土壤环境因子对毒死蜱两种剂型持效性的影响

以暗黑鳃金龟Holotrichia parallela幼虫为生物试材,研究了含水量、温度和泥炭质量分数3种土壤环境因子对毒死蜱30%微囊悬浮剂(CS)和30%乳油(EC)持效性的影响。结果显示:在相同土壤介质环境下,毒死蜱乳油的持效期随土壤含水量的提高而缩短,同时土壤含水量的提高减缓了微囊悬浮剂囊内有效成分的释放;在土壤中其他影响因子相同时,土壤温度越高,毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂和乳油的持效期越短;土壤中的泥炭对毒死蜱的吸附作用使得其对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的初始毒力降低,同时也延长了毒死蜱在土壤中的持效期。对于3种土壤环境因子的不同处理,除泥炭质量分数为1.0%的处理中毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂和乳油对暗黑鳃金龟幼虫的持效性相差不大外,其他各处理中毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂的持效性均优于乳油。     

不同环境因子对桔小实蝇生长发育的影响

桔小实蝇是一种危害250多种热带、亚热带水果和蔬菜的重要检疫性害虫,已经给农业生产造成了巨大的损失,影响其种群变化的因子很多。本文综述了温度、光照、湿度等环境因子对桔小实蝇生长发育影响的研究进展和现状,以期对温度、光照、湿度等环境因子对桔小实蝇生长发育的影响有个较为全面的认识,为进一步防治桔小实蝇的危害提供帮助。     

乙草胺防除玉米花生地杂草试验

乙草胺防除玉米花生地杂草试验侯茂芬覃喜强（鹿寨县植保站），（鹿寨县四排乡农技站）乙草胺是一种除草活性高、应用范围广、对作物安全、在土壤中持效期适中的优良旱地除草剂。我县于１９９３年开始引进，为了进一步探索乙草胺对主要旱地作物杂草的防除效果及其经济有效...     

菌核净在植烟土壤及烟叶中的消解动态

为了探明菌核净的残留污染风险,在室内模拟和田间试验条件下,采用气相色谱法研究了菌核净在贵州植烟土壤及烟叶中的消解动态及其在土壤中消解的影响因子。 结果表明:在供试条件下,土壤微生物对菌核净在土壤中的消解起着重要作用,其在灭菌土壤中的半衰期为未灭菌土壤的3.5倍;土壤类型、温度、含水量和菌核净浓度对其消解也有影响,在贵州5个地区植烟土壤中的消解速率由高到低依次为花溪土壤>黔南土壤>凯里土壤>遵义土壤>毕节土壤;土壤中菌核净的消解速率随土壤温度和含水量的增加而加快,随施药剂量的增加而减慢。田间试验结果表明,菌核净在烟叶和土壤中的半衰期分别为5.8和8.2 d。     

土壤因子对玉米茎腐病菌侵染的影响

 本研究系统地将玉米茎腐病菌置于土壤条件下,研究土壤温度、湿度、酸碱度、土质等因子对病菌在土壤中生长和对寄主侵染的影响。结果表明,禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)喜欢中性土壤和低湿的环境,不耐高温,在壤土中生长较好;瓜果腐霉菌(Pythium aphanidermatum)喜欢中性土壤和高湿环境,能耐土壤高温,在砂土或粘土中生长较好。病菌对玉米幼苗的侵染受土壤温、湿度,特别是湿度条件的影响,腐霉菌在高湿条件下致病力强,发病重。土质对发病也有明显的影响,通常砂土地发病较重。     

黄腐酸对乙草胺生物活性及持效期的影响

采用玉米根长法或芽长法研究了黄腐酸对乙草胺的生物活性、持效期和除草效果的影响.结果显示:乙草胺浓度和玉米根芽生长呈明显负线性关系,乙草胺浓度与根芽的线性方程为Y1=0.098x1+9.449和Y2=0.079x2+22.255,相关系数R1=-0.9916、R2=-0.9809;黄腐酸能够提高乙草胺的生物活性和除草效果,并延长乙草胺的持效期,添加0.25%～4.00%黄腐酸,乙草胺抑制玉米芽长和根长的活性分别提高7.12%～14.27%和6.32%～11.65%,其持效期延长0.46～12.17天:施药后28天,添加0.5%～2.0%的黄腐酸使乙草胺防除稗草的鲜重抑制率提高11.93%～16.88%.     

新农药呋喃虫酰肼在土壤降解研究

本文研究了其在3种土壤中有氧环境下的降解情况。呋喃虫酰肼在3种土壤中的降解速率大小依次为河南黄土〉吉林黑土〉江西红土,其降解半衰期分别为315、365、213d,降解遵循一级动力学方程。根据国内农药在土壤中的残留划分标准,呋喃虫酰肼属于较难降解类农药。比较呋喃虫酰肼在非灭菌与灭菌的吉林黑土、江西红土和河南黄土中的降解情况表明,药剂在非灭菌土中降解明显加快,分析可能是土壤中微生物对呋喃虫酰肼的降解具有显著的影响。     

环境条件和微生物对灭线磷降解的影响

环境条件和微生物影响灭线磷在土壤中的降解。随着土壤含水量和温度的增加,灭线磷的降解速度加快;微生物对灭线磷的降解有显著影响,30℃、含水量为40%条件下,未灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为16.6 d,灭菌土中灭线磷的半衰期为31.6 d;有机质对灭线磷的降解也有显著影响,有机质含量高,有利于灭线磷的降解;灭线磷在碱性土壤中的降解快于在酸性土壤中;30℃、含水量为40%条件下,灭线磷在3种土壤中的降解速度为:东北黑土＞广东红土＞山东砂壤土。     

土壤不同处理对木霉菌定殖及其生防效果的影响

重茬土经施肥改土、高温灭菌后,增施木霉菌的试验结果表明:木霉菌可以在甜瓜根表、根际定殖存活,同时不影响其他有益微生物的正常生长;土壤经高温灭菌后,土壤中的微生物呈真空状态,有利于木霉菌的快速定殖,促进甜瓜生长,降低甜瓜枯萎病的病情指数。甜瓜枯萎病发病率与土壤中镰刀菌孢子的存活量成正相关,与土壤中木霉菌、细菌数量的多少成负相关。     

温度对乙草胺的除稗活性和安全性的影响

采用稗草胚轴法和光照培养箱盆栽试验法，分别测定了乙草胺在不同温度下的除稗活性及对水稻的安全性，结果表明，乙草胺在30℃，除稗活性最高，但对水稻安全性也最差。     

基于地形因子的土壤水分反演研究——以延河流域为例

以延河流域为研究区域,应用Landsat5/TM遥感数据和DEM数据进行归一化植被指数和地表温度的反演,并对气温参数进行了高程、坡度、坡向、地形遮蔽等地形因子的订正,更为精细地表达局地温度的空间分布差异。运用ERDAS的空间建模工具,反演得到温度植被干旱指数分布图。结果表明,此方法较好地反映了延河流域土壤的相对干旱状况,是一种比较有效和充分考虑地形因子影响的监测土壤水分的方法。     

Dissipation of acetochlor and its distribution in surface and sub-surface soil fractions during laboratory incubations

Pesticides in soil are subject to a number of processes that result in transformation and biodegradation, sorption to and desorption from soil components, and diffusion and leaching. Pesticides leaching through a soil profile will be exposed to changing environmental conditions as different horizons with distinct physical, chemical and biological properties are encountered. The many ways in which soil properties influence pesticide retention and degradation need to be addressed to allow accurate predictions of environmental fate and the potential for groundwater pollution. Degradation and sorption processes were investigated in a long-term (100 days) study of the chloroacetanilide herbicide, acetochlor. Soil cores were collected from a clay soil profile and samples taken from 0-30 cm (surface), 1.0-1.3 m (mid) and 2.7-3.0 m (deep) and treated with acetochlor (2.5, 1.25, 0.67 microg acetochlor g(-1) dry wt soil, respectively). In sterile and non-sterile conditions, acetochlor concentration in the aqueous phase declined rapidly from the surface and subsoil layers, predominantly through nonextractable residue (NER) formation on soil surfaces, but also through biodegradation and biotic transformation. Abiotic transformation was also evident in the sterile soils. Several metabolites were produced, including acetochlor-ethane sulphonic acid and acetochlor-oxanilic acid. Transformation was principally microbial in origin, as shown by the differences between non-sterile and sterile soils. NER formation increased rapidly over the first 21 days in all soils and was mainly associated with the macroaggregate (>2000 microm diameter) size fractions. It is likely that acetochlor is incorporated into the macroaggregates through oxidative coupling, as humification of particulate organic matter progresses. The dissipation (ie total loss of acetochlor) half-life values were 9.3 (surface), 12.3 (mid) and 12.6 days (deep) in the non-sterile soils, compared with 20.9 [surface], 23.5 [mid], and 24 days [deep] in the sterile soils, demonstrating the importance of microbially driven processes in the rapid dissipation of acetochlor in soil.     

鄂尔多斯沙地油蒿根际土壤微生物数量的季节动态

对油蒿根际土壤微生物数量的季节动态、垂直分布及影响微生物分布的环境因子进行了研究。结果表明:(1)微生物总数、细菌数量的季节动态为:春季>夏季>秋季>冬季,放线菌数量的季节分布为秋冬季多于春和夏季,真菌数量的季节动态为夏季达到最高值,其他季节变化不显著。(2)微生物数量的垂直分布总体上表现为随土层加深而逐渐减少,表层土壤(0-10cm)微生物数量是下面3层(10-40cm)的1.05-9.79倍。(3)土壤微生物根际效应明显,且细菌>真菌>放线菌,R/S值介于1.16-3.76之间。微生物根际效应的季节变化为春、夏季高于秋和冬季。(4)微生物分布与水热等环境因子密切相关,细菌数量与水热组合条件共同作用有关,真菌受温度影响较大,放线菌对土壤水分含量变化较敏感。     

土壤环境因子对氯胺嘧草醚除草活性的影响

采用常规室内生物测定法,研究了土壤环境因子对氯胺嘧草醚[开发代号ZJ1835,化学名称为N-(2-氯-6-(4,6-二甲氧基嘧啶-2-氧基)苄基)苯胺]除草活性的影响。结果表明:土壤质地、p H值、有机质含量、土壤湿度和温度对其除草活性均能产生一定影响。氯胺嘧草醚在砂土和黏土中的活性高于壤土,其除草活性随土壤有机质含量、p H值和土壤湿度的升高而升高,而温度偏高或偏低均不利于其药效发挥,在15~25℃环境条件下除草活性最佳。     

Critical factors driving aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease in clover revealed and explained using linear and generalized linear models and boosted regression trees

Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is an important forage legume in Mediterranean regions worldwide. Aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease (Aphanomyces trifolii) poses significant threat to its persistence and productivity. Studies were conducted to define how environmental explanatory variables (temperature, soil type, moisture, nutrition) and variety influence disease severity and consequent forage productivity and persistence. Relationships were modelled using linear and generalized linear models and boosted regression trees. Linear modelling highlighted complex relationships between environmental variables and each dependent variable (emergence, tap and lateral root disease, dry shoot and root weight). All environmental variables produced significant interaction and/or main effects within each dependent variable. Boosted regression trees supported the complex nature of relationships in linear models, with temperature and either soil or variety most, and nutrition least, influential. Heat maps showed more disease for low temperatures. Least tap root disease was under high temperatures, while least lateral root disease was under medium or high temperatures, low moisture, and in sand‐based soil. These are the first studies using modelling approaches to reveal the complexities of how fluctuating soil temperature, moisture and nutrition conditions, and soil type and variety, determine aphanomyces damping‐off and root disease severity and resultant adverse impacts on forage legume productivity and persistence. Outcomes are widely applicable across soilborne oomycete pathogens of forage legumes. Studies highlighted how warming temperatures and drying climate associated with climate change should reduce future impact and importance of this and other soilborne oomycete diseases of forage legumes favoured by cold temperatures and wet and waterlogged conditions.     

Warming effects on plant biomass allocation and correlations with the soil environment in an alpine meadow,China

Alpine meadow ecosystem is fragile and highly sensitive to climate change.An understanding of the allocation of above-and below-ground plant biomass and correlations with environmental factors in alpine meadow ecosystem can result in better protection and effective utilization of alpine meadow vegetation.We chose an alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China as the study area and designed experimental warming plots using a randomized block experimental design.We used single-tube infrared radiators as warming devices,established the warming treatments,and measured plant above- (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) during the growing seasons (May to September) in 2012 and 2013.We determined the allocation of biomass and the relationship between biomass and soil environment under the warming treatment.Biomass indices including above-ground biomass,below-ground biomass and the ratio of root to shoot (R/S) ,and soil factors including soil moisture and soil temperature at different depths were measured.The results showed that (1) BGB of the alpine meadow had the most significant allometric correlation with its AGB (y=298.7x~ (0.44) ,P0.001) ,but the relationship decreased under warming treatment and the determination coefficient of the functional equation was 0.102 which was less than that of 0.188 of the unwarming treatment (control) ; (2) BGB increased,especially in the deeper soil layers under warming treatment (P0.05) .At 0–10 cm soil depth,the percentages of BGB under warming treatment were smaller than those of the control treatment with the decreases being 8.52% and 8.23% in 2012 and 2013,respectively.However,the BGB increased 2.13% and 2.06% in 2012 and 2013,respectively,at 10–50 cm soil depths; (3) BGB had significant positive correlations with soil moisture at 100 cm depth and with soil temperature at 20–100 cm depths (P0.05) ,but the mean correlation coefficient of soil temperature was 0.354,greater than the 0.245 of soil moisture.R/S ratio had a significant negative correlation with soil temperature at 20 cm depth (P0.05) .The warmer soil temperatures in shallow layers increased the biomass allocation to above-ground plant parts,which leading to the increase in AGB;whereas the enhanced thawing of frozen soil in deep layers causing by warming treatment produced more moisture that affected plant biomass allocation.     

青海明亮长脚金龟发生规律

调查了明亮长脚金龟在不同寄主植物上的分布,结果表明,肋果沙棘上金龟的数量显著多于金露梅、水柏枝和狼毒。通过利用十字阻隔式诱捕器诱捕金龟的方法调查了明亮长脚金龟对不同颜色的趋性,结果显示,明亮长脚金龟对黄色的趋性最强,显著高于其他颜色,其他依次为白色、蓝色、紫色、青色、橙色,对绿色和黑色的趋性较弱。进一步利用黄色诱捕器调查了明亮长脚金龟的日发生规律,结果显示,明亮长脚金龟每天活动高峰在12:00-14:00,此时温度达到26℃,回归分析结果表明金龟的活动规律与温度成正相关。     

Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil .II. Simazine and linuron in long-term experiments

The rates of degradation of simazine and linuron were measured in soil from plots not treated previously with these herbicides. Degradation of both compounds followed first-order kinetics and soil temperature and soil moisture content had a marked effect on the rate of loss. With linuron, half-lives increased from 36 to 106 days with a reduction in temperature from 30° to 5°C at 4% soil moisture, and from 29 to 83 days at 12% soil moisture. Similar temperature changes increased the half-life of simazine from 29 to 209 days and from 16 to 125 days at soil moisture contents of 4 and 12% respectively. A computer program which has been developed for simulation of herbicide persistence was used in conjunction with the laboratory data and the relevant meteorological records for the years 1964 to 1968 in order to test the model against previously published field persistence data for the two herbicides. The results with simazine showed a close correspondence between observed and predicted residue levels but those for linuron, particularly in uncropped plots, were satisfactory for limited periods only.     

典型草原禁牧条件下土壤水分对降雨模式的响应

通过在锡林郭勒草原设置禁牧和放牧试验点,对气象、植被、土壤要素和5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、30 cm层土壤水分进行监测分析,揭示典型草原禁牧条件下降雨和土壤水分的变化及转化规律,结果表明:禁牧3 a后土壤垂向异质性增强,降雨过程中各土层土壤含水量差异显著,放牧区则相反;土壤水分对降雨响应的滞后时间随土层深度增加而增加,相对于禁牧区,放牧区浅层土壤(5 cm、10 cm)持水性能较弱,入渗完成用时较短;5 mm以下的降雨对禁牧和放牧区土壤水分均无明显补给作用,当降雨连续均匀且强度不超过5 mm·h~(-1)时最有利于入渗,放牧区入渗深度达到15 cm和30 cm层分别需要7.9 mm和大于25 mm的降雨,而禁牧区大于5 mm的降雨就可以入渗到30cm土层;强度5～6 mm·h~(-1)的独立降雨只能入渗到表层土壤中(5 cm),强度大于15 mm·h~(-1)的降雨在禁牧区能通过大孔隙快速入渗到30 cm及更深层土壤,放牧区则表层入渗较快(0～5 cm),深层入渗较慢,会形成地表径流甚至洪水灾害。该研究的结果可以为草地生态水文过程研究和制定合理的放牧政策提供参考。