氮磷钾肥优化配施对冬小麦产量与养分吸收利用的影响

为探究氮磷钾肥优化配施对冬小麦产量、养分吸收和积累以及利用特性的关系,推动高产高效施肥,于2017—2018年在河南省的鹤壁市和焦作市同步开展冬小麦田间试验,分析不施肥(CK)、磷钾肥配施(CF-N)、氮钾肥配施(CF-P)、氮磷肥配施(CF-K)、氮磷钾肥优化配施(CF)、控释尿素与普通尿素1:1配施(CRU)和农民习惯施肥(FP)对冬小麦产量、地上部养分积累和吸收利用效率的影响。结果表明,CF能显著提高冬小麦产量,其两地产量平均值分别较CK和FP提高30.27%和6.50%;与FP相比,焦作市CF的氮、磷、钾素积累量分别提高20.69%、1.03%和23.16%,鹤壁市则分别提高9.99%、3.27%和13.88%;两地CF氮、磷、钾肥利用率较CRU分别平均提高9.57、7.17和9.83个百分点,农学效率分别平均提高0.85、2.20和2.25个百分点。综上,采用氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为240、105、90 kg/hm²,并按照基肥与拔节肥1:1配施的CF处理可显著提高冬小麦产量及养分吸收利用效率。     

氮磷钾肥配施对潮土花生产量及养分吸收利用的影响

为实现花生科学施肥,采用田间试验研究了氮磷钾配施对花生产量、养分吸收、干物质积累及肥料利用率的影响。结果表明：氮磷钾配施显著增产46.82%,较农户施肥增产7.53%;施氮、磷、钾肥分别增产27.80%、13.56%、21.12%。氮磷钾配施养分积累量较农户施肥分别提高13.30%、36.48%、40.75%,氮、磷、钾肥当季利用率分别为33.39%、15.17%、39.02%。氮磷钾配施(N-90、P2O5-120、K2O-150 kg/hm2)促进了花生对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收利用,提高了花生产量,可作为潮土区花生高产施肥配方。     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥磷肥钾肥。施N 150～225 kg·hm~(-2)、P_2O_5 75 kg·hm~(-2)下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K_2O 75～150 kg·hm~(-2)氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm~(-2)磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)和150～225 kg·hm~(-2)。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K_2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)、75 kg·hm~(-2)。     

长期定位轮作施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响

为探究阴山北麓地区干旱栗钙土长期施肥的施肥效应,基于内蒙古武川旱作试验站的长期定位试验(2004—2016),研究长期不同施肥处理对2016年马铃薯产量、养分吸收和水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯叶面积指数、干物质量和NPK养分吸收量,最大叶面积指数为2.19,植株干物质积累量最高为136.53 g/株,植株N、P、K养分最大吸收量分别为3.35、0.36、6.99 g/株。化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯总产量、商品薯产量和商品薯率,相比于对照,总产量分别提高110.57%和85.44%,商品薯产量分别提高295.11%和247.56%,商品薯率提高25个百分点。化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯水分利用效率,水分利用效率分别为42.98、38.27 kg/(hm ²·mm),相比于对照分别提高104.72%和38.27%。化肥平衡配施(NPK)当季肥料利用率最高,N、P₂O₅、K₂O利用率分别为25.44%、20.78%和61.13%。生产1 t马铃薯鲜薯吸收N 3.79~6.41 kg,平均5.29 kg;吸收P₂O₅ 1.28~1.80 kg,平均1.61 kg;吸收K₂O 5.44~11.70 kg,平均7.99 kg。该研究可为阴山北麓地区旱地马铃薯合理施肥提供科学依据。     

长期定位轮作施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响

为探究阴山北麓地区干旱栗钙土长期施肥的施肥效应,基于内蒙古武川旱作试验站的长期定位试验(2004—2016),研究长期不同施肥处理对2016年马铃薯产量、养分吸收和水肥利用效率的影响。结果表明,化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯叶面积指数、干物质量和NPK养分吸收量,最大叶面积指数为2.19,植株干物质积累量最高为136.53 g/株,植株N、P、K养分最大吸收量分别为3.35、0.36、6.99 g/株。化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯总产量、商品薯产量和商品薯率,相比于对照,总产量分别提高110.57%和85.44%,商品薯产量分别提高295.11%和247.56%,商品薯率提高25个百分点。化肥与有机肥配施(NPK+O)或化肥平衡配施(NPK)可显著提高马铃薯水分利用效率,水分利用效率分别为42.98、38.27 kg/(hm~2·mm),相比于对照分别提高104.72%和38.27%。化肥平衡配施(NPK)当季肥料利用率最高,N、P_2O_5、K_2O利用率分别为25.44%、20.78%和61.13%。生产1 t马铃薯鲜薯吸收N 3.79～6.41 kg,平均5.29 kg;吸收P2O51.28～1.80 kg,平均1.61 kg;吸收K_2O 5.44～11.70 kg,平均7.99 kg。该研究可为阴山北麓地区旱地马铃薯合理施肥提供科学依据。     

施钾量对紫甘薯产量及养分利用的影响

为了探明不同施钾量对紫甘薯产量及养分利用的影响,为紫甘薯合理施用钾肥提供理论与实践依据。采用随机区组试验设计、田间试验与化学分析相结合的方法,研究不同施钾量对低肥力土壤上紫甘薯干物质积累、产量及其构成因子、氮磷钾素积累、钾素利用效率的影响。结果表明,在甘薯整个生育期,施钾处理紫甘薯块根干物质积累量高于K0处理,在施钾量为180 kg/hm~2时块根干物质积累量达到最大值。施钾可提高地下部干物质分配比率,增加单株结薯数和单块薯质量,从而提高紫甘薯产量,以施钾量为180 kg/hm~2时增产幅度最大,与不施钾处理相比,2016,2017年分别增产20. 78%,26. 19%,且差异显著(P 0. 05)。与K0处理相比,施钾可促进紫甘薯对氮素和磷素的吸收,并显著提高收获期整株氮磷累积量,以K3处理增幅最大;块根和整株氮累积量分别增加75. 38%,65. 75%,磷累积量分别增加45. 24%,60. 28%,且差异显著(P 0. 05)。施钾处理显著提高钾肥表观利用率和农学利用率,与K0处理相比,K3处理表观利用率和农学利用率分别增加了47. 82百分点,158. 11%,且差异显著(P 0. 05)。因此,在该试验条件下,紫甘薯最适施钾量为180 kg/hm~2。     

氮磷钾配施对超高产夏玉米养分吸收和产量性状的影响

旨在深入研究氮磷钾均衡施肥和分别减施氮、磷和钾肥对河北平原超高产夏玉米养分吸收特性和产量性状的影响。本试验以‘郑单958’为材料,采用常规植株养分测试和产量性状分析方法,进行不同养分处理下植株各生育时期氮磷钾含量和成熟期产量测定。与不施肥空白对照(CK)相比,氮磷钾均衡施肥处理(T)和分别减施氮素处理(T-N)、磷素处理(T-P)及钾素处理(T-K),显著增加各生育时期、生育阶段和全生育期的植株氮、磷和钾的积累量,提高吸收速率、产量、穗粒数和千粒重。T-N、T-P和T-K植株氮磷钾积累量、吸收速率和产量较处理T显著降低,其中以T-N减幅最大,T-P次之,T-K最小。各处理植株生育期间氮磷钾吸收速率呈单峰曲线,氮磷吸收高峰为大口—吐丝期,钾吸收高峰为拔节—大口期。不同处理每生产100 kg 籽粒吸收N为2.07 ~ 2.81 kg、P2O5为0.67~0.83 kg、K2O为2.21~2.52 kg,各施肥处理生产单位籽粒的氮、磷和钾量高于CK。本研究表明,适宜氮磷钾肥配施,具有改善生育期间植株养分积累、提高植株养分含量、增强植株干物质积累和产量形成的作用。     

江苏滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉氮、磷、钾肥料优化配比研究

【目的】建立江苏省滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉合理的施肥技术体系。【方法】2017―2018年在江苏省滨海棉田,以中棉所50为材料,采用正交设计,研究了不同氮、磷、钾肥配施量对棉花生物量、养分累积与利用及产量的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥3因子对棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、棉株地上部氮和钾素累积量及皮棉产量的影响均为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。施N 150~225 kg·hm-2、P2O575 kg·hm-2下棉株地上部和生殖器官生物量、氮和钾累积量及皮棉产量较高。钾肥因子对生殖器官生物量和皮棉产量影响不显著。钾肥因子对氮、钾素利用效率的影响大于氮肥和磷肥,氮肥因子对磷素利用效率的影响大于磷肥和钾肥,施K2O 75~150 kg·hm-2氮、钾素利用效率较高、施氮225 kg·hm-2磷素利用效率较高。土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量较高棉田的氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2和150~225 kg·hm-2。相关分析表明,皮棉产量与棉株氮、钾素累积量显著正相关。【结论】长江流域棉区滨海盐碱地麦后直播棉利于产量和养分利用效率提高的最佳氮、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)肥配施量分别为225 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2、75 kg·hm-2。     

含硫复合肥(SEF肥)对马铃薯产量及其品质的影响

采用田间试验研究含硫复合肥(SEF肥)对马铃薯产量及其品质的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下进行马铃薯平衡施肥,N、P2O5、K2O和S的养分用量分别为225kg/hm2、150kg/hm2、100kg/hm2、43kg/hm2时马铃薯产量最高,可达到26574kg/hm2;在相同氮、钾肥水平下,磷、硫肥配施可增加马铃薯产量2.2%～20.3%,等养分(706)处理马铃薯增产幅度最大,马铃薯粗淀粉、全氮、粗蛋白、全磷含量增加趋势明显;在相同氮、磷、钾肥水平下,增施硫肥可增加马铃薯产量4.4%～6.0%,有利于促进马铃薯N素积累和组成蛋白质的含硫氨基酸合成,增加马铃薯粗蛋白含量。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲料产量、养分吸收与土壤性质的影响

大田试验条件下采用苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作,分别设CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮磷肥)、NK(施氮钾肥)、PK(施磷钾肥)、NPK(施氮磷钾肥) 5个处理研究施肥对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施显著提高苏丹草与黑麦草鲜草产量,2005—2006年与2006—2007年两季饲草分别为162.7 t hm^-2、114.9 t hm^-2,分别比同期PK、NK、NP处理增产312.9%、26.9%、17.9%和338.5%、20.3%、17.2%。施肥影响饲草的氮、磷、钾含量,且氮磷钾配施可以改善饲草养分吸收,2005—2006年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为500 kg hm^-2、91 kg hm^-2和997 kg hm^-2,2006—2007年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为312 kg hm^-2、56 kg hm^-2和402 kg hm^-2。轮作系统中,氮磷钾肥配施条件下氮、磷盈余最少,而钾亏缺。在苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,随着种植次数的增多,各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮均有不同程度上升,施磷(NPK、NP、PK)处理的速效磷、施钾(NPK、NK、PK)处理的速效钾均有上升,而NK处理的速效磷、NP处理的速效钾略有下降。     

In-vitro Fertilization of Ovules of Some Species of Brassicaceae*

The method of in-vitro fertilization of ovules can be successfully applied to various species of Brassincaceae. Mature embryos and plants were obtained after in-vitro pollinating the ovules of Arabis caucasica, Brassica napus, B. oleracea var. sabellica (kale), B. oleracea var. italica (broccoli), Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Moricandia arvensis and Sisymbrium Loeselli. In the case of Sinapis alba fertilization and embryo development did not occur. The same method has been successfully used for obtaining hybrid immature embryos at different stages of development from crosses between B. napus X D. tenuifolia, B. napus X M. arvensis, B. oleracea var. italica X D. tenuifolia, D. tenuifolia x B. napus, D. tenuifolia. X M. arvensis and D. tenuifolia X S. Loeselli. The present findings show that in-vitro pollination of ovules of various species of Brassicaceae makes it possible to (a) perform the whole process of fertilization and embryogenesis; and (b) obtain intergeneric hybrid embryos.     

The potential role of PR-8 gene of apple fruit in the mode of action of the yeast antagonist,Candida oleophila,in postharvest biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea

Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes of apple have been cloned and their response to different pathogens has been studied. Different PR genes, however, may have a variable response depending on the specific organ or tissue as well as microbe. The objective of the current study was to characterize the expression of specific apple PR genes in fruit tissues in response to the antagonistic yeast, Candida oleophila (a common postharvest biocontrol agent), and the fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea (a major postharvest pathogen). Apple PR-5 and PR-8 gene expression was characterized in fruit in response to C. oleophila and B. cinerea. Results indicated that PR-8 expression was significantly elevated in response to both fungi. In contrast, neither C. oleophila nor B. cinerea treatment markedly affected PR-5 expression. The PR-8 gene was then synthesized and cloned into a Pichia pastoris expression system to study the antifungal activity of the PR-8 protein against B. cinerea both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, the PR-8 gene of apple is associated with the response to B. cinerea infection, and may play a role in the mechanism by which C. oleophila effectively inhibits B. cinerea disease in apple fruit, namely by the induction of this specific host PR gene.     

灰分对煤自燃特性影响的实验研究

为了研究灰分对煤自燃能力的影响作用,利用绝热氧化实验装置对不同灰分含量煤样进行升温氧化实验,采用R₇₀、T_CPT、B 3种指标表征灰分含量对煤样自发氧化过程的影响。结果表明：1）灰分含量越大,煤样低温氧化阶段温升速率越小,温升加速点温度越高,煤样的自发氧化过程越慢,煤越不易自燃;灰分含量大于40%后,煤自燃倾向性快速减弱。温升加速点是反应微观信息的零活化能温度的宏观累计结果,具有直观且滞后的特点。灰分越大,滞后越明显,温差越大。2）R₇₀、T_CPT、B 3种指标与灰分关系表现为二次函数。R₇₀和T_CPT两种指标显示灰分越大,自燃倾向性越弱,与实践经验相符。受水分权重影响,B指标显示煤样在灰分小于40%时,灰分越大,煤样自燃倾向性越强,这与实践经验相悖。因此,B在判定灰分对煤样自燃倾向性的影响时具有一定的局限性。     

Yield Performance of Wheat Isolines with Different Dosages of the Short Arm of Rye Chromosome 1

Translocations of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome 1 (1RS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Pavon 76) are known to increase root biomass. Such an increase enhances water and nutrient uptake and may improve grain yield. Two greenhouse experiments and a field experiment were carried out at the University of California, Riverside, in 2012 and 2013 under well‐watered and terminal drought treatments to evaluate phenotypic characters associated with varying dosages of 1RS, including grain yield. The genotypes used were cultivar Pavon 76 (R₀), Pavon 76/Pavon1RS.1AL (F₁ hybrid) with a single dosage of 1RS (R₁A), Pavon 1RS.1AL with two dosages of 1RS (R₂A), Pavon 1RS.1DL (R₂D) also with two dosages of 1RS and Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL (R₄AD) with four dosages of 1RS. There was a significant positive correlation between number of dosages of 1RS and root biomass. However, no correlation was found between root biomass and grain yield per plant. Drought in the field experiment reduced grain yield significantly. Under well‐watered field conditions, grain yield of R₂A (215.9 g plant^?1) was significantly greater than those of R₂D (191.8 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (161.7 g plant^?1). Also, grain yield of R₄AD was significantly less than those of F₁, Pavon 76 and R₂D under well‐watered conditions. Under drought field conditions, no significant differences were found among the genotypes for grain yield was found between F₁ (14.7 g plant^?1) and R₄AD (12.4 g plant^?1). Harvest index was significantly greater in well‐watered (44.2 %) than in drought (34.6 %) field conditions. On average, genotypes F₁ (42.3 %) and R₂A (40.6 %) had higher harvest index than R₂D (38.3 %) and R₄AD (35.5 %) in the field. Also, Pavon 76 (40.2) and R₂D (38.3) had higher harvest index than R₄AD. Drought tolerance was lowest for R₄AD due to its relatively lower grain yield potential. In general, Pavon 1RS.1AL carrying two dosages of 1RS showed higher grain yield under wet treatments. Pavon 1RS.1AL‐1RS.1DL carrying four dosages of 1RS produced the largest shoot and root biomasses, but the least grain yield.     

Evolutionary studies of the soybean: the frequency and distribution of alleles among collections of Glycine Max and G. Soja of various origin

Summary Allelic frequencies at 10 loci common throughout the genus Glycine subgenus Soja were determined for 27 geographical area-species samples. The samples included 366 accessions of Glycine soja, the wild soybean, and 193 accessions of G. max, the domesticated soybean, from the USDA Soybean Germplasm Collection. The data indicate that the alleles for grey pubescence (t ₁), low seed coat peroxidase level (ep), and blunt pubescence tip (pb) probably arose as mutations during the domestication of G. max. The remaining seven loci studied(Fr, Pa ₁, Pa ₂, Fg ₁, Fg ₂, Fg ₃and Fg ₄)are polymorphic throughout the subgenus Soja; differences among collections of G. max and G. soja seem to be the result of differing selection pressures. A cluster analysis of allelic frequencies reveals two distinct groups within the subgenus corresponding to G. soja and G. max, Semi-wild accessions of G. max, while morphologically more similar to cultivated plants, clustered with samples of G. soja. The semi-wild accessions examined are thought to have arisen via hybridization between G. soja and G. max.Joint contribution: North Central Region, Agricultural Research, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Journal Paper No. J-9868 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa 50011; Project 2107.     

Genetic control of crossability of triticale with rye

Limited genetic knowledge is available regarding crossability between hexaploid triticale (2n= 6x= 42, 21″, AABBRR, amphiploid Triticum turgidum L.‐Secale cereale L.) and rye (2n= 14, 7″, RR). Our objectives were to determine (1) the crossability between triticales and rye and (2) the inheritance of crossability between F₂ progeny from intertriticale crosses and rye. First, ‘8F/Corgo’, a hexaploid triticale, was crossed as a female with two landrace ryes, ‘Gimonde’ and, ‘Vila Pouca’ and two derived north European cultivars, ‘Pluto’ and ‘Breno’. These crosses produced 21.7, 20.9, 5.9, and 5.6%, seed‐set or crossability, respectively, showing that the landrace ryes produced higher seed‐set than the cultivars. Second, ‘Gimonde’ rye was crossed as a male with four triticales for 3 years. The control cross, ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat × rye, produced 80‐90% seed‐set. Of the four triticales, ‘Beagle’ produced 35.7‐56.8% seed‐set. The other three triticales produced less than 20% seed‐set, showing that the triticales differ in crossability with ‘Gimonde’ rye. Third, six FiS from intertriticale crosses (‘8F/Corgo’בBeagle’, ‘Beagle’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’בBeagle’, ‘8F/Corgo’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’בCachirulo’, ‘Lasko’ב8F/Corgo’) were crossed to ‘Gimonde’ rye. Results indicated that lower crossability trait was partially dominant in the two F₁S from crosses involving ‘Beagle’(high crossability) with‘8F/Corgo’ and ‘Cachirulo’(low crossability) and completely dominant in the ‘Beagle’בLasko’ cross, as it happens in wheat. Fourth, segregants in four F₂ populations (‘Lasko’בBeagle’, ‘8F/Corgo’בBeagle’, ‘Lasko’ב8F/Corgo’, and‘8F/Corgo’בCachirulo’) were crossed with rye. Segregation for crossability was observed, although distinct segregation classes were blurred by environmental and perhaps other factors, such as self‐incompatibility alleles in rye. Segregation patterns showed that ‘Beagle’, with high crossability to rye, carries either Kr1 or Kr2. The three triticales with low crossability with rye were most likely homozygous for Kr1 and Kr2. Therefore, it is likely that the Kr loci from A and B genomes acting in wheat also play a role in triticale × rye crosses.     

Analysis of mode of inheritance of Fusarium wilt resistance in castor (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an important industrial oilseed crop grown worldwide. Wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ricini is a devastating disease in castor. The inheritance mode of wilt resistance was investigated. The F₁, F₂ and backcross generations of four crosses involving four resistant and three susceptible parents were developed. The role of digenic (R¹ and R²) epistatic interactions on wilt resistance was confirmed. The 15 : 1, 9 : 7 and 13 : 3 ratios indicated duplicate dominant, duplicate recessive and dominant and recessive epistatic interactions, respectively. Castor parents used in the crosses exhibited varied inheritance modes. All generations of a cross exhibited similar inheritance mode when parents were comparable. However, generations varied in inheritance mode when parents were not comparable in inheritance mode. These results would have practical interest when decisions are required regarding the choice of parents and methodology in resistance and hybrid breeding. The results also provided a basis for investigating molecular genetics of wilt resistance mechanisms.     

添加硝酸钙对池塘沉积物中理化因子的影响研究

为减少池塘底泥对养殖水环境的影响,以硝酸钙和养殖池塘底泥沉积物为研究对象,采用模拟试验方法,探讨了添加硝酸钙对池塘沉积物理化因子的影响。结果表明：添加硝酸钙后,表层沉积物间隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度持续降低,最终降至初始值的14.78%;同时可以显著降低表层和深层沉积物间隙水中的PO₄^3--P的浓度,在表层降低的幅度较大,第7~28天可降低超过85%的PO₄^3--P。试验结果表明,添加硝酸钙可以显著改善池塘底泥沉积物中NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P的含量,研究结果对减少池塘底泥沉积物的修复具有积极的生态学意义。     

Genetic Analysis of Chromosome 2D of Wheat

The Yugoslavian varieties ‘Novosadska Rana 1’ and ‘Sava’ are shown by monosomic comparisons to carry weak height promoters on chromosome 2D characteristic of the ‘Akakomugi’ gene for reduced height, Rht8. Reciprocal monosomic crosses between ‘Bersee’ and ‘Sava’ demonstrate ‘Sava’ chromosome 2D reduces height by about 16 cms, accelerates ear emergence by about 9 days and increases yield through increased grain number and grain size. Recombinant lines developed for chromosome 2D suggest that this chromosome in Mediterranean wheats carries three genes, Rht8, Ppd1 and Yr16, important to their adaptation. Rht8 and Ppd1, a gene for day length insensitivity together reduce height. Ppd1 and, to a minor degree, either yr16, the susceptible allele of a gene for adult plant resistance to yellow rust or a closely linked gene, accelerate time to flowering and thereby avoid desiccating Yugoslavian summer conditions. The same genes reduce spikelets numbers but this is offset by increased floret fertility producing an overall increase in the number of grains per ear. Ppd1 also by avoiding desiccating conditions increases gram size and together with either yr16 or the closely linked fertility gene increases ear and plant yields.     

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of S-RNase fragments for identification of S-genotypes of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)

Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) controlled by a complex and multiallelic S locus. The pistil-part product of the S locus is the polymorphic ribonuclease, S-RNase. Information on S-genotypes is important for the production and breeding of Japanese pears. Molecular analyses of S-genotypes of Japanese pear have been conducted with the CAPS (cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence) system; PCR amplification of S-RNase fragments by a common primer pair followed by digestion with restriction enzymes each of which cleaves a specific S haplotype. Here, we show that the separation of S-RNase fragments by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) distinguishes four out of nine S haplotypes of Japanese pear without restriction digestion. S³-, S⁵-, S⁶- and S⁸-RNases were identified as distinct bands by PAGE. S³- and S⁵-RNases were separated by PAGE despite their identical fragment sizes. Using this system, three Japanese pear lines with unknown S-genotypes were analyzed. The newly determined S-genotypes of the lines were confirmed by CAPS analysis.