Uterine Vascular Perfusion and Involution During the Postpartum Period in Mares

In horses, limited data is found regarding the vascular events during uterine involution at the puerperal period. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the morphological aspects (size of uterus and intrauterine fluid content) and the hemodynamics (endometrial and mesometrial vascular perfusion) of the uterus during its postpartum involution process. Ten mares were daily scanned by transrectal color Doppler ultrasonography from the first day postpartum (d1) to the 16th day after first postpartum ovulation (D0 = ovulation). The formerly gravid horn (GH) and formerly nongravid horn (NH) were individually evaluated. A reduction (P < .05) in the uterine diameter was observed during the first 7 days postpartum, and the rate of uterine involution decreased after this period. The involution was completed on d21 and d24 for the NH and GH, respectively. Presence of intrauterine fluid was present in large amounts between d1 and d2 postpartum, followed by a decrease (P < .05) between d4 and d7. No fluid was observed after d16 postpartum or after the third day postovulation (D3). During the early postpartum period, an increase (P < .05) in the endometrial and mesometrial vascularization was detected, respectively, between d1 and d4, and between d1 and d2. The vascular perfusion did not differ after d4 for endometrial tissue, whereas was reduced (P < .05) between d2 and d10 for mesometrium. After the first postpartum ovulation, an increase (P < .05) in vascular perfusion was observed from D0 to D5, followed by a decrease (P < .05) between D5 and D11 and an increase (P < .05) between D11 and D14. The novel vascular perfusion profile here described in the endometrium and mesometrium after ovulation is similar to the uterine vascular profile observed during estrous cycles and early pregnancy, indicating a fast return of the mare's uterus to cycling postpartum conditions.     

Histological Changes in the Uterus during Postpartum in the Mare

An histological study of the postpartum period in 29 mares was carried out. Uterine biopsies were taken daily during the first 10 days postpartum in a total of 87 samples. At day 0, equine endometrium was characterized in the surface by the presence of regularly ordered microcaruncles; the stratum spongiosum was oedematous and contained distended and scarce glands. Degenerative changes in microcaruncles and endometrial glands were present on day 1 postpartum. The epithelium of the microcaruncles from 2 to 5 days postpartum showed cytoplasmic vacuolization, karyorrhexis and an inflammatory reaction with neutrophils and phagocitic cells. On day 7 postpartum, the histology of the endometrium was similar to the normal proestrus with cuboidal luminal epithelium and an oedematous stromal tissue. The changes are usually completed within days 9 and 10 postpartum with the histologically typical appearance of estrus in mares.     

小尾寒羊复旧子宫组织形态学变化的研究

用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜观察和B超扫描等方法对小尾寒羊产后子宫形态学变化进行了研究.结果发现,小尾寒羊在产后10 d内,恶露排出结束;产后19 d子宫颈复旧完成;产后25 d子宫外观复旧完成;到产后31 d子宫内膜破损的修复完成.子宫复旧过程中,子宫组织内胶原纤维降解明显,子宫组织中的巨噬细胞、浆细胞、成纤维细胞、淋巴细胞等都参与了子宫复旧过程.     

Post-Partum Involution of the Canine Uterus – Gross Anatomical and Histological Features

We aimed to study the normal puerperium in the bitch. Ovariohysterectomy was performed in nine bitches, each at a different day after normal whelping; their genital tract was subject to gross anatomical examination, as well as to histological examination and electron microscopy scanning. Corpora albicans were evenly distributed in the left and right ovaries and placental sites were evenly distributed among left and right uterine horns. Placental sites were initially of dark green to grey colour, later becoming dark brown; their length and height progressively decreased. Height of the myometrium and diameter of the uterine glands progressively decreased. Trophoblast-like cells were consistently observed at the placental sites and on the surface of the interplacental areas, at all time points where hysterectomy had been performed. It is suggested that involution of the canine genital tract can last up to 3 months and is slow. Continuous (up to D84 post-partum) presence of prominent placental sites should be considered a normal feature of canine uterine post-partum involution.     

犬单侧性子宫扭转手术一例

犬子宫扭转多发于妊娠的中后期,特别是临产期。往往由于母犬在怀孕后期进行剧烈运动,胎儿发育过大,胎仔数量较多,子宫阔韧带松弛,以及分娩时胎儿活动异常,不正当使用缩宫素导致子宫收缩异常等因素造成。现将1例子宫扭转病例介绍如下：     

产后奶牛子宫内微生物菌群动态变化及其与子宫黏液性状关系的研究

本文旨在研究奶牛产后子宫内优势菌群随时间的动态变化及细菌种类与子宫黏液性状之间的关系,以便于临床的快速诊断及治疗。选取分娩日期临近、产后子宫黏液性状不同的荷斯坦奶牛42头,于分娩后10、20、30和40d采集子宫黏液,体外培养法进行细菌分离、鉴定。结果显示,产后奶牛子宫内分离率最高的细菌分别为大肠杆菌(85.7%)、变形杆菌(64.3%)和葡萄球菌(61.9%);除大肠杆菌在整个试验期分离率均较高外,产后10、20、30和40d优势细菌分别为葡萄球菌、产气荚膜梭菌、沙门氏菌和葡萄球菌。白色或灰白色脓性黏液,黄色或土黄色黏液中细菌平均分离株数(5.6±0.4,5.5±1.4)高于清亮透明黏液(3.5±1.6),其中沙门氏菌、变形杆菌、链球菌和化脓隐秘杆菌产后30和40d的分离株数高于清亮黏液,说明其可能与白色或黄色脓性黏液的出现相关;产后40d黄色或土黄色化脓性黏液可能与产气荚膜梭菌的出现相关;而粪肠球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌产后20、30、40d在脓性黏液中分离数高于清亮黏液,说明其作为有益菌可能在分泌不正常黏液的子宫内具有抵抗病原菌的作用。结果表明,产后奶牛子宫内优势菌群呈动态变化,子宫黏液性状与特异病原菌的出现有关。     

Visual Evoked Potentials in the Clinically Normal Dog

Visual evoked potentials (VEP) in response to flashes of white light were recorded from 15 adult beagles of both sexes to provide a normative data base. Separate recordings were taken by stimulating each eye of every dog. Responses were recorded from a needle electrode placed over the nuchal crest referenced to an electrode just caudal to the eyes. Five positive and negative peaks were present in each VEP; P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3. Peak P2 was the most prominent. Mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) latencies for peaks P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3 were 14.3 +/- 2.4, 29.2 +/- 2.2, 54.5 +/- 7.4, 78.0 +/- 13.1, and 98.1 +/- 12.6 msec, respectively. Peak-to-peak mean amplitudes ranged from 5.88 to 13.30 microV. Recordings were accomplished without sedation, anesthesia, or mydriatic drugs.     

The Clinical and Morphological Characteristics of the Uterus of the Goat during the Period of Involution

Two goats were slaughtered at zero, 24, 62 hours and five, seven, nine, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 28, 32 and 36 days after kidding in order to study the involutionary changes of the uterus.     

警犬正常心电图研究

描记了９０只警犬标准肢导联、加压单极肢导联、单极胸导联、Ａ－Ｂ导联等共２４个导联的心电图。结果显示，被检警犬皆为窦性心律，其心电图的性别差异不明显。此外，还分析了两种单极胸导联法的差异。     

犬子宫积脓的B-超诊断及手术治疗

犬子宫积脓是犬生殖系统疾病中较为棘手的疾患 ,现已被认为是中老年犬的一种常见疾病。它是由激素引起的发情间期疾病 ,是细菌和异常子宫上皮间相互作用的结果。子宫积脓常分为子宫颈开放型和子宫颈闭合型两种。由于该病病因复杂 ,且无特异示病性典型症状 ,其临床症状视子宫颈开放程度、犬所处的发情周期阶段、子宫感染微生物程度、病程长短、子宫及外生殖器官损伤情况的不同而各异。 2 0 0 0年我院接诊过几十例子宫积脓患犬 ,选其一例报告如下。1　发病情况哈市某居民豢养一只白色北京犬 ,6岁 ,体重 6ｋｇ。曾于半年前来我院就诊。病历记录…     

Normal Swallowing in the Dog: A Cineradiographic Study

Normal dog swallowing dynamics were analyzed and correlated with specific structures. There were oropharyngeal, esophageal, and gastroesophageal phases. The oropharyngeal phase was characterized by food prehension and bolus formation (oral stage), reflex pharyngeal peristalsis (pharyngeal stage), and reflex cricopharyngeal sphincter relaxation (cricopharyngeal stage). The esophageal phase was characterized by primary peristalsis initiated by the oropharyngeal phase and secondary peristalsis which occurred in response to mechanical stimuli from a bolus in the esophagus. There was a post-peristalsis refractory period during which new peristalsis would not occur. Repeated rapid swallowing would, therefore, result in accumulation of ingesta in the esophagus. The gastroesophageal phase occurred when a bolus passed through the gastroesophageal junction, an area which serves as a lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroesophageal reflux was observed as a normal, infrequent event followed by rapid esophageal clearance. Low doses of tranquilizers had no significant influence on swallowing function. The differences observed between sternal and lateral recumbent postures related only to the rate of food consumption which, in turn, influenced esophageal motor response and inhibited gastroesophageal closure. These differences did not adversely affect the autonomous phases of swallowing.     

产后正常奶牛子宫内细菌的研究

研究不同产后时期正常奶牛子宫内细菌的数量变化、种类及细菌与子宫复旧的关系。实验发现 ,产后第 2 ,7,14,2 4d子宫内细菌平均数量为 (1.91±0 .44 )× 10 5,(3.93± 1.6 1)× 10 6,(3.40± 0 .94)× 10 3 ,(2 .49± 2 .92 )× 10 2 个/mg子宫样品 ,而产后 39d时子宫内细菌数量均小于 1× 10个 /mg子宫样品 ;共分离到细菌 5 7株 ,其中葡萄球菌 2 4株 (占 42 .1% )、大肠杆菌 11株 (占 19.3% )、链球菌 7株 (占 12 .3% )、芽孢杆菌 8株 (占 14% )及微球菌 7株 (占 12 .3% ) ;经直肠检查在产后 39d时所有受试牛均完成了子宫复旧。结果表明 :细菌从分娩前的无菌状态增加到最高点较迅速 ,约 7d左右 ,而下降比较缓慢 ,到复旧完成 (39d)时 ,才接近于无菌状态 ;产后奶牛子宫内的细菌有葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、链球菌、芽胞杆菌和微球菌 ;产后子宫内一定数量的细菌对子宫复旧无显著影响。     

犬三种产后痉挛的鉴别诊断与治疗

随着宠物犬的饲养量增多,犬产后痉挛性疾病在临床上也日渐增多.临床上常见的产后痉挛性疾病主要有低钙血症、低镁血症和低血糖症,由于这类疾病多为突然发生,症状重、病程短急,临床症状义很相似,故在诊断时应注意进行鉴别.     

Influence of Puerperal Uterine Infection on Uterine Involution and Postpartum Ovarian Activity in Dairy Cows

This article presents the results of a clinical trial designed to study the effect of puerperal uterine infection on uterine involution and on ovarian activity in dairy cows, monitored twice weekly from parturition until the sixth week postpartum (wpp). Infection significantly retarded uterine involution assessed by the uterine body diameter and a score of intrauterine fluid volume (IUFV). By the sixth wpp, cows with normal puerperium (controls) and cows that showed mild puerperal endometritis had similar uterine body diameter and IUFV, indicating spontaneous recovery within the postpartum voluntary waiting period. However, in cows with severe puerperal endometritis, although uterine body diameter had regressed to pregravid size, IUFV remained significantly higher than in control and mild endometritis cows, indicating that chronic endometritis was established. The IUFV score was positively and significantly correlated with uterine swab bacterial growth density and allowed diagnosis of endometritis after the third wpp. Cows with mild or severe endometritis had a significantly higher prevalence and persistence of pathogenic bacteria ( Escherichia coli , Actinomyces pyogenes , Gram-negative anaerobes – GNA) than controls. Actinomyces pyogenes was associated to GNA in 74% of isolations. Ovarian activity measured by ultrasound scanning of the ovaries and plasma progesterone (P4) concentrations was more abnormal (prolonged anoestrus, prolonged luteal phases and ovarian cysts) in cows with severe endometritis than in controls.     

Aspects on Hormonal Control of Normal and Induced Parturition in the Dog

Average length of gestation on the dog is 63 ± 2 days but may vary between 57-71 days due to the long period of receptivity at oestrus and the extended period of sperm survival in the female genital tract. In contrast to other domestic animals progesterone- and oestrogen concentrations are almost identical in pregnant and non pregnant bitches, except for their rapid decline immediately prior to parturition. Control of luteolysis still poorly understood. Experiments with indomethacin leading to a blockade of the prepartal PgF_2α increase, which commences with the decrease of progesterone, point toward a role of PgF_2α at this stage of pregnancy, which was extended for several days. At physiological conditions first visible signs of parturition were observed at peak-PgF_2α levels, 33.6 ± 17.6 hours after onset of luteolysis, which lasted over 16.8 ± 3.4 hours. Pulse-type releases of oxytocin were only observed after this point of time. To test for the effect of progesterone-withdrawal, four 51-57 days pregnant bitches were treated with the antiprogestin RU 38486 which inhibits the activity of progesterone at the receptor level. In all dogs first visible signs of parturition were observed 33.5 ± 7.5 hours after onset of treatment. However, the process of parturition came to an end after cervical opening and totally only one puppy was born. Different to a normal parturition no increase of PgF_2α was observed. Relaxin levels were not influenced by treatment. These observations suggested that treatment with antiprogestin followed by PgF_2α might be an adequate method to induce parturition in the dog; first experiences seem to confirm this conclusion.     

犬精液低温常温保存稀释液筛选试验

试验比较了 8种稀释液在 5 ,10 ,15 ,2 0℃下保存犬精液的效果。结果表明 :15℃为犬精液液态保存的较适温度 ,3号液为优等液。其中 3号液在 15℃精子的存活时间为(10 5± 10 )h,与对照液在 15℃的保存效果差异极显著 (P <0 .0 1) ;2 ,4 ,5号液是良等液 ,在 15℃精子的存活时间是 (6 4± 8)h ,与对照液在 15℃的保存效果差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;中等液为 6号液 ,在15 ,2 0℃保存时与对照液没有统计学上的差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,在 5 ,10℃保存时不如对照液 ;7,8号液为差等液 ,在 15℃保存时与对照液差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,在 5 ,10 ,2 0℃时不如对照液     

貉的正常骨髓象及其特点

本文对15只正常貉胫骨骨髓细胞进行了观察和分类计数。其结果为:貉的嗜中性粒细胞核表面一般有“豆芽状”小突起;粒细胞总数占54.35%,红细胞总数占28.91%,粒红比为1.88:1;淋巴细胞总数占13.46%,其它细胞占3.29%。     

母牛产后子宫保健对输精受胎率效果测定试验

试验针对1～2胎的临产母牛,对其子宫进行药物保健,促进母牛产后子宫快速恢复,激活卵巢功能,恢复母牛体况,保证母牛在产后50 d以内顺利配种受胎,提高母牛产后输精受胎率。     

B超监测产后奶牛子宫恢复和卵巢变化情况的研究

作者旨在通过B超技术探讨产后奶牛子宫的恢复情况和卵巢的变化情况,研究奶牛繁殖性能的变化规律,为更好地指导奶牛产后配种、繁育等工作提供试验依据。根据试验方案选择8头中国荷斯坦产后奶牛（其中4头初产、4头经产）,从产后第1天开始到下次发情配种,持续利用B超观察其子宫的恢复情况和卵巢的变化情况。结果表明,子宫颈和子宫壁恢复正常的平均时间初产奶牛分别大约为25和32 d,经产奶牛均为27 d;经产和初产奶牛卵泡的发育都经历了6个卵泡波,前3个卵泡波为1个发情周期,后3个卵泡波为1个发情周期。因子宫未恢复完全,故要到第2个发情周期末（即要到第6个卵泡波）配种;初产和经产奶牛产后发情配种的平均时间分别大约为90和53 d。由此可看出初产奶牛的子宫颈恢复正常的平均时间要比经产奶牛早2 d,而子宫壁恢复正常的平均时间要比经产奶牛晚5 d;初产奶牛发情配种的平均时间要比经产奶牛晚37 d。