Structure of the membrane protein FhaC: a member of the Omp85-TpsB transporter superfamily

In Gram-negative bacteria and eukaryotic organelles, beta-barrel proteins of the outer membrane protein 85-two-partner secretion B (Omp85-TpsB) superfamily are essential components of protein transport machineries. The TpsB transporter FhaC mediates the secretion of Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). We report the 3.15 A crystal structure of FhaC. The transporter comprises a 16-stranded beta barrel that is occluded by an N-terminal alpha helix and an extracellular loop and a periplasmic module composed of two aligned polypeptide-transport-associated (POTRA) domains. Functional data reveal that FHA binds to the POTRA 1 domain via its N-terminal domain and likely translocates the adhesin-repeated motifs in an extended hairpin conformation, with folding occurring at the cell surface. General features of the mechanism obtained here are likely to apply throughout the superfamily.     

猪型布鲁氏菌Omp31基因的抗原表位预测与分析

 布鲁氏菌的外膜蛋白在维持细胞结构方面发挥着重要作用,其中,有些外膜蛋白与细菌本身的毒性相关,成为了重要的抗原决定簇相关分子。Omp31分子就是猪型布鲁氏菌的一个重要的抗原表位分子,在研制亚单位疫苗方面有重要作用。本论文以猪型布鲁氏菌Omp31基因作为研究对象,利用DNAStar生物学软件对Omp31分子的立体结构、分子的表面可能性、亲水性、蛋白骨架区的柔韧性、分子的抗原指数进行了详细分析。结果显示：猪型布鲁氏菌Omp31分子一级结构的氨基酸序列中存在4段可能的抗原表位区段,其中,51~80氨基酸残基组成的区段和193~228氨基酸残基组成的区段的抗原指数较高,成为抗原决定簇的可能性很大。     

表达两种不同外膜蛋白的禽大肠杆菌融合菌株的构建

对从陕西省主要养鸡地区病死鸡及鸡胚中分离的致病性禽源大肠杆菌,用SDS-PAGE进行Omp分型。采用不同浓度溶菌酶作用不同时间裂解细胞壁,制备原生质体,在高渗平板上再生培养;在药敏试验的基础上,结合Omp型分析,选择具有交叉耐药且Omp型不同的菌株,利用PEG诱导进行原生质体融合,在含双抗的高渗平板上筛选融合株,对不同代次的融合株分别进行革兰氏染色镜检、生化鉴定、血清型鉴定和Omp型分析。结果表明,所构建的融合菌株染色镜检和生化特性均符合大肠杆菌特征,75%融合子可凝集2亲本的O抗原,25%凝集其中1个亲本的O抗原;外膜蛋白型表现为1个或2个亲本的带型,但都有不同程度的增强。经稳定性检验证明其为遗传学上稳定的融合子。     

Proton motive force involved in protein transport across the outer membrane of Aeromonas salmonicida

Many Gram-negative bacteria export proteins to the exterior. Some of these proteins are first secreted into the periplasm and then cross the outer membrane in a separate step. The source of energy required for the translocation is unknown. Export of the extracellular protein proaerolysin from the periplasm through the outer membrane of Aeromonas salmonicida is inhibited by a proton ionophore and by low extracellular pH. One possible explanation of these results is that a proton gradient across the outer membrane is required for export.     

临床分离鸡源性大肠杆菌外膜蛋白型的研究

[目的]了解禽致病性大肠杆菌分离株的遗传相关性。[方法]对分离自保定、秦皇岛和北京3个地区规模化养鸡场的病死鸡体内的38株大肠杆菌,采用超声波裂解和N-十二烷基肌胺酸钠进行外膜蛋白(Omp)提取,利用SDS-PAGE进行Omp分型。[结果]38株大肠杆菌共有3个Omp型,其中Omp-1型为O78、O88、O2、O18、O93、O766个血清型分离株所共有,Omp-Ⅱ型多为O76血清型分离株,Omp-Ⅲ型为O93、O78、O88、O2分离株所共有。这表明同一血清型的菌株可能属于完全不同的Omp型,而血清学上毫不相关的分离株之间却可具有相同的Omp型。[结论]该研究证实了同一血清型的分离株之间可发生遗传分化,而不同血清型的分离株之间也可具有不同程度的遗传相关性。     

可结合Caco-2细胞表面蛋白的副溶血弧菌外膜蛋白的筛选与鉴定

[目的]筛选可结合Caco-2细胞表面蛋白的副溶血弧菌外膜蛋白。[方法]筛选副溶血弧菌外膜中的黏附蛋白,将Caco-2细胞表面蛋白生物素化并固定于中性卵白素树脂上,进一步利用亲和层析技术来筛选副溶血弧菌的外膜蛋白。[结果]通过LC-MS/MS质谱技术鉴定出3个候选蛋白:ATP synthase subunit alpha、ATP synthase subunit beta和outer membrane protein U。通过对这3个蛋白进行克隆基因和原核表达,成功纯化得到相应重组蛋白。通过进一步的间接免疫荧光试验,发现3种蛋白对于Caco-2细胞均有黏附作用。[结论]推测ATP synthase subunit alpha、ATP synthase subunit beta和outer membrane protein U这3种蛋白可能是潜在的黏附因子。     

Structure and function of an essential component of the outer membrane protein assembly machine

Integral beta-barrel proteins are found in the outer membranes of mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Gram-negative bacteria. The machine that assembles these proteins contains an integral membrane protein, called YaeT in Escherichia coli, which has one or more polypeptide transport-associated (POTRA) domains. The crystal structure of a periplasmic fragment of YaeT reveals the POTRA domain fold and suggests a model for how POTRA domains can bind different peptide sequences, as required for a machine that handles numerous beta-barrel protein precursors. Analysis of POTRA domain deletions shows which are essential and provides a view of the spatial organization of this assembly machine.     

NMR structure of Mistic, a membrane-integrating protein for membrane protein expression

Although structure determination of soluble proteins has become routine, our understanding of membrane proteins has been limited by experimental bottlenecks in obtaining both sufficient yields of protein and ordered crystals. Mistic is an unusual Bacillus subtilis integral membrane protein that folds autonomously into the membrane, bypassing the cellular translocon machinery. Using paramagnetic probes, we determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy that the protein forms a helical bundle with a surprisingly polar lipid-facing surface. Additional experiments suggest that Mistic can be used for high-level production of other membrane proteins in their native conformations, including many eukaryotic proteins that have previously been intractable to bacterial expression.     

羊布鲁氏菌16M Omp25蛋白酵母双杂交诱饵表达载体的构建及其毒性和自激活效应检测

[目的]构建含羊布鲁氏菌16M Omp25基因的酵母双杂交诱饵质粒,检测诱饵质粒表达产物对cdc25H酵母细胞有无毒性作用以及对报告基因有无激活作用。[方法]聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增布鲁氏菌Omp25基因的编码序列,定向克隆到酵母表达载体pSos上,构建诱饵重组质粒pSos-Omp25,经测序正确后,将其将转化到酵母菌cdc25H感受态细胞,检测其表达产物对酵母细胞有无毒性作用及对报告基因有无激活作用。[结果]序列测定证明重组诱饵质粒pSos-Omp25构建成功;重组质粒表达产物对cdc25H酵母细胞无毒性,对报告基因无激活作用。[结论]利用SOS恢复系统(SRS)成功构建了羊布鲁氏菌16M Omp25蛋白酵母双杂交诱饵质粒,为筛选与羊布鲁氏菌16M Omp25蛋白相互作用的蛋白创造了条件。     

Solution structure of the integral human membrane protein VDAC-1 in detergent micelles

The voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) mediates trafficking of small molecules and ions across the eukaryotic outer mitochondrial membrane. VDAC also interacts with antiapoptotic proteins from the Bcl-2 family, and this interaction inhibits release of apoptogenic proteins from the mitochondrion. We present the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of recombinant human VDAC-1 reconstituted in detergent micelles. It forms a 19-stranded beta barrel with the first and last strand parallel. The hydrophobic outside perimeter of the barrel is covered by detergent molecules in a beltlike fashion. In the presence of cholesterol, recombinant VDAC-1 can form voltage-gated channels in phospholipid bilayers similar to those of the native protein. NMR measurements revealed the binding sites of VDAC-1 for the Bcl-2 protein Bcl-x(L), for reduced beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, and for cholesterol. Bcl-x(L) interacts with the VDAC barrel laterally at strands 17 and 18.     

两歧双歧杆菌PRL2010菌体外表面蛋白的功能分析

[目的]分析两歧双歧杆菌PRL2010菌体外表面蛋白的功能。[方法]以两歧双歧杆菌PRL2010基因组序列为研究对象,采用Perry等人分析革兰氏阳性菌菌体外表面蛋白(PSE蛋白)的Inmembrane方法,同时采用COG功能数据库对预测的外表面蛋白进行功能注释和聚类分析。[结果]PRL2010外表面蛋白包括28个细胞壁蛋白、12个脂蛋白、182个细胞膜蛋白、38个分泌蛋白。PRL2010外表面蛋白的功能分析结果显示,大多数外表面蛋白与细胞壁、细胞膜的生物合成,无机离子转运与代谢,防御机制,碳水化合物转运与代谢,氨基酸转运与代谢等有关。[结论]该研究可为探讨该菌与宿主相互作用的分子机制奠定基础。     

Emulating membrane protein evolution by rational design

How do integral membrane proteins evolve in size and complexity? Using the small multidrug-resistance protein EmrE from Escherichia coli as a model, we experimentally demonstrated that the evolution of membrane proteins composed of two homologous but oppositely oriented domains can occur in a small number of steps: An original dual-topology protein evolves, through a gene-duplication event, to a heterodimer formed by two oppositely oriented monomers. This simple evolutionary pathway can explain the frequent occurrence of membrane proteins with an internal pseudo-two-fold symmetry axis in the plane of the membrane.     

The structure of a mycobacterial outer-membrane channel

Mycobacteria have low-permeability outer membranes that render them resistant to most antibiotics. Hydrophilic nutrients can enter by way of transmembrane-channel proteins called porins. An x-ray analysis of the main porin from Mycobacterium smegmatis, MspA, revealed a homooctameric goblet-like conformation with a single central channel. This is the first structure of a mycobacterial outer-membrane protein. No structure-related protein was found in the Protein Data Bank. MspA contains two consecutive beta barrels with nonpolar outer surfaces that form a ribbon around the porin, which is too narrow to fit the thickness of the mycobacterial outer membrane in contemporary models.     

Restricted lateral diffusion of PH-20, a PI-anchored sperm membrane protein

The rate of lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins is constrained in cells, but the constraining factors for most membrane proteins have not been defined. PH-20, a sperm surface protein involved in sperm-egg adhesion, was shown to be anchored in the plasma membrane by attachment to the lipid phosphatidylinositol and to have a diffusion rate that is highly restricted on testicular sperm, being more than a thousand times slower than lipid diffusion. These results support the hypothesis that lateral mobility of a membrane protein can be regulated exclusively by interactions of its ectodomain.     

Membrane structure: some general principles

The arrangement of lipids and some proteins in the erythrocyte membrane has been discussed. The conclusions from this are listed here as a set of general guidelines for the structure of membranes of higher organisms: some of these rules may be wrong. But at this stage it seems useful to sharpen our thoughts in this way and thereby focus attention on various specific points. 1) The basis of a membrane is a lipid bilayer with (i) choline phospholipids and glycolipids in the external half and (ii) amino (and possibly some choline) phospholipids in the cytoplasmic half. There is effectively no lipid exchange across the bilayer (unless enzymatically catalyzed) (68). 2) Some proteins extend across the bilayer. Where this is so, they will in general have carbohydrate on their surface remote from the cytoplasm. This carbohydrate may prevent the protein diffusing out of the membrane into the cytoplasm; it acts as a lock on the protein. 3) Just as lipids do not flip-flop, proteins do not rotate across the membrane. Lateral motion or rotation of lipids and proteins in the plane of the bilayer may be expected. 4) Most membrane protein is associated with the inner, cytoplasmic, urface of the membrane. Proteins are not usually associated exclusively with the outer half of the lipid bilayer. 5) Membrane proteins are a special class of cytoplasmic proteins, not of secreted proteins.     

柱状黄杆菌外膜蛋白的比较蛋白质组学研究

为了鉴定柱状黄杆菌(Flavobacterium columnare)的毒力相关因子,利用蛋白质组学方法分析了强毒株G4R3和弱毒株G18的外膜蛋白。双向电泳结合图像分析,共发现了8个差异表达的蛋白点。经过胶内酶解和质谱分析,其中的1个蛋白点被鉴定为LemA蛋白,它可能是柱状黄杆菌的一种毒力因子。     

Parallel single-cell monitoring of receptor-triggered membrane translocation of a calcium-sensing protein module

Time courses of translocation of fluorescently conjugated proteins to the plasma membrane were simultaneously measured in thousands of individual rat basophilic leukemia cells. We found that the C2 domain---a calcium-sensing, lipid-binding protein module that is an essential regulator of protein kinase C and numerous other proteins---targeted proteins to the plasma membrane transiently if calcium was released from internal stores, and persistently in response to entry of extracellular calcium across the plasma membrane. The C2 domain translocation time courses of stimulated cells clustered into only two primary modes. Hence, the reversible recruitment of families of signaling proteins from one cellular compartment to another is a rapid bifurcation mechanism for inducing discrete states of cellular signaling networks.     

荧光假单胞菌灭活疫苗对草鱼的免疫保护效应

从患病草鱼分离出荧光假单胞菌,制备甲醛灭活全菌苗、高温灭活全菌苗、可溶性蛋白及外膜蛋白疫苗。经腹腔注射草鱼后,研究这些疫苗的免疫保护作用。免疫后于不同时间采集血液,用试管凝集法测定血清抗体滴度。实验结果表明,上述疫苗均诱导较强的免疫应答。抗体峰值出现的先后顺序依次为可溶性蛋白组、外膜蛋白组、甲醛灭活全菌苗组及高温灭活全菌苗组;而抗体峰值从高到低依次为甲醛灭活全菌苗组、高温灭活全菌苗组、可溶性蛋白组及外膜蛋白组。细菌攻毒实验显示,4种疫苗免疫后均产生明显的保护效应。其中,高温灭活全菌苗相对保护率最高,达到75%,甲醛灭活全菌苗、外膜蛋白以及可溶性蛋白的相对保护率分别为70%,70%和65%,说明这些疫苗均可用于预防草鱼赤皮病。此外,实验亦显示血清抗体水平与疫苗保护效应并不完全一致。     

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Outer Membrane Proteins of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated in China

Aeromonas hydrophila isolates from clinical cases （n=43） were tested against 8 antimicrobial agents and typed by outer membrane protein （OMP） pattern by using sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin （MICs, ≥16 μg mL-1） and sulfamonomethoxine （MICs≥64 μg mLl）, but susceptible to norfloxacin （MICs,≤0.5 μg mL-1）. There was a high incidence of resistance to erythromycin （90.70%） and tylosin （93.02%）, while a low incidences of resistance to ciprofloxacin （2.33%）, enrofloxacin （2.33%） and florfenicol （4.65%）. Six different outer membrane protein patterns were found among 34 isolates by analyzing proteins in the range of 22 to 50 kDa, other than 9 isolates with their respective profiles. The strains with the similar OMP profiles had similar resistances. Compared with the other strains from the same OMP patterns, NB-1, A.Pun and MR-1 had lacked the proteins in the range of 30 to 45 kDa and their resistance to florfenicol substantially increased. It is speculated that the outer membrane protein changes might correlate with decreased susceptibility to florfenicol in the three strains. Some strains which showed completely identical OMP types had a little difference in their resistance to fluoroquinolones, indicating that there might be other factors that were involved in the antimicrobial resistance of A. hydrophila.     

A genetic approach to analyzing membrane protein topology

Fusions of the secreted protein alkaline phosphatase to an integral cytoplasmic membrane protein of Escherichia coli showed different activities depending on where in the membrane protein the alkaline phosphatase was fused. Fusions to positions in or near the periplasmic domain led to high alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas those to positions in the cytoplasmic domain gave low activity. Analysis of alkaline phosphatase fusions to membrane proteins of unknown structure may thus be generally useful in determining their membrane topologies.