不同微生境中泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰有性繁殖的影响

泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilis Stone是紫茎泽兰重要的专性寄生性天敌，有性繁殖是紫茎泽兰长距离扩散蔓延的主要途径。为评价泽兰实蝇在不同微生境中对紫茎泽兰的控制作用，在四川省德昌县选择沟谷地、撂荒地、果园和马尾松林地4种微生境，采用田间调查结合盆栽试验的方法，分析了泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的寄生规律以及有性繁殖的影响。结果表明，泽兰实蝇在不同微生境中对紫茎泽兰寄生率的高低依次为沟谷地31．7％、马尾松林地28．1％、果园26．1％和撂荒地13．5％，这一顺序反映了泽兰实蝇的寄生率有随微生境中土壤含水量升高而增加的趋势。泽兰实蝇寄生后，紫茎泽兰单位面积上的花序数和种子千粒重均显著下降，而单个花序内的种子数无显著变化。此外泽兰实蝇寄生后紫茎泽兰种子的长度和宽度、种子活力、萌发率和出苗率均呈下降趋势，降幅分别在8．1％-14．9％、14．7％-18．4％、29．8％-37．9％、28．6％-61．8％和58．7％-69．1％之间，说明泽兰实蝇寄生影响了种子的生命力，从而对紫茎泽兰的扩散蔓延起到一定的抑制作用。     

泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长和防御能力的影响

为明确泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilis寄生对紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora生长及防御能力的影响,在温室内设置泽兰实蝇寄生与未寄生紫茎泽兰2组盆栽处理,测定泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长特性、生物量、叶片营养物质、次生代谢物质和保护酶的影响。结果表明,泽兰实蝇寄生显著降低了紫茎泽兰的株高、茎粗、叶片厚度和叶片数,分别显著降低了24.80%、16.86%、42.31%和27.82%;同时,地上生物量、根部生物量和总生物量分别显著降低了58.89%、54.29%和57.60%。泽兰实蝇寄生还导致紫茎泽兰的营养成分发生显著变化,其中可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、可溶性淀粉和叶绿素含量分别显著降低了41.18%、11.75%、34.57%和29.96%。泽兰实蝇寄生改变了紫茎泽兰的保护酶活性,其过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性分别比未寄生植株显著升高了59.36%和108.06%,过氧化物酶活性降低了25.69%;同时使紫茎泽兰单宁酸含量显著降低了21.67%,总酚和类黄酮的含量分别显著上升了1.21倍和2.09倍。泽兰实蝇寄生的紫茎泽兰总生物量与次生代谢物质总酚和类黄酮的含量呈显著负相关,相关系数r分别为-0.06和-0.43,对照组则不存在相关性。表明泽兰实蝇寄生可能促使紫茎泽兰改变自身的生长与防御能量分配,减少了营养和生长的投入,将更多的资源投向繁殖和防御。     

泽兰实蝇的安全性试验

泽兰实蝇是紫茎泽兰的重要天敌。1984年8月从西藏聂拉木县樟木区引到昆明防治紫茎泽兰。为了弄清应用传统方法野外释放后能否引起其他植物受害,从1984年10月至1985年9月做了泽兰实蝇的安全性试验,共试验63种植物,泽兰实蝇仅寄生紫茎泽兰,不危害其他植物。     

泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰抑制效果的初步观察

1991年6月,我们从中国科学院昆明生态所引进泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis Stone),经过一年的释放试验,对抑制紫茎泽兰有很好的效果。一、泽兰实蝇的引进紫茎泽兰是菊科泽兰属多年生恶性杂草,18世纪中叶,紫茎泽兰作为观赏植物被引进了夏威夷、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度等国家,以后扩散传播成为害草。我市与云南省接壤,由于西南风的影响及交通工具的传带,紫茎泽兰逐步传入我市境内。1991年调查,全市境内除钟山区未     

本土寄生蜂对移殖天敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的寄生

泽兰实蝇（Procecidochares utilis Stone）是我国入侵杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌昆虫。为摸清本土寄生蜂对泽兰实蝇的寄生情况，在云南昆明市选取林下和开阔地等两种生境，分别采用对角线五点取样法与邻接格子取样法，调查了紫茎泽兰的生长及感染虫瘿情况；通过饲养与解剖虫瘿，观察了寄生泽兰实蝇的本土寄生蜂种类及其寄生率。结果表明，共有6种寄生蜂从虫瘿中羽化，对虫瘿的寄生率达70％以上；其中大部分虫瘿被3种寄生蜂寄生。虽然在开阔地生境中紫茎泽兰株高和每株枝条数显著大于林下生境，植株和枝条感虫（瘿）率也显著高于林下，但寄生蜂对虫瘿的总寄生率、各种寄生蜂的寄生率在两种生境之间差异不显著。解剖表明，每虫瘿羽化出的寄生蜂数随虫瘿横径的增大而显著增多。     

24％氨氯吡啶酸水剂对非耕地紫茎泽兰防除效果评价

2005、2006年的田间药效试验结果表明,24％氨氯吡啶酸AS 150～300ml／667m^2对紫茎泽兰进行茎叶喷雾施药1次,药后25d对紫茎泽兰的防效在73．93％～95．47％之间,药后50d株数和鲜重防效分别在89．56％～100％和88．38％～100％之间,可以作为防除紫茎泽兰的有效药剂推广使用,推荐使用剂量为150～300ml／667m^2。     

国内新病害——紫茎泽兰叶斑病病原菌的研究

 紫茎泽兰叶斑病是恶性杂草紫茎泽兰上发生的主要病害。对云南省十个专州的二十多个县市进行紫茎泽兰病害调查及病叶分离培养和接种试验研究表明:紫茎泽兰叶斑病在紫茎泽兰危害区内已广泛发生,并随着紫茎泽兰灭敌昆虫泽兰实蝇的定殖与扩散有病情逐渐加重的趋势。#br#紫茎泽兰叶斑病的病原菌为飞机草菌绒孢菌[Mycovellosiella eupatorii-odorati (Yen) Yen]该菌在紫茎泽兰上发现尚属首次。病原菌危害叶片产生叶斑,严重时植株叶片大部分枯死、脱落,发病严重的地方发病率达90%以上,病情指数为65.2。对该病原菌分离较难,培养基需加入紫茎泽兰叶汁才能产生分生孢子,在自然病叶病斑上分生孢子大量产生,可见该病原菌是寄生性较强的真菌。#br#对紫茎泽兰叶斑病的研究为紫茎泽兰生物防治提供了理论依据。     

紫茎泽兰对棉花生长的影响及经济阈值

为明确紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng在棉田中的经济危害允许水平和经济阈值,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法,在田间条件下研究紫茎泽兰不同密度对棉花的生长性状及产量的影响.在紫茎泽兰的竞争干扰下,棉花果枝数和单株铃数均随着紫茎泽兰密度的增加而逐渐降低.当紫茎泽兰密度达到60株/m2时,棉花果枝数和单株铃数较无紫茎泽兰对照分别减少了22.1％和57.2％,同时棉花皮棉产量损失率也达到57.2％.棉田田间透光率也随紫茎泽兰密度的增加而降低,当紫茎泽兰密度为60株/m2时,其透光率仅为3.5％.幂函数模型y=3.049x1.031能较好地拟合紫茎泽兰密度(x)与棉花产量损失率(y)间的关系.棉田采用人工除草和41％草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对紫茎泽兰进行防除时,紫茎泽兰的经济危害允许水平分别为8.42％、1.06％,经济阈值则分别为2.68、0.36株/m2.     

紫茎泽兰对茄子产量的影响及其经济阈值

为了有效反映大田条件下,紫茎泽兰对茄科植物生长和产量的直接危害和经济危害允许水平,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法观察了不同紫茎泽兰密度下茄子的株高和产量变化,以及茄子田间透光率和紫茎泽兰水肥积累量的变化。结果表明,当紫茎泽兰密度为1～2株/m2时,对茄子株高、结果数和产量无影响,当紫茎泽兰密度增加到5株/m2以上时,茄子株高、结果数和产量显著降低。紫茎泽兰的株高、对田间透光率的干扰程度和水肥积累量是茄子减产的重要原因。双曲线模型（1/y=-0.0108＋0.2083/x）可以较好地拟合紫茎泽兰密度与茄子产量损失间的关系。茄子田间紫茎泽兰的经济危害允许水平为0.192%～1.282%,经济阈值为0.03～0.26株/m2。     

泽兰实蝇人工繁殖技术

泽兰实蝇(Procecidochares utilis)是恶性杂草紫茎泽兰(Eupatorium adenophorum)的一种重要天敌,于1984年8月从西藏引至昆明。对杂草天敌国外多采用引种释放试验证明后直接释放,一般不进行室内大量人工繁殖。由于泽兰实蝇只产卵于紫茎泽兰茎顶端一对未展开的心叶之间,在植物开花期,适于产卵的枝条甚少,常导致田间泽兰实蝇种群数量下降;同时也为大量繁殖泽兰实蝇带来困难。泽兰实蝇寄主专一性试验表明,泽兰实蝇只能在紫茎泽兰上寄生。这样,在2～5月份紫茎泽兰盛花期必需有足够数量的寄主植物才能保证繁虫工作的正常进行。为解决这些问题,开展了有关试验研究,初步结果整理于后。     

Climate change and decreasing herbicide persistence

A herbicide degradation model, using real weather data for the period 1980-2001, has been used to estimate the change in persistence of autumn-applied isoproturon over this period. The results suggest that soil residues fell to the minimum for weed control on average approximately 30 days earlier over the last 5 years of this period than in the first 5 years, equivalent to a reduction of approximately 25% in the duration of weed control. This decline in persistence is attributed to increasing soil temperature. The results are discussed in relation to recent observations and predictions on climate change. The relevance of the findings to other pesticides and future weed control is considered.     

六种有机硅助剂对氟磺胺草醚的增效作用及其增效机理初探

采用温室盆栽法研究了6种不同结构的有机硅助剂对氟磺胺草醚防除阔叶杂草苘麻的增效作用及其增效机制。于苘麻4~5叶期,分别喷施添加有机硅助剂Agrowet 818、Agrowet 820、GY-S903、Sio-683、TD-600和TD-6408的氟磺胺草醚药液,测定药液对苘麻的抑制率及增效比;取苘麻6龄叶片,分别测定添加不同有机硅助剂后氟磺胺草醚药液的表面张力、在叶片上的扩展直径及最大持留量。结果表明:6种有机硅助剂对氟磺胺草醚的增效作用可达15.88%~23.04%;可以显著降低氟磺胺草醚药液的表面张力(由60.7 m N/m降至20~25 m N/m),使药剂在叶片表面的最大持留量增加30%~70%,扩展直径由4.7 mm增至6.5~8.2 mm;其中,Agrowet 820增效作用最明显,可使表面张力降低65%,最大持留量增加69%,扩展直径增加74%,防效提高23.04%。     

几种除草剂及其组合对烟田杂草的防除效果

为了筛选高效安全烟田除草剂及除草剂组合,在广东烟区开展几种除草剂及除草剂组合对烟田杂草的防除效果试验。结果表明,芽前除草剂50%仲灵·异松乳油和72%异丙甲草胺乳油对烟田杂草防除效果较好,施药后60 d对杂草鲜质量防效分别为78.42%和71.62%;芽后除草剂25%砜嘧磺隆水分散粒剂和除草剂组合5%精喹禾灵乳油+48%灭草松水剂对烟田杂草的防效较好,施药后30 d对杂草鲜质量防效分别为78.72%和92.90%。     

Germination, emergence, and dormancy of Mimosa pudica

Mimosa pudica (common sensitive plant) is a problematic weed in many crops in tropical countries. Eight experiments were conducted to determine the effects of light, seed scarification, temperature, salt and osmotic stress, pH, burial depth, and rice residue on the germination, seedling emergence, and dormancy of M. pudica seeds. Scarification released the seeds from dormancy and stimulated germination, though the germination of the scarified seeds was not influenced by light. The scarification results indicate that a hard seed coat is the primary mechanism that restricts germination. The germination increased markedly with the exposure to high temperature "pretreatment" (e.g. 150°C), which was achieved by placing non-scarified seeds in an oven for 5 min followed by incubation at 35/25°C day/night temperatures for 14 days. The germination of the scarified seeds was tolerant of salt and osmotic stress, as some seeds germinated even at 250 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl (23%) and at an osmotic potential of −0.8 MPa (5%). The germination of the scarified seeds was >74% over a pH range of 5–10. The seedling emergence of the scarified seeds was 73–88% at depths of 0–2 cm and it gradually decreased with an increasing depth, with no seedling emergence at the 8 cm depth. The rice residue applied to the soil surface at rates of ≤6 t ha⁻¹ did not influence the seedling emergence and dry weight. The information gained from this study identifies some of the factors that facilitate M. pudica becoming a widespread weed in the humid tropics and might help in developing components of integrated weed management practises to control this weed.     

除草剂防治宽叶酢浆草的田间药效评价

宽叶酢浆草为近年来入侵云南夏秋玉米地和马铃薯地的外来检疫性杂草。利用田间小区试验评价了几种除草剂对玉米地和马铃薯地宽叶酢浆草的控制效果。结果表明,土壤处理剂对玉米地和马铃薯地的宽叶酢浆草的防除效果均较差,药剂处理45d后,株防效和鲜重防效均低于30%。玉米地茎叶处理剂的防除效果明显优于土壤处理剂,其中,41%草甘膦异丙胺盐水剂对宽叶酢浆草的45d株防效和鲜重防效均超过98%,除40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD,其他除草剂株防效和鲜重防效均低于80%,具体的株防效顺序为:41%草甘膦异丙胺盐AS40g/L烟嘧磺隆OD200g/L氯氟吡氧乙酸EC30%苯唑草酮SC13%2甲4氯钠AS。马铃薯地茎叶处理剂的防除效果较差,鲜重防效高于株防效,但均低于30%。45d的株防效和鲜重防效顺序均为13%砜嘧·精喹OD480g/L灭草松AS25%砜嘧磺隆WG。     

辽宁盘锦稻区杂草地与稻田中蜘蛛动态

采用吸虫器法,系统调查了辽宁盘锦稻区杂草地与稻田中蜘蛛种类及优势度情况,以及蜘蛛优势种、种类数和个体数的年度变化趋势。结果表明,杂草地全年共有4个优势种,为草间钻头蛛、横纹金蛛、三突花蛛和黄褐新圆蛛。水稻生长期内稻田共有3个优势种,为草间钻头蛛、横纹金蛛、粽管巢蛛。杂草地与稻田中优势蜘蛛数量与蜘蛛个体数量变化趋势大体一致,均为缓慢上升趋势,最高峰均在8月中下旬,分别达到139头/m2和155头/m2,至水稻成熟期迅速减少。水稻插秧前与收割后,杂草地蜘蛛种类数最高值分别为23种/10m2和34种/10m2,均高于稻田;稻田中蜘蛛种类为缓慢增加,至收割前达到峰值23种/10m2。两个生境蜘蛛种群的相似性系数为0.666 7。     

Weed control in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp)

Abstract: Field investigations were carried out during 1999 and 2000 to identify effective chemical/ cultural methods of weed control in rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium spp). The treatments comprised pre-emergence applications of oxyfluorfen (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 kg AI ha(-1)) and pendimethalin (0.50, 0.75 and 1.00kg AI ha(-1)), successive hand weeding, hoeing and mulching using spent of lemon grass (at 5 tonnes ha(-1)) 45 days after planting (DAP), three hand-weedings 30, 60 and 90 DAP, weed-free (frequent manual weeding) and weedy control. Broad-leaf weeds were more predominant than grass and sedge weeds, accounting for 85.8% weed density and 93.0% weed dry weight in 1999 and 77.2% weed density and 93.9% weed dry weight in 2000. Unrestricted weed growth significantly reduced geranium oil yield, by 61.6% and 70.6% in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (0.75-1.00 kgAI ha(-1)) or oxyfluorfen (0.25 kg AI ha(-1)), successive hand-weeding, hoeing and mulching and three hand-weedings were highly effective in reducing weed density and dry weight and gave oil yield comparable to the weed-free check. Application of oxyfluorfen (0.15 or 0.20 kg AI ha(-1)) and pendimethalin (0.50 kg AI ha(-1)) were less effective in controlling the weed species in geranium. None of the herbicides impaired the quality of rose-scented geranium oil measured in terms of citronellol and geraniol content.     

Effect of different weed management systems on the weed populations, and seedbank composition and distribution in tropical coconut plantations

Weeds are a perennial problem in coconut plantations and cause significant losses in the nut yield. The occurrence of a wide range of weeds also causes difficulties in their eradication. The influence of five different weed management practises on the distribution and composition of the soil weed seed bank in coconut plantations in the low-country dry zone of Sri Lanka was evaluated. The treatments imposed included the application of glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl]-glycine), cover cropping with Pueraria phaseoloides , tractor harrowing, tractor slashing, and tractor plowing. All the treatments were applied twice per year, except for the cover cropping treatment. In terms of a reduction in the weed biomass, the application of glyphosate and cover cropping ( Pueraria ) were more efficient in reducing the ground weed population. These methods were very effective in reducing the weed seed density in the top soil layers. Plowing and harrowing significantly reduced the seed bank in the top soil layers and shifted significant numbers of weed seeds to deeper soil profiles. However, the total germinated weed seed count increased by 123.5, 691.4, 1133.1, and 1216.5% in the 10–15, 15–20, 20–25, and 25–30 cm soil depths, respectively, compared with the initial germinated weed seed count in the plowing treatment. Considering all the soil layers, the decline in the germinating weed seed count was very high in the treatment plots with cover cropping and the application of glyphosate; thus, these are considered to be the best practises to reduce the germinating weed seed count in the soil of coconut plantations.     

Weed interference in maize, cowpea and maize/cowpea intercrop in a subhumid tropical environment. III. Influence of land preparation

The influence of no-tillage and conventional tillage on the outcome of early weed interference in maize (Zea mays L., cv. TZB), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, cv. VITA-5] and their intercrop at populations of 40000, 50 000 and 30 000 + 40 000 plants ha^?1 was investigated on a loamy sand Oxic Ustropept in a subhumid tropical environment between April and July 1980. Both tillage treatments received 60 kg N, 30 kg P₂O₅ and 30 kg K₂O ha^?1. Although the weed spectrum was wider under no-tillage, weed weight was only 52% of the weight recorded under conventional tillage 6 weeks after sowing and the average food energy yield reductions caused were 28 and 65%, respectively. Cropping pattern had no effect on plot weediness. With minimum or no weed interference, maize performance was better in conventional than no-tillage but worse with prolonged weed interference. Cowpea responded more to weed interference than to tillage practice. Regardless of tillage practice and weed interference duration (up to 6 weeks) after sowing, maize monoculture produced the highest food energy yield, followed by maize/cowpea intercrop and cowpea monoculture in that order.     

Effective utilization of distillation waste as organic mulch for weed management in the aromatic grass,Citronella java

Organic mulch (distillation waste of Citronella java with ～20% moisture) 5 and 7.5 t ha-1, diuron 1.5 kg ha-1, diuron 1.5 kg ha-1 plus organic mulch 5t ha-1 and intercropping of blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) were evaluated against the conventional method of weed control (three spade-hoeings year-1) in perennial Citronella java (Cymbopogonwinterianus Jowitt) (Poaceae) during the first harvest years (planting year) in 1988 - 89 (July- June) and 1989 - 90. The residual effects were studied during the second harvest years in 1989 - 90 and 1990 - 91 at the research farm of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow. Weeds caused 48% reduction (average 2-year) in herb and oil yields in the first harvest year as against 18% in the second. Organic mulch, at both levels of application (5 and 7.5 t ha-1), was highly effective in arresting weed growth, producing herb and oil yields comparable with repeated manual weeding, and increased the net economic return by 560 - 600% and 80 - 85% in the first and second harvest years, respectively, over the conventional method of weed control. Diuron 1.5 kg ha-1 was phytotoxic during 1989 - 90 when there was rainfall immediately after its application, suggesting a narrow range of selectivity of diuron to C. java . The conventional method of weed control and blackgram intercropping did not give the desired weed control. Weed control in the planting year had a distinct advantage in the second harvest year. Distillation waste of C. java, with no purchase cost and ready availability to the growers, is recommended for efficient weed management in C. java .