短阀片行程距离,改变其在磁场中运动状态,并选用IJ50较高磁饱和铁镍软磁合金为阀片材料试验。测试结果:该阀具有高频性能,工作频率在290—330次/秒范围,达到茶叶光电分选机的设计要求。     

全国森林面积和森林蓄积年度出数方法探讨

基于全国第8次森林资源连续清查的41.5万个地面样地数据和全国林地利用保护规划的"一张图"成果数据,采用全国20×20 km2抽样框架设计系统抽样和分层抽样,探讨全国森林资源森林面积、森林蓄积年度出数的基本方法。研究结果表明:(1)虽然采用系统抽样计算得到全国森林面积抽样精度为97.5%,在精度要求之内,但对于各省来说,森林面积的抽样精度较差;(2)对比分析不同抽样方式结果,采用系统抽样和分层抽样的全国森林蓄积量出数的抽样精度均在95%以上,与第8次清查实际数相差低于3%以下,森林资源分布稀少或行政面积小的省精度相对较差。(3)满足国家出数并兼顾省级总体要求,在全国统一框架基础上,优化设计各省地面样地体系,全国共布设24 760个地面样地,约为现行体系样地数量的1/17,每省约为800个样地,大大减少现行体系的地面调查样地,能实现由5年出数向每年出数的转变。(4)全国森林蓄积分层抽样方法,与基于高分辨遥感影像的样地判读方式获取森林面积方法结合,可以实现森林面积和森林蓄积的年度出数,实现森林面积和森林蓄积的年度出数,能有效解决全国森林资源数据的时效性问题,是目前值得推荐使用的可行方法。     

Advance of Study on Design Methods of Hydraulic System of Radio Remote Control of Construction Machinery

The working principle of radio remote controlling of construction machinery should be that signals of the radio wave from the transmitter obtained in the receiver were controlled and then changed into electronic analog or digital signals which can be used to drive different actuators and mechanisms of the vehicle. The vehicle could be acted by following the controlling instructions sent by the operator. The best operation mode of construction machinery is suitable not only to manual operating but also to remote controlling in the same vehicle. The design methods of the hydraulic system used for the radio remote controlling of construction machinery are discussed. The design methods of hydraulic circuits for the actuators controlled by solenoid on-off type valves ,hydro-electronic multi-way proportional valves,closed loop proportional servo driver or threeway proportional reducing valves are discussed in detail (with real example). The design methods of the power shift transmission of electro-hydraulic controlling,the devices of braking and the directional streering are discussed in this paper.     

基于总体抽样下子总体追加抽样设计的棉花种植面积遥感估算方法研究

针对遥感与抽样相结合的农作物种植面积估算方法中,子总体的作物种植面积估算需要新的抽样体系设计和样本野外调查等繁重工作,缺少基于总体下对子总体的作物种植面积估算的方法,以沙湾县、玛纳斯县和呼图壁县为总研究区,提出了基于遥感和PPS抽样相结合的总体抽样下子总体追加抽样设计的子总体研究区呼图壁县棉花种植面积估算方法,并以新疆建设兵团统计局公布数据为真值对其估算结果进行对比分析。结果显示,基于总体抽样下子总体追加抽样设计后,子总体研究区估计量的变异系数为0.023 3,远低于0.05,而追加抽样设计前变异系数为0.122 3,说明样本在该方法下的代表性得到极大提高。以新疆建设兵团统计局公布数据为真值进行对比发现,子总体研究区棉花种植面积提取精度达到94.2%,能够有效提取子总体中的棉花种植面积,同时避免了重新建立子总体研究区抽样体系所需要的人力、物力、财力等资源的消耗。     

小型液压挖掘机单杆操作系统的研究

针对小型液压挖掘机复杂的操作系统,从人机工程学的角度出发,设计了小型液压挖掘机单杆操作系统.该设计采用传感器采集控制所需信息,配以电液控制阀和单片机控制,利用单杆操作方式简便省力地完成挖掘工作.     

Uniformity testing of variable-rate center pivot irrigation control systems

As water supplies become limited, agricultural water use needs to become more efficient to maintain current productivity levels. The efficiency of center pivot and linear move irrigation systems can be increased by matching the amount and rate of water application to specific soil conditions that vary in the field. Such site-specific application can be achieved by variable-rate control systems. Although such systems are being developed, their effects on center pivot and linear move uniformity have not been documented. The uniformity along the length of a center pivot and a linear move irrigation system was measured at two system movement speeds and three variable-rate settings. One variable-rate system is commercially available using pneumatically actuated solenoid valves to turn groups of sprinklers ON and OFF at fractions of a minute corresponding to the cycle rate, for example a 50% cycle rate is 30 s ON and 30 s OFF. The other variable-rate system used commonly available electric solenoid valves to accomplish the same task. Overall, the coefficient of uniformity and low quarter distribution uniformity averaged 93% and 0.90, respectively for the center pivot irrigation system; 84% and 0.74 for the linear move system. The results were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by wind speed, cycling rate, or system movement speed. The type of nozzle did influence the uniformity because of the distinctly different application characteristics of rotator, fixed plate, and wobbling low pressure sprinklers. Thus, the variable-rate technologies tested under the conditions presented in this paper had at least as good uniformity as the center pivot and linear move systems when functioning in non-variable-rate mode.Mention of a trade name, proprietary product, or specific equipment does not constitute a guarantee or warranty by the University of Florida or the University of Georgia and does not imply approval of a product or exclusion of others that may be suitable.     

Design of a spatial sampling scheme considering the spatial autocorrelation of crop acreage included in the sampling units

Information on crop acreage is important for formulating national food polices and economic planning.Spatial sampling,a combination of traditional sampling methods and remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)technology,provides an efficient way to estimate crop acreage at the regional scale.Traditional sampling methods require that the sampling units should be independent of each other,but in practice there is often spatial autocorrelation among crop acreage contained in the sampling units.In this study,using Dehui County in Jilin Province,China,as the study area,we used a thematic crop map derived from Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre(SPOT-5)imagery,cultivated land plots and digital elevation model data to explore the spatial autocorrelation characteristics among maize and rice acreage included in sampling units of different sizes,and analyzed the effects of different stratification criteria on the level of spatial autocorrelation of the two crop acreages within the sampling units.Moran’s I,a global spatial autocorrelation index,was used to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages in this study.The results showed that although the spatial autocorrelation level among maize and rice acreages within the sampling units generally decreased with increasing sampling unit size,there was still a significant spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units(Moran’s I varied from 0.49 to 0.89),irrespective of the sampling unit size.When the sampling unit size was less than3 000 m,the stratification design that used crop planting intensity(CPI)as the stratification criterion,with a stratum number of 5 and a stratum interval of 20%decreased the spatial autocorrelation level to almost zero for the maize and rice area included in sampling units within each stratum.Therefore,the traditional sampling methods can be used to estimate the two crop acreages.Compared with CPI,there was still a strong spatial correlation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units belonging to each stratum when cultivated land fragmentation and ground slope were used as stratification criterion.As far as the selection of stratification criteria and sampling unit size is concerned,this study provides a basis for formulating a reasonable spatial sampling scheme to estimate crop acreage.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林5个优势树种的树干碳氮磷质量分数估算及其不确定性分析

  目的  相较于土壤和凋落物,树干取样破坏性强,样本获取难度大,因而通常以小样本取样估算其成分组成。本研究目的在于评估小样本采样引起的不同树种树干碳、氮、磷养分质量分数和储量估算的不确定性。  方法  基于亚热带常绿阔叶林马尾松Pinus massoniana、杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、木荷Schima superba、青冈Quercus glauca、毛竹Phyllostachys edulis等5个优势树种的树干碳、氮、磷质量分数数据集(取样量n=18~32),采用有放回抽样方法(Bootstrap)对比一般小样本取样(n=3~5)与全样本(n=18~32)之间的估算差异,通过权衡取样量和变异之间的关系,给出对应指标的建议取样量以及不同取样量对应的估算误差范围。  结果  马尾松树干碳质量分数变异显著高于其他树种,n=3~5小样本引起估算误差约±10%,而其他树种仅±5%。对马尾松增加取样量n=10,估算误差为?4%~5%。  结论  建议在估算和评估马尾松林碳、氮、磷储量时,适当增加取样量(n=5~10)以降低估算误差,或在采用n=3~5小样本取样量的同时,将±10%估算误差范围考虑在内。其他树种碳、氮、磷质量分数估算时,取样量n=4~5时误差在可接受范围内。图2表2参27     

水下机器鱼三维虚拟现实研究与实现

为创建具有真实感的虚拟现实环境,使用户能够直观感知机器鱼的实时运动状态,实现了一种基于虚拟现实技术的监测方法。在VC＋＋的基础上利用OpenGL图形库与3D建模软件联合创建仿生机器鱼静态三维虚拟现实环境,并集合Access数据库与VC＋＋的交互,实现机器鱼的实时运动显示,并使采样参数与采样位置有机结合显示。该系统可以实现用户从任意角度和距离监测机器鱼巡游路径、当前位置及所在区域的水质参数。系统结构清晰,旨在为实现智能化水产养殖提供参考依据。