Trypanosomiasis in Indonesia

Summary

This review describes research conducted from 1900–1983 on trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma evansi in Indonesia. Clinical signs and post‐mortem findings in horses, cattle, buffaloes, pigs and dogs, experimental transmission tests to establish possible surra vectors in Indonesia, and research on chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are discussed.     

Indigenous Bali cattle is most suitable for sustainable small farming in Indonesia

Livestock husbandry is essential for Indonesia. This study reviews cattle characteristics and husbandry methods in the country with special interest in describing the importance of indigenous breeds of cattle. As a conclusion, the Bali cattle ought to be considered the most suitable indigenous cattle breed for the low-input, high stress production system still practised by millions of families in Indonesia.     

Banteng and Bali cattle in Indonesia: status and forecasts

Bali cattle still represents 27% of the total cattle population in Indonesia, and it is considered the pillar breed for small farmers. Moreover, it is a breed of evolutionary importance regarding its direct ancestry from Banteng. However, there is a need for the establishment of a rational system for the evaluation of breeding soundness for indigenous Bali bulls to be used as sires for artificial insemination breeding programmes. Moreover, there is a need for cryobanking of well-identified genetic resources pertaining their use in evolutionary research and application as essential germplasm in breeding programmes.     

Evaluation of production and reproduction of sheep, goat and alpaca genotypes in the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program

Research has been conducted as part of the Small Ruminant Collaborative Research Support Program (SR-CRSP) on evaluation of genetic resources and methods of effecting genetic improvement of small ruminants in the participating countries. In Kenya, the focus has been on development of a dual-purpose goat for milk and meat production in farming areas, utilizing two locally adapted breeds, Galla and East African, and two imported dairy breeds, Anglo-Nubian and Toggenburg, into a single stock. That research now has reached the stage of field testing. In Morocco, the performance of a highly prolific breed of sheep, the D'Man, and of a less prolific but larger breed, commonly raised under extensive management, the Sardi, and of their F1, F2 and backcross progeny has been evaluated for several reproduction and growth traits. Prolificacy of the D'Man was transmitted additively, but there was favorable heterosis for age at puberty, fertility and growth rate, resulting in substantial heterosis in total performance. In Indonesia, a high degree of variability in prolificacy in sheep appears to be due to segregation of a gene with large effect on ovulation rate, similar in some respects to the Booroola gene. In Peru, work has involved evaluation of effectiveness of current selection programs and estimation of phenotypic and genetic parameters, in unimproved and improved types of sheep, with a limited amount of work also on alpacas. Fiber production is the principal economic trait in alpacas. There also has been work on evaluation of hair sheep in Brazil, Kenya and Indonesia.     

Hepatic intranuclear inclusion bodies in a cockatoo bird (Cacatua sulphurea)

One hundred and nineteen cockatoos (Cacatua sulphurea) were kept at the Animal Quarantine Station in Denpasar, Indonesia. These birds were intended to be exported overseas. Nine birds were found dead in a period of 17 days. Necropsies were performed on three, and tissues were taken for microbiological and histopathological examination. Examinations revealed that two birds had both Newcastle disease and aspergillosis, and one bird was found to contain hepatic intranuclear inclusion bodies suggestive of Pacheco's parrot disease. Newcastle disease and aspergillosis in cockatoos have frequently been diagnosed in our laboratory. However, the finding of hepatic intranuclear inclusion bodies in a cockatoo is considered to be the first in Indonesia.     

Detection of anti-borna disease virus antibodies from cats in Asian countries, Japan, Philippines and Indonesia using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay

Anti-Borna disease virus (BDV) antibodies were detected from cats in Japan, Philippines and Indonesia by using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Positive rates were 3.1%, 3.8% and 2.0% in Japan, Philippines and Indonesia, respectively. There was no differences in the positive rate of anti-BDV antibodies between male and female cats and among habitats. While, a significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence (6.5%) was found in the oldest age group (more than 6 years) cats.     

Characterization of nine Pasteurella multocida isolates from avian cholera outbreaks in Indonesia

Avian cholera outbreaks have been identified in Indonesia in recent years. Despite vaccination programs, outbreaks continue to occur. To date, there has been a lack of information on the characteristics of Pasteurella multocida isolates involved in these outbreaks. Hence, the objective of this study was to characterize Indonesian P. multocida isolates in poultry. During 1998-99, 20 field outbreaks were reported in Indonesia. Nine isolates of P. multocida were recovered from these field outbreaks. The isolates were compared with four vaccine strains that were used in Indonesia and designated PM-V1, PM-V2, PM-V3, and PM-V4. The isolates were characterized by biotype, capsular type, somatic serotype, restriction endonuclease analysis, plasmid presence, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Of the nine Indonesian isolates, three were of capsular type A (A:1,3,13; A:1,3; and A:8). One isolate was of type B:2,3 and one isolate was of capsular type F. For three isolates, the capsular serogroup could not be identified. Plasmids the size of 2.3 kbp were present in three of the field isolates and two of the vaccine strains. One plasmid less than 2 kbp was isolated from the vaccine strain PM-V4. Eight distinct DNA profiles were obtained from digestion with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI, and seven distinct DNA profiles were obtained from digestion with the restriction endonuclease HindIII. All of the isolates were resistant to lincomycin and sulfadiazine and were susceptible to ampicillin and trimethoprim. Of the nine isolates, seven (78%) were susceptible to doxycycline and gentamicin and six (67%) were susceptible to enrofloxacin.     

Assessing the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 transmission through poultry movements in Bali,Indonesia

Indonesia continues to report the highest number of human and poultry cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. The disease is considered to be endemic on the island of Bali. Live bird markets are integral in the poultry supply chain on Bali and are important, nutritionally and culturally, for the rural and urban human populations. Due to the lack of biosecurity practiced along the supply chain from producer to live bird markets, there is a need to understand the risks associated with the spread of H5N1 through live bird movements for effective control. Resources to control H5N1 in Indonesia are very limited and cost effective strategies are needed. We assessed the probability a live bird market is infected through live poultry movements and assessed the effects of implementing two simple and low cost control measures on this risk. Results suggest there is a high risk a live bird market is infected (0.78), and risk mitigation strategies such as detecting and removing infected poultry from markets reduce this risk somewhat (range 0.67–0.76). The study demonstrates the key role live poultry movements play in transmitting H5N1 and the need to implement a variety of control measures to reduce disease spread.     

Isoenzyme analysis of stocks of trypanosomes isolated from cattle in Indonesia

Three trypanosome stocks isolated from cattle in Indonesia were shown to differ markedly from an Indonesian stock of Trypanosoma evansi on the basis of the isoenzyme banding patterns of 12 soluble enzymes. The results obtained for these stocks were not consistent with those reported for typical forms of T evansi but were very similar to enzyme patterns obtained for rodent adapted stocks of T vivax.     

Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from brown rats and house shrews in markets,Bogor, Indonesia

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in small mammals dwelling in the city was used as an indicator of AMR bacteria in the environment. We captured 87 small mammals (79 brown rats and 8 house shrews) in four markets, Bogor, Indonesia in October 2019, and we obtained 20 AMR Escherichia coli (E. coil) from 18 brown rats and two house shrews. Of these, eight isolates were determined to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) E. coli, suggesting the potential contamination of AMR E. coli in the markets in Bogor, Indonesia, and that mammals, including humans, are at risk of infection with AMR E. coli from environment.     

Effects of Central Kalimantan plant extracts on intraerythrocytic Babesia gibsoni in culture

The inhibitory effects of 45 plant extracts selected from Central Kalimantan, Indonesia on Babesia gibsoni in vitro and their acute toxicity to mice were evaluated. Of these plant extracts studied, Arcangelisia flava, Curcuma zedoaria, Garcinia benthamiana, Lansium domesticum and Peronema canescens were found to have appreciable antibabesial activity with IC50 values from 5.3 to 49.3 microg/ml without acute toxicity in mice at the intraperitoneal dose of 0.7 g/kg of body weight.     

Seroprevalence of antibodies to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Neospora caninum</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bos javanicus</Emphasis> (‘Bali cattle’) from Indonesia

A cross-sectional survey was performed to obtain first information on the presence of Neospora caninum infection in Bos javanicus (‘Bali cattle’), the predominant beef cattle in the Eastern Islands of Indonesia. Serum samples were collected from 438 Bali cattle of two age classes (<2 years, >2 years) and both genders at three slaughterhouses in the Bali island, and examined for N. caninum-specific antibodies using native NcSRS2 (p38 antigen) as an ELISA antigen. The estimated overall seroprevalence of antibodies was 5.5% (95% CI: 3.5–8.0%). The seroprevalence was not significantly associated with age class or gender of the animals. The results give first serological evidence for the presence of natural N. caninum infection in Bos javanicus and indicate its occurrence in Indonesia.     

Characterisation of isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum from Indonesia

OBJECTIVE: To characterise 18 isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum isolated from chickens in Indonesia. PROCEDURE: The isolates were identified to species level by traditional phenotypic methods. Six of the isolates were also identified by a species-specific polymerase chain reaction. Fourteen of the isolates were examined for resistance to a panel of seven antimicrobial agents using a disc diffusion method. All 18 isolates were serotyped according to the Page scheme using reference antisera in a haemagglutination inhibition test. RESULTS: Four of the 18 isolates were obtained from indigenous (kampung) chickens, with the remainder being from typical intensive poultry production systems. The 18 isolates were obtained from 11 outbreaks that showed the typical clinical signs of infectious coryza and 11 of the isolates were obtained from chickens that had been vaccinated with infectious coryza vaccines. All 18 isolates were confirmed as H paragallinarum by biochemical testing and six isolates were also identified as H paragallinarum by the polymerase chain reaction test. Eleven isolates were resistant to erythromycin and streptomycin, 10 to neomycin, eight to oxytetracycline, five isolates to doxycycline, three to sulphamethoxazoltrimethoprim but only one to ampicillin. Seven isolates were Page serovar A, four were Page serovar B and seven were Page serovar C. CONCLUSION: The presence of all three Page serovars (A, B and C) has been confirmed for the first time in Indonesian chickens. As the majority of the infectious coryza vaccines in use in Indonesia contain only serovar A and C, the presence of serovar B in chickens indicates that the protection by these bivalent vaccines would be reduced. The use of trivalent infectious coryza vaccines that contain serovars A, B and C is recommended for use in Indonesia.     

Trypanosoma evansi infection in cattle, buffaloes and horses in Indonesia

Cattle, buffaloes and horses in several areas of Indonesia were examined for evidence of infection with Trypanosoma evansi by the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of antibodies to T. evansi. Evidence of infection was found in animals at each sampling site although differences were seen in prevalence rates between sites. Prevalence rates in buffalo were usually higher than in cattle in the same area while in horses they were much lower than in cattle or buffalo. An age-dependent prevalence rate was seen in buffalo and cattle with the highest rates seen in animals older than 2 years. These results concur with the view that T. evansi infection is widespread throughout most of the livestock-producing areas of Indonesia. The apparent lack of any obvious disease owing to T. evansi infection in the sampled animals suggests that a form of stability exists in most endemic areas which serves to ameliorate the effect of T. evansi infection and has an immunological basis linked to the parasite's limited antigenic diversity.     

Isolation of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses from mosquitoes collected in Indonesia.

Three viruses isolated from anopheline mosquitoes in Indonesia have been identified as bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses. Another virus isolate showed no relationship to other orbiviruses tested and should be regarded as a new virus; the name Golok is proposed for it. The mosquitoes were collected in 1980 and 1981 in a program designed to isolate flaviviruses infecting humans. It is apparent that such collections of arthropods which feed on large mammals could be screened for other viruses which may infect domestic livestock.     

缅甸蟒的人工饲养与繁殖

缅甸蟒分布于东南亚的泰国、缅甸、越南、马来西亚和印度尼西亚等国家的雨林地区,在我国云南等地也有分布,是典型的潮湿雨林性品种。缅甸蟒是我国国家Ⅰ级、CITES附录Ⅱ保护动物,由于缅甸蟒的蛇皮和蛇肉具有很高的经济价值、营养价值,野生种群数量不断减少。缅甸蟒性情温顺,体质强健,适于人工养殖。本文主要介绍了缅甸蟒的外部形态特征,生活习性,养殖场的建设,繁殖习性,人工饲养与管理,越冬技术和疾病防治等,以期对我国蟒蛇养殖业的健康发展起到一定的指导作用。     

Estimation of roaming dog populations in Timor Leste

The continued spread of rabies through the eastern islands of Indonesia poses a risk of rabies introduction to Timor Leste. To prepare for such an incursion and to undertake surveillance activities, the size and distribution of the roaming dog population needs to be estimated. We present the results of the first such surveys ever undertaken in Timor Leste.