新鲜软质豆乳干酪的研制

以豆乳替代部分牛乳制作新鲜软质豆乳干酪,采用单因素试验方法,研究豆乳添加量、CaCl2和凝乳酶对凝乳时间和感官的影响;并用正交试验确定了生产新鲜软质豆奶干酪的最佳配方.结果表明,当豆乳添加量20％、CaCl2添加量0.04％、凝乳酶添加量0.02％时制备的产品品质最佳.     

蒙古干酪生产工艺研究

以鲜牛乳为原料,根据蒙古干酪的生产工艺,采用L9(34)正交实验的方法,研究了不同灭菌条件、发酵剂添加量、捶捣切割pH值和热烫温度对蒙古干酪蛋白利用率、干酪品质的影响,确定了生产蒙古干酪的最佳工艺条件为63℃/30min的灭菌条件,发酵剂添加量为2.5%(v/v),捶捣切割pH值为4.8,热烫温度为47℃.     

瑞士干酪生产工艺研究

以新鲜牛乳为主要原料,根据瑞士干酪的生产工艺,采用L9(34)正交试验的方法,研究了不同切割尺寸、发酵剂添加比例、发酵剂添加量、发酵温度和切割pH值对瑞士干酪色泽、滋气味和组织状态的影响,确定了生产瑞士干酪的最佳工艺条件为发酵剂添加量0.02%(质量分数),凝块切割尺寸0.6cm,切割pH值6.60,发酵剂(唾液链球菌嗜热亚种:瑞士乳杆菌:谢氏丙酸杆菌)添加比例2:2:1,发酵剂添加量为0.02%(质量分数),发酵温度37℃.     

瑞士干酪生产工艺研究

本文以新鲜牛乳为主要原料,根据瑞士干酪的生产工艺,采用L<,9>(3<'4>)正交试验的方法,研究了不同切割尺寸、发酵剂添加量和添加比例、发酵温度和切割pH值对瑞士干酪色泽、滋气味和组织状态的影响,确定了生产瑞士干酪的最佳工艺条件为发酵剂添加量0.02%(质量分数),凝块切割尺寸0.6cm,切割pH值6.60,发酵剂(唾液链球菌嗜热亚种:瑞士乳杆菌:谢氏丙酸杆菌)添加比例2:2:1,发酵温度37℃.     

涂抹型牦牛乳软质干酪的研制

本试验采用单因素试验对涂抹型牦牛乳软质干酪制作过程中使用的发酵剂、凝乳酶进行了选择,采用L9(34)正交实验研究了菌种添加量、杀菌条件、凝乳酶添加量和凝乳切割p H值等各因素水平对产品品质的影响,确定了最佳工艺参数,结果表明:菌种QH-3的产率和固形物回收率都比较高,产品的组织比较细腻,酸味适中;进口凝乳酶的凝乳时间最短,固形物回收率最高。A3B1C2D2为生产涂抹型牦牛乳软质干酪的最佳工艺参数即菌种添加量为5%、杀菌条件为65℃,30min、酶的添加量为400IU/100L、凝乳切割时的p H值为4.6。     

天然干酪凝乳工艺影响因素的研究

天然干酪作为一种营养价值极高且极易被消化吸收的绿色食品,在我国已具有了很好的市场发展前景.本文对影响天然干酪产率和品质的关键工艺--凝乳进行了研究.选取凝乳酶添加量、酸度、CaCl2量和凝乳温度为四个影响因素进行正交试验,以乳清中蛋白质、脂肪的残留量为指标,优选凝乳条件.最后综合凝乳时间、乳清中蛋白质和脂肪的残留量这三个指标,得出凝乳的最佳工艺组合:凝乳温度35℃、酸度18°T、CaCl2添加量0.02%、凝乳酶添加量0.006%.     

凝乳条件对干酪凝乳质构及成品的影响分析

本文对干酪凝乳的主要因素进行研究,包括热处理条件、凝乳温度、凝乳酶添加量及氯化钙添加量,利用质构仪对凝乳质构进行测定,并对成品进行感官评价。试验结果表明:热处理条件为72℃/15 s,凝乳温度为35℃,凝乳酶添加量为0.07 g/L,氯化钙添加量为0.2 g/L时,新鲜干酪的品质最佳。     

不同切割pH值对新鲜软质干酪产率及品质的影响

新鲜软质干酪是干酪家族中非常重要的一员,属于酸凝干酪.不同切割pH值对新鲜软质干酪的品质产生显著的影响.本试验研究了不同切割pH值对新鲜软质干酪产率、感官及乳清OD值的影响.结果表明,切割pH值为4.6时制备的干酪样品产率最大,酸甜适口、口感最佳,且乳清OD值最小.     

新鲜花生牛乳软质干酪的研制

以花生粉、牛乳为主要原料制作新鲜软质干酪,对新鲜软质干酪的工艺参数进行了优化。确定最优工艺参数:花生粉添加量为1.1%,发酵剂接种量为0.250dcu/L,氯化钙添加量为0.06%,凝乳酶添加量为150U/100g。     

不同制备条件对开心果干酪的品质影响

以开心果和鲜牛乳为原料,生产一种新型风味干酪—开心果干酪,通过研究发现,不同的开心果浆添加量、发酵剂添加量、凝乳酶添加量、CaCl_2添加量、发酵温度及发酵时间均会对开心果干酪的品质产生较大影响,试验证明最佳制备条件为:开心果浆添加量为30%,发酵剂添加量为5%,凝乳酶添加量为0.8%,CaCl_2添加量为0.08%,发酵温度为40℃,发酵时间为25h。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein