异砧嫁接红松双向培育经营技术

异砧嫁接红松双向培育经营技术成果是牡丹江林科所所两代专家经28年不懈努力而完成的，1994年通过黑龙江省科委组织的专家鉴定。1995年获黑龙江省科技进步二等奖。1996年列入原林业部重点推广项目，1999年列为国家重点推广项目。目前已在黑龙江省林区推广4700多亩。同时在内蒙、山西、福建也开始了推广试点工作。2001年该推广项目通过     

2000年我省承担的国家林业局林业科技成果推广项目简介

2000年国家林业局安排我省林业科技成果推广项目5项，国家级星火计划（林业项目）1项。1、松树增脂剂应用该项目推广《松树增脂剂促生丰产采脂新技术》成果，在湘潭市、株洲市建立松树增脂剂及其促生丰产采脂新技术推广示范林1000公顷，并向全省松脂产区辐射推广，辐射推广面积1000公顷。项目完成后，1000公顷推广示范林可年增产脂375吨，按松脂2000元／吨计算，年增产值75万元，辐射推广1000公顷可增加效益750万元以上。并通过松香、松节油出口为国家增加创汇。同时，应用该技术可促进树木生长，去除采脂时化学物质对环境的影响，从而保护…     

退耕还林(牧)先锋树种——四倍体刺槐

四倍体刺槐的引进、试种和繁殖技术为国家林业局科研“948”项目之一，2002年11月通过国家鉴定，评价为“优”，已申报国家科技成果重点推广品种。将在全国范围结合退耕还林(牧)进行大面积推广。     

黑龙江省森林与环境科学研究院7项科研及推广项目通过鉴定和验收

2009年，黑龙江省森林与环境科学研究院7项科研及推广项目通过鉴定和验收。国家林业局下达，黑龙江省林业科学技术推广站和黑龙江省森林与环境科学研究院共同实施的林业科技推广项目“山新杨推广”、“退耕还林区樟子松抗旱造林技术”、“嫩江沙地适生树种选择及其配套技术推广”，于2009年8月3日在北京通过项目验收。     

ABT生根粉实用技术在林农业上应用推广项目通过验收

ＡＢＴ生根粉实用技术在林农业上应用推广项目通过验收由江西省林业科技推广总站承担的“ＡＢＴ生根粉实用技术在林农业上应用推广”是１９９０年省重点推广项目。经过几年大力推广，已超额完成了省科委下达的任务。年初在省科委主持下通过验收。与会专家审查评议，认为该...     

农业推广硕士研究生招生和培养若干问题的探讨

国务院学位委员会于１９９９年５月审议通过了《农业推广（暂用名）硕士专业学位设置方案》（以下简称《方案》），２０００年６月下发了《关于批准部分高等学校培养农业推广硕士和做好２０００年农业推广硕士研究生招生工作的通知》，批准了中国农业大学、北京林业大学等２４所高等农林院校作为农业推广硕士研究生招生的试点单位，并于２０００年１０月举行了全国联考，开始了我国农业推广硕士研究生的首次招生。农业推广硕士专业学位的设置，对落实“科教兴国”和“可持续发展”战略，更好地适应我国农业现代化和农村发展对高层次专门人才…     

雷竹引种试验研究

通过揭西县引种雷竹的试验研究，总结了近年来对雷竹培育推广的经验，实践证明：在揭西县特别是上中片的地方适宜推广雷竹的生产种植。     

呼伦贝尔盟引种长白落叶松速生丰产林生长量的对比分析

通过对呼盟引种推广的长白落叶松生长量与国标长白落叶松速生丰产林标准及黑龙江省引种的长白、日本、华北落叶松的分析对比可以看出，长白落叶松的生长量优于国标和黑龙江，与乡土树种兴安落叶松相比，生长量高于生长最好的草类兴安落叶松２．５８ｍ 。因此，呼盟可积极引进与推广长白落叶松。     

雷竹笋早出丰产经营技术推广模式调查

浙江省临安、余杭、德清、富阳等县市，通过发展雷竹笋产业，特别是1990年来，通过雷竹早出高产栽培技术的大面积推广，取得了显著效益。本文对雷竹早出栽培技术的研究和推广组织方式进行调查和分析，为当前林业科技成果的推广提供参考。1紧密结合生产，作好科技立项工作雷竹主要分布在浙江的西北丘陵平原地带，“以浙江临安、余杭和德清最多，但竹笋市场价格低，效应不高。1988年临安市三口乡株鸡村一教师发现竹笋能提早出土（使笋期提前到12月底或1月中旬），此期正为春节前后，市场上无鲜笋出售，且为蔬菜淡季，竹笋价格很高。浙江林学院…     

世界银行贷款林业项目科研推广管理现代模式初探

80年代以来，我国林业系统利用世行贷款执行了4—5期林业项目，其中唯有国家造林项目（简称NAP）首次实施科研推广项目，井积累了大量实践经验。通过对NAP科研推广管理样本的实证分析评价，探讨了科研推广管理运行的内在规律，以此为指导，提出现代管理模式，即以服务总体项目、提高科技含量为目标，按照科技生产产业化思路，设计具有市场经济机制。科学管理制度、一体化管理方式的特征，运用高新技术装备的高效、协调运转的系统模式。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.