犊牛初乳饲喂及管理指导

近年来,随着我国奶业的快速发展,牧场管理人员已意识到合理的犊牛初乳饲喂及管理的重要性,但在生产操作中并未达到初乳饲喂的要求,究其原因,在很大程度上是由于牧场初乳饲喂和管理操作不一,本文目的主要在于论述初乳对新生犊牛的重要性以及适合现阶段牧场初乳饲喂管理的操作方法。     

哺乳期犊牛健康管理

哺乳期犊牛是奶牛生命周期的开始,也是奶牛整个生命周期中最为脆弱的阶段,其健康状况可直接影响牧场的可持续发展和经营效率。在哺乳期,犊牛可面临多种疾病的挑战,但消化道疾病和呼吸道疾病是全球奶牛养殖业面临的共性问题。本文对哺乳期犊牛健康状况、初乳管理、犊牛腹泻和呼吸道疾病的管理进行了梳理,并对其防控提出了建议。初乳管理方面分析了影响初乳质量的因素、初乳储存与处理和饲喂管理;犊牛健康管理部分叙述了产圈管理、饲养环境和饲喂方式、营养及饲喂管理、疫苗免疫、通风、疾病早期诊断、应激管理和患犊管理。     

哺乳期犊牛的饲养管理技术

正哺乳期犊牛是指从初生到断奶3个月之内的犊牛。由于犊牛生长发育快,易染病,所以,做好犊牛的饲养管理工作尤为重要。1犊牛初乳期的饲养管理1.1初乳的饲喂量初乳的饲喂量主要是依据犊牛的体重来制定。通常,饲喂量约占犊牛体重的12%。初乳期犊牛可选择以下哺乳方案:(1)出生后40～50min开始饲喂初乳,数量约为1.6～1.8kg;(2) 1～3日龄,数量约为2.5～3.5kg;(3) 4～6日龄,数量约为4～6kg。在饲喂量上,不光与犊牛体重有关,也和当时的气候条件有关,应综合考虑。     

犊牛的饲喂方法及饲养

<正>近年来,我市部分奶牛场内犊牛发病率升高,其中犊牛腹泻死亡率高达30%。合理提供营养,满足犊牛对初乳的需要,加强管理是犊牛哺乳期的关键,可有效降低腹泻发病率。1初乳及其饲喂犊牛饲料通常有3种,即初乳、代乳品和犊牛日粮。奶牛分娩后最初7天所分泌的乳汁称为初乳,初乳中的免疫物质有免疫球蛋白、免疫活性细胞干扰素、补体和溶菌酶。1.1饲喂时间新生犊牛的抗病物质主要靠初乳供给免疫球蛋     

犊牛饲养管理的关键技术

养好奶牛的第一步就是要做好犊牛的饲养管理,犊牛饲养管理的方方面面都会影响到犊牛的健康以及未来奶牛场的经济效益。做好犊牛饲养管理就要做好新生犊牛的护理、初乳质量控制、初乳的保存、初乳的饲喂、犊牛的疾病防治等工作,为培养出优质的后备牛提供帮助。     

浅析犊牛的饲养管理技巧

为了提高犊牛的成活率,使犊牛健康成长,本文从加强犊牛护理、饲喂初乳、储备初乳、及时开食、保证饮水充足、断奶前后管理等方面详细讲解了犊牛的饲养管理技巧,以期给养牛朋友带来帮助。     

利用初乳喂新生犊牛可提高成活率

利用初乳喂新生犊牛可提高成活率嫩江农场自１９８５年引进奶牛，几年来由于饲养户不但对新生犊牛的管理和饲喂方法，从１９８５年至１９９０年新生犊牛成活率徘徊在６０％～７０％左右，为提高犊牛的成活率，我们自１９９０年合理利用初乳饲喂新生犊牛，成活率得到了明显...     

饲喂发酵初乳犊牛的胃肠道微生物区系

引言发酵初乳是一种受欢迎的犊牛饲料。已经证明饲喂发酵初乳犊牛的体重增加比词喂全乳的犊牛大或相似。在一些试验中,词喂发酵初乳犊牛的腹泻发生率比词喂全乳或代乳品的犊牛低,而在另外一些试验中,腹泻的发生率则相似。本报告的目的是研究饲喂发酵初乳和饲喂全乳对幼年犊牛肠道中不同种细菌数量的影响。     

犊牛的科学饲养管理

目前,在规模化奶牛养殖中,犊牛既是资产也是主要消费体。在饲养管理中,要像呵护新生儿一样,犊牛也需要饲养者付出比成年奶牛多倍的爱心、耐心和细心。况且在理论上,这些犊牛还代表着最高的遗传水平。所以犊牛的饲养管理应重点考虑以下三个方面:保证初乳的品质并及时饲喂、培养瘤胃功能、加强管理。1保证初乳的品质并及时饲喂     

奶牛犊饲养的要点

1哺喂初乳在奶牛饲养中,犊牛出生后应与母牛分开饲养,所以要对犊牛进行人工哺乳。犊牛出生30分钟内喂给初乳为宜,不能超过1小时。根据犊牛的初生体重和健康状况确定初乳喂量,原则上,首次喂量要多,至少应饲喂2千克,并在出生后6小时饲喂第二次,以便让犊牛在出生后12小时内从初乳中获得足够的母源抗体。出生后24小时内共要饲喂初乳3~4     

Colostrum management for dairy calves.

Colostrum management is the single most important management factor in determining calf health and survival. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of North American dairy calves suffer from failure of passive transfer of antibodies from colostrum, contributing to excessively high preweaning mortality rates and other short- and long-term losses associated with animal health, welfare, and productivity. A successful colostrum management program requires producers to consistently provide calves with a sufficient volume of clean, high-quality colostrum within the first few hours of life. This article reviews the process of colostrogenesis and discusses important components of colostrum. The key components of delivering and monitoring a successful colostrum management program are discussed.     

Colostrum quality,IgG absorption and daily weight gain of calves in small-scale dairy production systems in Southern Vietnam

Dairy production is expanding rapidly in Vietnam, but still, the smallholder farms are most common. The aim of this study was therefore to get improved knowledge about colostrum quality in dairy cows, immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption, daily weight gain in dairy calves and calf management in small-scale dairy production systems in Southern Vietnam. A field survey was conducted on 40 farms, with two calves on each farm being intensively studied. It was observed that newborn calves were separated from their dams immediately after birth and offered 2–4 L first colostrum within 4 h by bucket feeding. The first colostrum IgG level, fat and protein content were on average 35.6, 4.8 and 21.4%, respectively, and 91% of the cows produced colostrum of good quality (Brix value >22%). The IgG level in serum of calves, measured as Brix value, was on average 9.3%. Colostrum in the samples studied was of quite high quality and on-farm observations showed that colostrum was offered on the first day of calf life, so passive transfer of immunity to the calves was high. In total, 10% of the calves had a Brix value for IgG in serum lower than 8.3%, indicating that those calves had suffered from failure of passive immune transfer (FPT). The daily weight gain of female and male calves was 0.75 and 0.54 kg, respectively. Serum IgG was positively correlated with colostrum protein (P = 0.002). Daily weight gain and diarrhoea was negatively correlated (P = 0.001).     

Comparison of three methods of feeding colostrum to dairy calves

Absorption of colostral immunoglobulins by Holstein calves was studied in 3 herds in which 3 methods of colostrum feeding were used. Failure of passive transfer, as determined by calf serum immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration less than 10 mg/ml at 48 hours of age, was diagnosed in 61.4% of calves from a dairy in which calves were nursed by their dams, 19.3% of calves from a dairy using nipple-bottle feeding, and 10.8% of calves from a dairy using tube feeding. The management factor determined to have the greatest influence on the probability of failure of passive transfer in the herds using artificial methods of colostrum feeding (bottle feeding or tube feeding) was the volume of colostrum fed as it affected the amount of IgG1 received by the calf. In dairies that used artificial feeding methods, failure of passive transfer was infrequent in calves fed greater than or equal to 100 g IgG1 in the first colostrum feeding. In the dairy that allowed calves to suckle, prevalence of failure of passive transfer was greater than 50% even among calves nursed by cows with above-average colostral IgG1 concentration. Analysis of the effect of other management factors on calf immunoglobulin absorption revealed small negative effects associated with the use of previously frozen colostrum and the use of colostrum from cows with long nonlactating intervals.     

Colostrum intake by dairy calves

AIMS: To determine which clinical parameters could be used to identify calves with low serum immunoglobulin levels and to examine the influence of cow and calf behaviour on colostrum intake. METHODS: Blood samples were taken from 74 dairy calves after they were separated from their dams, and analysed for serum gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Physical and behavioural measurements were taken for 57 of these calves at this time. The behaviour of 2 1 dairy cows and their calves was observed between birth and the time the calves were separated when a blood sample was taken from 17 of them and analysed for GGT. RESULTS: Low serum GGT activities (below 200 U/l GGT), indicating low serum immunoglobulin levels, were found in 45% of the group of 74 calves. The calves which had not received colostrum were not easy to distinguish from those that had on the basis of physical or behavioural features. The amount of time that the 2 1 calves spent with their dams before being separated ranged from 1.2 to 24.9 hours. Thirty-three per cent of these calves had not sucked within this time. Of the calves that did suck, 79% did so within 6 hours of birth. CONCLUSIONS: About one half of New Zealand dairy calves may not receive colostrum from their dams even when they are together for up to 24 hours. Most calves that are going to suck of their own accord will do so within 6 hours of birth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Dairy calves should be removed from their dams after 6 hours and fed colostrum to guarantee that they receive sufficient immunoglobulins.     

京津冀地区牧场犊牛饲养管理现状分析及建议

犊牛的健康不仅关系生产者的经济效益、动物福利,而且关系奶牛养殖业的良性发展以及公共卫生防疫安全和人类健康.研究表明早期营养调控和饲养管理可改善犊牛生长发育.因此,针对不同规模牧场犊牛饲养现状进行调研分析,有利于提高牧场的综合防治水平,减少犊牛的死亡率.本次调研通过调查问卷和调研走访的形式对京津冀地区的34个牧场展开调研...     

A Reevaluation of Routine Force-feeding of Dam's Colostrum to Normal Newborn Beef Calves

Forty-seven beef calves born to a group of second-calf Hereford and Hereford x Angus cows were used to assess the practical value of force-feeding dam's colostrum. The first 40 calves born were assigned alternately to two equal groups (I and II). One group was force-fed up to I L of dam's colostrum per calf. All these animals were bled at 0 and 48 h after birth. A further group (III) of seven calves born were not handled until they were bled at 48 h. A variety of methods were used to estimate immunoglobulin levels in colostral whey and serum samples. In evaluating the efficiency of passive humoral antibody transfer from dam to offspring, no significant differences were evident except in radial immunodiffusion levels which were increased in group III. The percentages of calves sucking within one hour of birth were 30%, 15% and 100% for groups I, II and III, respectively. Under the conditions of this study it appears that force-feeding of dam's colostrum to the newborn beef calf is disruptive and does not confer any practical benefit on such calves in terms of passive humoral antibody transfer.     

东营某规模猪场仔猪的初乳管理试验

在现代规模化猪场中,高产母猪每胎所产仔猪数往往超过其有效哺乳头数目,而初乳对于新生仔猪来说又非常重要,仔猪能否及时吃上初乳决定着仔猪能否健康生长,因此做好仔猪的初乳管理尤为重要。文章做了人工灌服初乳和仔猪随机获取初乳的对比试验。试验结果表明进行初乳管理对于提高仔猪的断奶重,降低仔猪死亡率以及增加仔猪体内的抗体等方面都具有实际意义。初乳管理可使所有新生仔猪均可得到足够的初乳,增加仔猪断奶重量,提高仔猪福利水平。     

初乳饲喂次数对娟姗犊牛生产性能的影响

为研究探讨初乳饲喂次数对娟姗犊牛生产性能的影响,试验选取初生重接近的健康娟姗犊牛20 头,随机分为4 组,分别为对照组、试验I组、II组和III组,每组5 头犊牛,试验期为60 天。4 组犊牛出生当日饲喂两次初乳,首次初乳量按照体重的10.0%进行灌服,第2次初乳于出生后6~8 h按照体重的5.0%进行饲喂。4 组犊牛出生当日在产房饲养,2日龄时均转为室外犊牛岛单栏饲养。2日龄后,对照组每天上午06:00和下午16:00时各饲喂常乳1次,2~6日龄每次饲喂1.50 L,7~20日龄每次饲喂1.80 L,21~35日龄每次饲喂2.50 L,36~60日龄每次饲喂3.00 L,自7日龄开始犊牛自由采食颗粒料。试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组分别继续饲喂初乳至犊牛2日龄、4日龄、6日龄后再饲喂常乳,饲喂时间和饲喂量与对照组一致。结果表明:(1)在饲喂初乳后48 h、72 h、96 h,试验组与对照组犊牛血清免疫球蛋白g(IgG)均差异显著(p<0.05),120 h、144 h、168 h,试验Ⅰ组与对照组比较,犊牛血清IgG含量差异不显著(p>0.05),试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组血清IgG含量与对照组相比,差异极显著(p<0.01)。(2)随着初乳饲喂次数的增加,可有效降低犊牛20日龄内腹泻发生率,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组较对照组比较犊牛腹泻发生率分别降低9.5%、22.5%、36.5%,治疗犊牛腹泻总成本较对照组分别下降12.0 元、43.2 元、76.8 元,3 组试验组犊牛成活率为100.0%。(3)初乳饲喂次数的增加,使0~60日龄娟姗犊牛平均日增重(ADG)升高,试验组与对照组相比较,日增重均差异极显著(p<0.01),分别增加16.7 g、33.3 g、80.0 g。试验Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组较试验Ⅰ组ADG差异也极显著(p<0.01)。综合考虑,建议娟姗犊牛饲喂初乳至6日龄,可降低犊牛腹泻发生率、减少治疗费用,提高犊牛成活率及ADG。     

Escherichia coli Agglutinins in Cow Serum, Colostrum and the Nursing Calf

Immunochemical properties of Escherichia coli O antibodies present in bovine serum and colostrum were investigated. Dam and calf serum samples plus colostral whey samples were fractionated by gel filtration, and the 7S and 19S fractions isolated. Antibody activity against the O antigens of four recognized E. coli bovine pathogens was determined by the indirect hemagglutination test on the whole serum and colostral whey samples and the 7S and 19S fractions thereof. Mercaptoethanol reduction was used to chemically study the immunochemistry of the E. coli O antibodies.

The E. coli O antibodies in dam serum were entirely 19S macroglobulins and appeared to be IgM immunoglobulins. The antibodies in colostrum and calf serum were both 7S and 19S globulins. Reasons for believing these 7S antibodies may be IgG, and the 19S antibodies IgA, immunoglobulins are presented.

     

自动化饲喂饲养模式下哺乳犊牛的饲养管理

犊牛是牧场发展的后备军,优质的犊牛培育是牧场可持续发展的有利保障之一。因此,科学的犊牛饲养管理措施和合理的犊牛饲养模式对于犊牛培育极其重要。通过对自动化饲喂饲养模式下哺乳犊牛的饲喂技术、管理措施以及疾病预防等方面进行综述,重点介绍初乳、饲喂计划、补饲、奶粉及开食料、饲喂标准、饲养环境、管理细节差异、疾病治疗方案等内容,以期对自动化饲喂饲养模式下的牧场提供参考。