影响牛乳中蛋白质和脂肪含量的因素

牛奶中所含的营养成分会受多种因素的影响而发生变化。     

饲料营养对牛乳中乳脂含量的影响

牛乳具有特殊的营养价值,它是由水、乳蛋白质、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类、免疫体、色素及一些其它微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系.乳成分的遗传特性较为稳定,但是饲料中某些因素的变化也会对乳脂产生影响.本文综述了近年来有关饲料对牛乳中乳脂含量影响的研究,以探讨饲料营养对乳脂含量的影响.     

影响牛乳质量的因素

牛乳中脂肪和蛋白质含量是最重要的两个质量指标,受以下因素的影响:1品种每个品种都是在一定的自然、气候和经济条件下形成的,都具有自己的遗传特性和一定的经济有利性状,因而其牛乳的质量存在较大的差异。2年龄和胎次奶牛随着年龄和胎次的增长,乳脂率和乳蛋白率略有下降。3饲养管理条件乳牛生产乳脂的遗传性能,只有采用全营养价值的日粮保证其生物利用的情况下,才能够充分显示出来。粗饲料的数量和质量对提高乳脂率非常重要。为了稳定牛乳中乳脂含量,高产乳牛的日粮中纤维含量不得少于14%。最适宜的日粮应含有5千克干草(或17%～20%的纤维),…     

饲料营养因素对牛乳中乳脂率的影响

影响牛乳乳脂率的因素有很多,其中饲料营养因素是一个很重要的方面。本文对饲料的营养成分(包括能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、矿物质、维生素等)与牛乳乳脂率的关系进行了综述。     

饲料营养因素对牛乳中乳脂率的影响

影响牛乳乳脂率的因素有很多，其中饲料营养因素是一个很重要的方面。本文对饲粮的营养成分（包括能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、和矿物质、维生素等）与牛乳乳脂率的关系进行了综述。     

影响牛奶蛋白质和脂肪含量的因素及调整措施

乳蛋白质和乳脂肪的含量是衡量牛奶质量的重要标志,也是牛奶作为高营养食品的重要条件。长期以来,人们只注重追求牛奶产量和乳脂率,而对乳蛋白质含量的高低并不十分重视,随着人民生活水平的不断提高和乳制品生产的要求,乳品加工     

牛乳脂肪球粒径研究进展

乳中脂肪主要以乳脂肪球（milk fat globule,MFG）形式从哺乳动物的乳腺中分泌到乳中,MFG粒径从?0.2 μm到15.0 μm不等,不同粒径MFG影响新生儿的健康及乳制品的理化特性。MFG粒径主要由乳腺上皮细胞中的?脂滴调控,脂滴大小的调控因素包括细胞内甘油三酯水平及其合成与水解过程中参与的酶、膜磷脂、脂滴融合等。本文主要综述MFG的合成和结构、MFG粒径对牛乳营养及乳制品加工的影响、脂滴融合对MFG粒径的调控,为?MFG粒径的应用提供参考。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶可提高牛乳脂肪球的稳定性

日前德国科学家Hinz等以全脂乳及不同脂肪含量的调配乳为原料研究了谷氨酰胺转氨酶的交联作用对乳脂肪球的影响。结果显示,谷氨酰胺转氨酶的交联作用不会影响乳中脂肪球的大小,但可能会使乳脂肪球膜上的某些组分之间发生交联,进而阻碍乳脂肪球的聚集,     

影响牛奶蛋白质和脂肪含量的因素及调整措施

乳蛋白质和乳脂肪的含量是衡量牛奶质量的重要标志,也是牛奶作为高营养食品的重要条件。长期以来,人们只注重追求牛奶产量和乳脂率,而对乳蛋白质率的高低并     

提高牛乳品质的饲料添加剂

碳酸氢钠：在奶牛泌乳日粮中，每头每日添加碳酸氢钠150克，可有效地提高奶牛的泌乳性能，使产乳高峰提前，并能保持8个月，使产乳提高30％，乳脂率提高0．48％。     

改善牛乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的研究

自从发现共轭亚油酸特殊的生理作用以来,共轭亚油酸就一直是动物营养、药物及食品等研究领域的一个热点,目前对于含有共轭亚油酸的功能性食品的研究越来越受到关注和重视。文中阐述了现阶段改善牛乳脂中共轭亚油酸含量的各种方法和手段,为以后共轭亚油酸的深入研究提供一些参考。     

提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质的几项措施

自三鹿奶粉事件以后,人们对牛奶的品质要求更高,养牛户对乳牛的产奶量更加关注,那么我们怎样做才能更好的提高乳牛奶产量和奶品质呢?科学的饲养管理是提高乳牛的奶产量和奶品质的主要途径,喂给丰富的、易消化的饲料,可提高奶中脂肪和蛋白质的含量.     

饲料营养因素对牛乳中乳脂率的影响

1前言牛乳具有特殊的营养价值,它是由水、乳蛋白质、乳脂肪、乳糖、矿物质、磷脂、维生素、酶类免疫体、色素及一些其他微量成分构成的复杂的胶体系。牛乳的乳成分受多种因素影响,概括起来主要包括遗传因素、饲料因素、产犊季节、挤奶次数、疾病与药物等。虽然其遗传特性较为稳     

Dimensional analysis of milk fat globules in sow milk: effects of the lactation stage and fat content and comparison with vaccine milk

To assess the differences in the granulometry of milk fat globules between swine and bovine species, milk samples from 30 lactating sows were analyzed for fat globule dimensions and compared with cow milk samples. Results showed differences between the fat globules: sow milk presents reduced globule diameters compared with cow milk (volume-weighted diameter 2.62 vs. 3.27 µm, p < 0.001) and reduced interglobular distance. A positive relationship was observed between milk fat content and globule diameter, while a slight, insignificant inverse trend was detected between the day of lactation and fat globule diameter. These complex interactions between milk lipids, globule membrane proteins, and globule dimensions provide a better understanding of digestion/absorption phenomena in the design of milk replacers.

     

影响疫苗免疫效果的因素

免疫接种是预防动物发生传染病的主要手段，但并不是所有经过疫苗接种的动物都能达到预期的免疫效果。疫苗接种后机体产生的免疫应答是一个极其复杂的生物学过程，许多因素都会影响机体免疫力的产生。本文着重从疫苗、动物和环境三个方面分析影响免疫效果的因素，     

Comparison of fat and cream content in normal and mastitic milk of cows

Two methods for estimating fat and cream content in cow's milk were compared in normal and mastitic milk. Fat content in milk from periparturient cows was estimated simultaneously by the method of Gerber and by simply spinning small samples of untreated milk in a haematocrit centrifuge. Mastitis was experimentally induced by inoculating mammary glands with Escherichia coli. On the average, cream content in milk from normal, and uninfected mammary glands measured by the haematocrit method was 20 to 23% higher than milk fat measured by the method of Gerber. In mastitic milk from infected mammary glands haematocrit readings were 40% higher than those of Gerber. Milk fat values as measured by both methods were highly correlated. It is concluded that the haematocrit method can be used for rapid estimation of milk fat content in normal milk of cows. The greater difference between cream and fat content in mastitic milk compared to normal milk can probably, at least partly, be ascribed to the presence of large clots of cells and fat in the milk during mastitis. During centrifugation of the viscous mastitic milk samples, milk cells and fat probably are not completely separated. This results in overestimated readings of milk cream content with the haematocrit method. It therefore seems advisable to use the Gerber method for accurate measurements of milk fat in mastitic milk.     

影响蛋鸡产蛋性能的因素及提高措施

随着养鸡业的迅速发展,市场竞争日益激烈,为降低生产成本,提高生产性能,从而获得尽可能高的经济效益,科学的饲养管理是其根本途径。现就影响蛋鸡产蛋性能的原因与对策加以探讨。     

Effects of induced subacute ruminal acidosis on milk fat content and milk fatty acid profile

Two lactating dairy cows fitted with a rumen cannula received successively diets containing 0%, 20%, 34% and again 0% of wheat on a dry matter basis. After 5, 10 and 11 days, ruminal pH was measured between 8:00 and 16:00 hours, and milk was analysed for fat content and fatty acid profile. Diets with 20% and 34% wheat induced a marginal and a severe subacute ruminal acidosis respectively. After 11 days, diets with wheat strongly reduced the milk yield and milk fat content, increased the proportions of C8:0 to C13:0 even- or odd-chain fatty acids, C18:2 n-6 and C18:3 n-3 fatty acids but decreased the proportions of C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 fatty acids. Wheat also increased the proportions of trans-5 to trans-10 C18:1, the latter exhibiting a 10-fold increase with 34% of wheat compared with value during the initial 0% wheat period. There was also an increase of trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 fatty acid and a decrease of trans-11 to trans-16 C18:1 fatty acids. The evolution during adaptation or after return to a 0% wheat diet was rapid for pH but much slower for the fatty acid profile. The mean ruminal pH was closely related to milk fat content, the proportion of odd-chain fatty acids (linear relationship) and the ratio of trans-10 C18:1/trans-11 C18:1 (nonlinear relationship). Such changes in fatty acid profile suggested a possible use for non-invasive diagnosis of subacute ruminal acidosis.     

营养调控奶牛乳脂中共轭亚油酸的含量

共轭亚油酸(CLA)是一种新型的功能性脂肪酸,因其具有特殊生物学功能和营养调节作用,所以改善和提高畜产品中CLA的含量日益成为研究热点。本文介绍了一些重要的营养调控措施,以提高奶牛乳脂中CLA含量。