低聚果糖调节人体肠道菌群功能的研究

为了研究低聚果糖调节人体肠道菌群的功能和效果,采用卫生部《保健食品检验与评价技术规范》调节肠道菌群功能检验方法进行检验,并将体检指标全部合格的120例成年志愿者随机分为试食组和空白对照组,试食组每天分别服用含量大于等于55%的低聚果糖6mL,空白组则采用果葡糖浆作为安慰剂,连续30d,比较摄食前后两组肠道菌群的变化情况。试验结果表明,试食组试验后较试验前粪便中双歧杆菌数量增加5.8%(P0.01),乳酸杆菌增加0.4%(P0.05),产气荚膜梭菌数量减少8.6%(P0.01),拟杆菌数量增加1.0%(P0.01),肠杆菌和肠球菌分别增加0.4%和0.8%(P0.05);与对照组相比,试验后试食组双歧杆菌增加4.2%(P0.01),乳酸杆菌减少21%(P0.05),产气荚膜梭菌减少7.2%(P0.01),拟杆菌减少0.4%(P0.05),而肠杆菌和肠球菌数量无明显变化(P0.05)。因此,每日摄食3.3g的低聚果糖亦具有调节人体肠道菌群,激活益生菌增殖并抑制有害菌的作用。     

基于体外模拟肠道微生态系统的乳双歧杆菌MN-Gup益生元筛选及其发酵特性研究

体外肠道微生态模拟是一种研究食源性成分对肠道菌群组成和代谢产物组成的手段。本研究建立了成人的体外肠道菌群生态模拟体系,研究筛选低聚果糖、低聚半乳糖、菊粉、低聚木糖和低聚甘露糖与乳双歧杆菌MN-Gup协同增效调节肠道有益菌的作用。结果表明,添加1.5%比例低聚木糖组能够显著提升菌群中双歧杆菌的比例,而同样添加1.5%的低聚半乳糖组对乳杆菌提升更为明显,各益生元组对阿克曼菌的比例并无显著影响,菊粉组可以显著提升厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门的比值。以上结果表明,乳双歧杆菌的不同合生元组合对于肠道菌群的调控作用有明显差异,在体外肠道模拟体系下含有低聚木糖的合生元组合更有助于提高菌群中双歧杆菌的比例。     

野外放归大熊猫肠道菌群变化的研究

对四川卧龙中国保护大熊猫研究中心的一只野外放归亚成体大熊猫肠道菌群的组成和季节变化规律进行了研究,同时与其圈养双胞胎兄弟的肠道菌群进行了比较。从放归大熊猫粪便中分离出17种肠道菌,优势菌群为肠杆菌、肠球菌和乳杆菌。与圈养大熊猫相比,放归大熊猫肠道菌群中优势菌群的种类未发生改变,但是肠球菌数量增加,肠杆菌和乳杆菌的数量减少。研究发现放归大熊猫肠道菌群中的肠杆菌和肠球菌的数量随季节变化有较大波动,乳杆菌的数量随季节变化波动不大;而圈养大熊猫三种优势菌的数量随季节变化波动都不大。     

富硒酵母对小鼠IL-2水平、空斑形成细胞溶血能力及肠道菌群的影响

为研究富硒酵母对小鼠血浆IL-2水平、空斑形成细胞溶血能力及肠道菌群的影响,本试验选用60只清洁级KM小鼠(雌雄各半),随机分为对照组、亚硒酸钠组和富硒酵母组,每日分别灌胃蒸馏水、亚硒酸钠(2μg Se/mL)和富硒酵母(2μg Se/mL)各0.5 mL。试验期为28 d。结果表明,富硒酵母组、亚硒酸钠组小鼠血浆IL-2含量和空斑形成细胞溶血能力的OD413较对照组分别提高18.24%(P0.01)、17.65%(P0.05)和12.82%(P0.01)、7.69%(P0.05);而富硒酵母组、亚硒酸钠组和对照组小鼠肠道中葡萄球菌、肠球菌、肠杆菌、乳杆菌和双歧杆菌数量均无显著差异(P0.05)。     

低聚果糖对畜禽肠道健康影响的研究进展

低聚果糖作为益生元的代表性物质，因为特殊的理化性质，添加于饲料中具有防水防霉等优势。低聚果糖可选择性被肠道双歧杆菌、乳酸菌等有益菌利用促进其增殖，而对大肠杆菌等有害菌具有抑制作用。低聚果糖除能通过促进生长、降低腹泻和死亡率等来改善畜禽生产性能，还能通过调控肠道菌群、肠道发酵、维持肠黏膜形态和提高机体免疫等来促进畜禽肠道健康。本文对低聚果糖在畜禽肠道健康方面的研究进展进行综述，旨在为其在饲料中的开发利用提供应用和理论依据。 [关键词] 低聚果糖|畜禽|肠道健康     

不同日龄兔肠道正常菌群的研究

用稀释滴种的方法对３个不同生长阶段（未哺乳、哺乳、断乳）的比利时家兔大、小肠部位正常菌群进行了研究。结果表明，肠道中以消化球菌、梭杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳杆菌等厌氧菌占绝对优势。断乳兔与哺乳免正常菌群比较，大、小肠部位的韦荣氏球菌、小肠部位的肠杆茵差别极显著（Ｐ＜０．０１）；大肠部位的优杆菌、双歧杆菌、类杆菌、肠杆菌差别显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）；其余菌差别不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能调节的初步研究

为研究天门冬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的调节作用,选取体重为18~22g的昆明小鼠60只,随机分成6组,每组10只,分别设立生理盐水对照组、阳性对照组[腹腔注射150mg/(kg·BW)环磷酰胺]以及4组供试药物组[每组供试药物组的小鼠在腹腔注射150mg/(kg·BW)环磷酰胺后,分别注射100、200、300、400mg/(kg·BW)的天门冬多糖溶液],连续处理7d后,检测小鼠血浆中的细胞因子(IL-2、IL-6和IFN-γ)的含量,并计算小鼠脾脏指数和胸腺指数,观察小鼠脾脏和胸腺的组织学变化。结果显示,与生理盐水对照组、环磷酰胺对照组比较,100mg/(kg·BW)和200mg/(kg·BW)天门冬多糖试验组小鼠的血浆中IL-2和IL-6细胞因子水平明显升高;200mg/(kg·BW)和300mg/(kg·BW)供试药物组小鼠的血浆中IFN-γ的水平显著升高;天门冬多糖试验组的小鼠脾脏指数显著提高。试验表明天门冬多糖具有增强小鼠免疫功能的作用。     

包被植物乳杆菌和屎肠球菌对肉鸡生长性能、免疫和抗氧化功能以及肠道菌群的影响

本试验旨在研究双层包被植物乳杆菌和屎肠球菌对肉鸡生长性能、免疫和抗氧化功能以及肠道菌群的影响.选取144只体重相近、健康的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉公鸡,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6只鸡.对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮基础上添加1 g/kg包被植物乳杆菌(活菌数为1.0×1010 CFU/g)(...     

健康雉鸡与白痢雉鸡肠道菌群的检测比较

本文对人工感染白痢沙门氏菌的雉鸡肠道菌群与健康雉鸡肠道菌群进行了检测比较。结果表明 :白痢沙门氏菌感染组雉鸡肠道大肠杆菌、肠球菌菌数明显高于健康对照组 (P〈0 .0 1) ;而双歧杆菌、乳杆菌、类杆菌及消化球菌菌数明显低于对照组。同时 ,从微生态学角度 ,对雉鸡白痢病的发病机理和生物防治进行了讨论分析。     

中药对鸡肠道微生物菌群的影响

试验研究了在肉鸡饲养中以中药作为添加剂对鸡肠道主要微生态菌群的影响。结果发现：中药组和化学药物组相比，有益菌乳杆菌大量增加，达到了极显著差异(P＜0．01)。双歧杆菌达到显著差异(p＜0．05)；而有害菌肠杆菌大量降低，达到了极显著差异；肠球菌虽然有显著差异，但其增加的幅度没有乳杆菌大，说明中药组可以显著调节肉鸡肠道的微生态平衡。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.