异砧嫁接红松双向培育经营技术

异砧嫁接红松双向培育经营技术成果是牡丹江林科所所两代专家经28年不懈努力而完成的，1994年通过黑龙江省科委组织的专家鉴定。1995年获黑龙江省科技进步二等奖。1996年列入原林业部重点推广项目，1999年列为国家重点推广项目。目前已在黑龙江省林区推广4700多亩。同时在内蒙、山西、福建也开始了推广试点工作。2001年该推广项目通过     

2000年我省承担的国家林业局林业科技成果推广项目简介

2000年国家林业局安排我省林业科技成果推广项目5项，国家级星火计划（林业项目）1项。1、松树增脂剂应用该项目推广《松树增脂剂促生丰产采脂新技术》成果，在湘潭市、株洲市建立松树增脂剂及其促生丰产采脂新技术推广示范林1000公顷，并向全省松脂产区辐射推广，辐射推广面积1000公顷。项目完成后，1000公顷推广示范林可年增产脂375吨，按松脂2000元／吨计算，年增产值75万元，辐射推广1000公顷可增加效益750万元以上。并通过松香、松节油出口为国家增加创汇。同时，应用该技术可促进树木生长，去除采脂时化学物质对环境的影响，从而保护…     

退耕还林(牧)先锋树种——四倍体刺槐

四倍体刺槐的引进、试种和繁殖技术为国家林业局科研“948”项目之一，2002年11月通过国家鉴定，评价为“优”，已申报国家科技成果重点推广品种。将在全国范围结合退耕还林(牧)进行大面积推广。     

黑龙江省森林与环境科学研究院7项科研及推广项目通过鉴定和验收

2009年，黑龙江省森林与环境科学研究院7项科研及推广项目通过鉴定和验收。国家林业局下达，黑龙江省林业科学技术推广站和黑龙江省森林与环境科学研究院共同实施的林业科技推广项目“山新杨推广”、“退耕还林区樟子松抗旱造林技术”、“嫩江沙地适生树种选择及其配套技术推广”，于2009年8月3日在北京通过项目验收。     

ABT生根粉实用技术在林农业上应用推广项目通过验收

ＡＢＴ生根粉实用技术在林农业上应用推广项目通过验收由江西省林业科技推广总站承担的“ＡＢＴ生根粉实用技术在林农业上应用推广”是１９９０年省重点推广项目。经过几年大力推广，已超额完成了省科委下达的任务。年初在省科委主持下通过验收。与会专家审查评议，认为该...     

农业推广硕士研究生招生和培养若干问题的探讨

国务院学位委员会于１９９９年５月审议通过了《农业推广（暂用名）硕士专业学位设置方案》（以下简称《方案》），２０００年６月下发了《关于批准部分高等学校培养农业推广硕士和做好２０００年农业推广硕士研究生招生工作的通知》，批准了中国农业大学、北京林业大学等２４所高等农林院校作为农业推广硕士研究生招生的试点单位，并于２０００年１０月举行了全国联考，开始了我国农业推广硕士研究生的首次招生。农业推广硕士专业学位的设置，对落实“科教兴国”和“可持续发展”战略，更好地适应我国农业现代化和农村发展对高层次专门人才…     

雷竹引种试验研究

通过揭西县引种雷竹的试验研究，总结了近年来对雷竹培育推广的经验，实践证明：在揭西县特别是上中片的地方适宜推广雷竹的生产种植。     

“ABT生根粉在嫩枝扦插育苗上的应用”推广项目通过验收

“ＡＢＴ生根粉在嫩枝扦插育苗上的应用”推广项目通过验收由衡水地区林业局主持的“ＡＢＴ生根粉在嫩枝扦插育苗上的应用”推广项目，于１９９３年１０月２９日通过了地区级验收。ＡＢＴ生根粉是国家重点推广项目。该药剂是一种复合型高效广谱生根促进剂，具有补充插条生...     

呼伦贝尔盟引种长白落叶松速生丰产林生长量的对比分析

通过对呼盟引种推广的长白落叶松生长量与国标长白落叶松速生丰产林标准及黑龙江省引种的长白、日本、华北落叶松的分析对比可以看出，长白落叶松的生长量优于国标和黑龙江，与乡土树种兴安落叶松相比，生长量高于生长最好的草类兴安落叶松２．５８ｍ 。因此，呼盟可积极引进与推广长白落叶松。     

雷竹笋早出丰产经营技术推广模式调查

浙江省临安、余杭、德清、富阳等县市，通过发展雷竹笋产业，特别是1990年来，通过雷竹早出高产栽培技术的大面积推广，取得了显著效益。本文对雷竹早出栽培技术的研究和推广组织方式进行调查和分析，为当前林业科技成果的推广提供参考。1紧密结合生产，作好科技立项工作雷竹主要分布在浙江的西北丘陵平原地带，“以浙江临安、余杭和德清最多，但竹笋市场价格低，效应不高。1988年临安市三口乡株鸡村一教师发现竹笋能提早出土（使笋期提前到12月底或1月中旬），此期正为春节前后，市场上无鲜笋出售，且为蔬菜淡季，竹笋价格很高。浙江林学院…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。