绵羊卵丘/颗粒细胞周期时相同步化处理的流式细胞仪分析

体外培养绵羊卵丘/颗粒细胞,传2～3代后,分别经低温冷藏处理6h和血清饥饿培养3d,流式细胞仪检测分析异倍体细胞检出率和处理组与对照组的细胞周期时相百分比。本培养系统各组均未检出异倍体细胞;低温冷藏处理组、血清饥饿处理组与对照组处于G0/G1期时相细胞百分比分别为93.3%±2.1%、92.4%±1.02%和84.5%±2.27%。试验结果表明,低温冷藏处理与血清饥饿培养都能很好地使绵羊卵丘/颗粒细胞同步于G0/G1期。     

不同浓度秋水仙素和nocodazole对绒山羊成纤维细胞周期同步化的影响

本试验旨在探索更加优化的条件,使绒山羊成纤维细胞经处理后更多的处于有丝分裂G2/M期。本研究分别采用秋水仙素和nocodazole试剂对绒山羊成纤维细胞进行周期同步化处理,用流式细胞仪检测G2/M期的细胞数量并进行比对,观测最佳作用浓度。结果表明,秋水仙素的使用浓度不宜过大,且添加秋水仙素时间的不同也会对试验结果产生明显的影响。另外在相同条件下,经nocodazole处理的绒山羊成纤维细胞周期同步化效果比秋水仙素好,最优的处理条件是300 ng/mL nocodazole处理成纤维细胞24 h,所得G2/M期的细胞所占比例为15.10%。结果提示,对于绒山羊的成纤维细胞来说,细胞周期同步化处理时选择nocodazole更好一些。     

接触抑制和血清饥饿对细胞周期的影响

为了研究血清饥饿和接触抑制2种常用的处理方法对供核细胞周期的影响,试验采用血清饥饿和接触抑制2种方法处理经过纯化的供核细胞,并用流式细胞仪检测处理后的供核细胞的细胞周期,通过Modfit软件分析不同处理方法对细胞周期产生的具体影响。结果表明:血清饥饿和同接触抑制2种方法处理过的细胞停留在G0/G1期和S期的细胞百分数差异不显著,但是同对照组细胞相比差异显著(P<0.05);停留在G2/M期的细胞百分数差异显著(P<0.05),但是同对照组细胞相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

家兔胚胎细胞周期的调控

本实验用化学药物对家兔胚胎细胞周期进行调控,以建立细胞周期同期化的方法.实验结果表明(1)用1.00μg/ml噻氨酯哒唑(nocodazole)处理家兔16-细胞胚胎12h,可使胚胎细胞完全同期化于M期;(2)细胞周期同期化于M期的家兔胚胎细胞用0.20μg/ml阿菲迪霉素(aphidicolin)处理8h,可完全抑制DNA的合成,使胚胎细胞同期化于G1期;(3)细胞周期同期化于M期的家兔胚胎细胞在体外培养8h后,然后用1.00μg/ml环己酰胺(cycloheximide)处理8h,可使胚胎细胞同期化于G2期.本研究的结果还表明细胞周期同期化处理不影响胚胎的体外发育,但胚胎移植后的产仔率明显低于对照组(P＜0.05).     

供体细胞对猪体细胞克隆胚胎早期发育的影响

以中国农业大学实验用小型猪香猪胎儿成纤维细胞、成年耳成纤维细胞和颗粒细胞3种细胞系为供体细胞进行核移植。比较了血清饥饿法和接触抑制法处理胎儿成纤维细胞诱导进入G0／G1期的效率，发现二者差异不显著（P〉0．05），血清饥饿2d和4d差异不明显，同样接触抑制2d和4d差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。系统研究了影响克隆胚胎发育的供体因素：血清饥饿与否、细胞形态、细胞类型及个体差异等，结果表明：血清饥饿处理对克隆胚的早期发育没有明显的促进作用；圆形光滑细胞有利于细胞融合，对早期发育无显著影响（P〉0．05）；不同个体、不同类型的供体细胞对克隆胚囊胚发育率有一定的影响。     

Plk1在猪胎儿成纤维细胞有丝分裂进程中的亚细胞定位和功能研究

本研究旨在探究Plk1在猪胎儿成纤维细胞中的亚细胞定位及其作用。通过间接免疫荧光技术检测了Plk1在猪胎儿成纤维细胞有丝分裂进程中的亚细胞定位,并通过Plk1特异性抑制剂GSK461364处理进一步分析Plk1在细胞有丝分裂进程中的潜在作用。结果显示:Plk1在猪胎儿成纤维细胞有丝分裂各个时期都有分布,且在细胞核周围有相对较高水平的Plk1表达;经GSK461364处理后,细胞活力显著降低,细胞周期进程阻滞在G2/M期,出现细胞核碎裂,并伴随着α-微管蛋白结构紊乱。研究表明:Plk1参与了调控猪胎儿成纤维细胞有丝分裂的进程,并与G2/M期的细胞核分裂和微管组装密切相关。     

供体细胞培养处理方法对水牛核移植效果的影响

以经常规培养法 (DMEM 10 % FCS)、血清饥饿法 (DMEM 0 .5 % FCS培养 5～ 10 d)和 Apidicolin- APD结合血清饥饿法 (0 .1mg/ L APD培养 2 4 h,DMEM 0 .5 % FCS培养 1～ 18d)培养处理的水牛卵巢颗粒细胞和水牛成体耳部成纤维细胞作供核 ,分别采取带下注核法和胞质内注核法进行核移植。同一供核细胞各处理组间的核移植胚融合率 (以颗粒细胞作供核 )以及重组胚的囊胚发育率无明显差异 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,但经 APD 0 .5 % FCS培养处理供体细胞核移植后的分裂率显著高于其他组 (P<0 .0 5 )。用 7%乙醇处理的成体耳部成纤维细胞进行核移植 ,其重组胚的分裂率和囊胚发育率与对照组 (不含乙醇 )均无明显差异 (P>0 .0 5 )。结果表明 ,(1)血清饥饿处理水牛供体细胞对其核移植效果没有影响 ;(2 ) DNA合成抑制剂 APD结合血清饥饿培养处理水牛颗粒细胞和成体耳部成纤维细胞 ,可提高其核移植效果 ;(3)乙醇预激活处理水牛成体耳部成纤维细胞 ,对其核移植效果没有影响     

绵羊卵丘细胞细胞周期同步化对核移植胚胎发育的影响

供体细胞周期同步化是影响体细胞核移植成功率的重要因素之一.试验分别对绵羊卵丘细胞采用血清饥饿和接触抑制的方法进行细胞周期同步化处理,使用流式细胞仪检测各组细胞周期的分布.结果发现,与对照组相比,卵丘细胞经血清饥饿24~72 h后,显著地增加了G₀/G₁期细胞的百分比(P <0.05);接触抑制24~72 h,G₀/G₁期细胞所占比例与血清饥饿组无显著差异(P >0.05),但显著高于对照组(P <0.05);用经血清饥饿与接触抑制的供体细胞进行核移植后,重构胚卵裂率、桑椹胚率和囊胚率差异不显著(P >0.05),但二者囊胚率显著高于对照组(P <0.05).上述结果证实,血清饥饿和接触抑制均能使绵羊卵丘细胞周期同步化至G₀/G₁,均可用作绵羊体细胞核移植的供体细胞细胞周期同步化处理.     

miR-21与Nocodazole联合作用对小鼠成肌细胞C2C12周期的影响

观察miR-21与Nocodazole联合作用对小鼠成肌细胞C2C12周期的影响。分别以0、200、300、400、500、600 nmol/L Nocodazole处理C2C12细胞24 h,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期,间接免疫染色激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞有丝分裂器α-微管蛋白(α-tubulin)排列。转染miR-21 mimics/NC和inhibitors/NC,24 h后,添加400 nmol/L的Nocodazole处理24 h,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期。结果表明:Nocodazole使C2C12细胞同步化的最佳浓度是400 nmol/L;过表达miR-21 mimics之后,与对照组相比,G0/G1,S期细胞百分比极显著增加,G2/M期细胞百分比极显著减少(P0.01);添加抑制剂后,与对照组相比,添加抑制剂(inhibitors)的C2C12细胞中处于G0/G1期的细胞比例显著高于对照组,而处于G2/M期的细胞比例显著低于对照组细胞(P0.05);正反试验结果证明,miR-21促进C2C12细胞周期进入S期。为进一步研究miR-21对C2C12细胞的作用机制奠定基础。     

驴皮成纤维细胞的体外培养研究

试验旨在比较不同培养方法对驴皮成纤维细胞培养的效果,以便建立其体外高效快速的培养体系。采集6~7岁健康的新疆驴真皮组织,分别用组织块贴壁法和双酶消化法对驴皮成纤维细胞进行原代培养,并检测分析细胞的生长特点、生长速度、细胞周期与支原体污染等指标。结果显示,双酶消化法（0.25%胰酶处理1 h,再用0.5%胶原蛋白酶Ⅰ处理6 h）培养驴皮组织3 d后,成纤维细胞进入了对数增殖期,而组织块贴壁法则需要15 d;细胞周期经流式分析发现,处于G0/G1期与S+G2+M期的细胞均约为50%,其余5.17%细胞处于凋亡期,表明大多细胞处于分裂增殖的活跃期,细胞具有很强的活力;试验中培养的细胞均无支原体污染。综上,应用双酶消化法可快速、高效地建立驴皮成纤维细胞体外培养体系。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -