松香中枞酸型树脂酸在酸作用下变化规律的研究（英文）

选用湿地松松香和马尾松松香,不同种类的酸作用不同时间,分析了酸作用对枞酸型树脂酸和去氢枞酸含量变化的影响,研究了枞酸型树脂酸在酸作用下的变化规律。结果表明:在酸处理过程中,长叶松酸、枞酸、新枞酸之间发生相互异构,同时还有脱氢反应和脱羧等裂解反应发生,异构速度、脱氢速度和脱羧速度都与酸的种类、酸强度和反应时间有关。酸强度越大,异构速度、脱氢速度和脱羧速度越快。     

树脂酸聚合反应过程的研究

研究了用凝胶色谱法测定树脂酸聚合反应中二聚体含量的分析方法,并结合对其中未聚树脂酸的气相色谱分析,研究了以硫酸为催化剂、氯仿为溶剂时,树脂酸异构、聚合、氧化、歧化诸反应及其相互关系。实验结果表明:枞酸型树脂酸的异构反应速度大于聚合反应速度。聚合反应的进行不影响异构反应的平衡。在硫酸的作用下,少量树脂酸发生歧化反应,但大量去氢枞酸的产生,主要是由于硫酸的氧化作用。实验中没有观察到空气中的氧对反应有影响。本文还较详细地研究了枞酸的异构—聚合反应动力学,根据动力学数据,求得了反应速度常数及活化能,并提出了枞酸异构——聚合反应可能的机理。     

浅色松香树脂的制备及浅色机理初探

松香在新型催化剂（CLC）存在下与醇发生酯化反应，生成加纳色号2－4的浅色松香树脂。对反应前后松香成分分析发现，加入CLC反应后松香中的脱氢枞酸和氢化树脂酸含量从零增加到30％和22％，枞酸型树脂酸含量从86％下降到34％，不加CLC的对照实验中，没有脱氢枞酸和氢化树脂酸生成，枞酸型树脂酸含量变化不大，实验表明CLC在松香酯化反应过程中起到了松香歧化反应的催化作用，由于歧化反应，使松香中枞酸含量降低是松香浅色的主要原因。     

异海松酸分离制备的新方法

利用异丁醇胺对异海松酸的选择性结晶特性,采用湿地松松脂蒸馏后得到的新鲜松香,或者采用工厂生产得到的湿地松松香进行热异构使大部分枞酸型树脂酸异构成为枞酸,而后将异海松酸与异丁醇胺反应形成异海松酸的异丁醇铵盐而与其他树脂酸进行分离,再利用复式重结晶法纯化异海松酸铵盐结晶,分解游离得到异海松酸,其得率达到原料松香质量分数的10.1%,纯度达到95.4%,提取率为42.2%.     

松脂中树脂酸的酸异构分离与枞酸分子结构

松脂中枞酸型树脂酸在酸的作用下经过异构反应、结晶分离得到99.15%高纯度(-)-(4R,10R,9S,5R)-7,13-二烯-18-枞酸,得率74.2%.通过MS,1HNMR,13CNMR,IR光谱分析和单晶X-光衍射研究确证其化合物分子结构,其单晶X-光衍射测试数据与湿地松松香和马尾松松香直接经过重结晶分离得到枞酸样品的结果一致,都为单斜晶系,P21空间群,分子绝对构型和天然枞酸构型一样.在枞酸晶体结构中2个枞酸分子的羧基生成氢键连接是得到高纯度结晶的主要原因.     

聚合松香中二聚体含量的分析

松香主要由各种树脂酸、脂肪酸、中性物质和少量的高沸点萜烯化合物组成.而树脂酸含量占80—85%.天然马尾松的各树脂酸组成为:海松酸8.8—9.2%;未知酸2.8—3.2%;长叶松酸22.1—25.6%;异海松酸3.4—3.6%;脱氢枞酸5.2—21.6%;枞酸38.4—43.1%;新枞酸14—16.1%.为了扩大松香用途,将松香改为聚合松香.松香聚合系枞酸型树脂酸的二聚.其反应如下:     

脱氢枞酸芳环改性的研究进展

脱氢枞酸是由歧化松香分离提纯得到的一种树脂酸,芳环是其特征结构,同其它芳香族化合物一样,可以进行多种亲电取代反应,合成抑菌剂、抗氧剂、荧光衍生试剂等.本文全面综述了近10年对脱氢枞酸芳环的改性研究,主要包括傅克反应、溴代、硝化等亲电取代反应,以及基于硝化取代产物合成含氮杂环、芳胺和酚、醌等系列衍生物,并展望了未来的改性...     

用草酸水洗处理提高松香歧化反应能力

松香的歧化反应意味着在乳液聚合(emul-sion poymertzaion)过程中,将具有阻碍聚合的共轭双键的枞酸、左旋海松酸、新枞酸等树脂酸,在催化剂作用下使之转变为脱氢枞酸、四氢枞酸等。因此,在歧化反应中,重要的是使枞酸减少(0.5%以下)使脱氢枞酸更多生成(48%以上)。某些产地的松香歧化反应很差,在可能条件下,增加催化剂用量仍然得不到预期的结果,甚至需将催化剂用量增加5-6倍方能完成歧化反应过程。     

松香中海松酸型树脂酸热作用变化规律的研究

详细研究了脂松香中海松酸型树脂酸在惰性气体保护下,于180～270℃之间进行高温热处理1～4h的变化规律.结果表明,脂松香中原有的3种海松酸型树脂酸即海松酸、异海松酸、山达海松酸的含量总体呈下降趋势,初始含量越高、热处理温度越高、时间越长,其含量下降幅度越大.高温热处理过程中产生了松香原料中所没有的3种海松酸型树脂酸即8,15-异海松酸、8,15-海松酸和7,15-海松酸,其含量随热作用温度的提高和时间的延长呈上升趋势.270℃以下热处理1～3h时,海松酸型树脂酸主要发生以环内双键位置变化为主的异构反应,而分解反应很少,环外乙烯基则没有参与反应.对海松酸型树脂酸各成分立体结构分析结果表明,8,15-异海松酸应来源于异海松酸和山达海松酸的异构化,而8,15-海松酸和7,15-海松酸应来源于海松酸的异构反应.     

水洗熔解松脂减少松香结晶倾向

按苏联现行工艺生产脂松香,如果枞酸含量大于40-42％,都有较大的结晶倾向。其原因虽至今尚不甚了解,但探明和排除枞酸在松香中聚集的因素,显然是预防松香结晶的途径之一。松脂中的树脂酸混合物在热和酸催化剂作用下,发生异构作用,枞酸含量增加,这在松节油蒸发过程中尤为剧烈。树脂酸异构化的程     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.