我国和CAC动物源性食品中农药最大残留限量标准比对分析

为全面了解我国动物源性食品中农药最大残留限量标准现状,本文对GB 2763-2021《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》和GB 31650-2019《食品安全国家标准食品中兽药最大残留限量》中动物源性食品中农药残留相关规定进行了分析。采用逐级比对法,从标准涉及的动物源性食品类别、农药种类、残留限量指标数量、残留限量值4个层面,对GB 2763-2021与国际食品法典委员会农药残留限量标准中动物源性食品中农药残留限量规定的异同进行了详细比对。最后从加强标准制定基础工作、进一步完善农药种类、完善配套检测方法以及定期开展标准跟踪评估工作4个方面提出完善我国动物源性食品中农药残留限量标准的对策建议。     

QuEChERS提取法在农产品农药残留检测中的应用进展

食品中的农药残留检测长期以来一直是一项艰巨的挑战,其杂质干扰多,残留含量低,传统的提取方法常常因为无法将杂质分离而影响检测结果。由于食品中杂质种类众多,农药的种类繁多且理化性质各异,新型农药日益涌现,所以对样品的前处理提出了更高的要求。近年来,QuEChERS(Quick,Easy,Cheap,Effective,Rugged and Safe)作为一种新型的提取方法,由于具有快速、简单、廉价、有效、可靠、安全的特点,成为国内外广泛采用的样品前处理新技术,在多种农药、医药、兽药的气相或液相色谱分析中已经得到广泛应用。本文就国内外对QuEChERS法在各类食品以及其他动植物性农产品的农药残留检测中的应用和方法的改进进行了综述,并对QuEChERS法在今后农药残留检测的应用前景以及发展方向进行了展望。     

我国蔬菜农药残留速测技术的应用与发展

蔬菜农药残留快速检测技术分为生化检测技术、生物检测技术和分析化学检测技术3类。本文简要叙述了目前蔬菜农药残留快速检测技术在我国的研究概况,并分析了农药残留速测技术的应用状况和发展前景。     

信息动态

本文概述了第46届食品法典农药残留委员会农药残留限量标准制修订情况,按照农药类别对标准进行了归类,制修订杀虫剂/杀螨剂标准75项,杀菌剂标准184项,除草剂标准132项,植物生长调节剂标准20项,涉及38种农药168种食品,简要分析了本届年会标准制修订的几个主要特点.     

茶叶中农药残留指标新变化及其应对措施

GB2763-2012《食品安全国家标准食品中农药最大残留限量》对茶叶的农药残留指标、检测方法等进行了修改和调整。本文着重介绍了新标准中有关茶叶的农药品种及残留限量指标、检测方法、食品分类定义等方面的变化,并对生产企业如何采取应对措施提升茶产品质量安全水平提出了建议。     

运用数据库技术实现对蔬菜产品“从产地到餐桌”的全程监控

由于不合理施用，农药已成为我国农产品污染的重要来源之一。目前，全国受农药污染的农田约1600万hm^2，部分地区蔬菜农药残留超标率高达20％。根据农业部对北京市定点抽检的结果，2001年的7月、9月和11月这3个月批发市场、农贸市场、生产基地的蔬菜农药残留超标较为严重。同时，因食用有毒有害物质超标的农产品而引发的中毒事件还时有发生。     

生物传感器在农药残留检测中的应用

农药的广泛使用需要可靠的工具对其进行监测,从而保护人类和环境安全。传统的分析方法由于繁琐耗时或仪器的昂贵有其局限性。生物传感器是一种以生物活性单元为敏感元件,结合化学、物理转换元件,对被分析物具有高度选择性的仪器,可以用来检测农药残留等污染物。该文综述了近年来生物传感器在环境、食品和农产品农药残留检测中的研究进展。     

食品中农药残留检测技术进展

食品农药残留检测的方法可分为常规仪器检测和快速检测.常规的农药残留分析方法如质谱法、气相色谱法、液相色谱法等.常规检测手段不能满足样品现场快速检测的要求,迫使人们运用新的原理和方法去开发特异性强、方便快捷、灵敏度高、准确安全的快速检测新技术.因此,近几年在各个领域展开了农药残留快速检测技术的研究,目前研究和应用较多的农药残留快速检测技术主要是酶联免疫分析法和酶抑制法.     

农产品中农药残留机制分析与治理路径

农药残留是农药使用后一个时期内没有被分解而残留于生物体、收获物、土壤、水源、大气中的微量农药原体、有毒代谢物、降解物和杂质的总称。在世界贸易一体化的今天，农药最高残留限量已成为各贸易国之间重要的技术壁垒。农药残留限量标准对国内外食品供应和贸易协调的可持续发展具有极其重要的意义。本文分析了当前农药残留监控的发展形势和基于...     

农药残留检测分析技术进展

农药在农作物病虫害的防治中具有不可替代的作用,农药使用导致农药在农产品中的残留,农药残留检测分析是保障食品安全的需要,本文介绍了农药残留检测的样品前处理和检测分析技术的进展。     

Levels and incidences of pesticide residues in various foods and animal feeds analyzed by the Luke multiresidue methodology for fiscal years 1982-1986

During a 5 year period from 1982 to 1986, the FDA Los Angeles District Laboratory analyzed 19,851 samples of domestic and imported food and feed commodities for pesticide residues. A single, rapid, multiresidue method was used. The resultant data have been compiled showing the commodities sampled and the identity and range of levels of pesticide residues detected, including an indication of those residue findings that did not comply with U.S. federal tolerance levels. The residue data presented should not be viewed as being representative of the U.S. food supply; rather, the results are indicative of a surveillance- and compliance-oriented sampling of various food shipments collected by the Los Angeles District.     

Contributions of pesticide residue chemistry to improving food and environmental safety: past and present accomplishments and future challenges

The principles of modern pesticide residue chemistry were articulated in the 1950s. Early authors pointed out the advantages of systematizing and standardizing analytical methods for pesticides so that they could be widely practiced and the results could be reproduced from one laboratory to the next. The availability of improved methods has led to a much more complete understanding of pesticide behavior and fate in foods and the environment. Using methods based largely upon gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled increasingly with mass spectrometry (MS) and MS(n) as the detection tool, residues can be measured at parts per billion levels and below in a variety of food and environmental matrices. Development of efficient extraction and cleanup methods, techniques such as ELISA, efficient sample preparation techniques such as QuEChERS, and automated laboratory and field instrumentation has also contributed to the tools available for use in modern pesticide residue analysis. As a result, great strides have been made in improving food and worker safety and in understanding environmental behavior and fate of pesticides. There are many challenges remaining in the field of pesticide residue chemistry that will continue to stimulate analytical chemists. New chemistries are emerging, often patterned on complex natural products. Analyzing for the parent chemicals and potentially multiple breakdown products will require analytical ingenuity. The development of more sensitive bioassays and knowledge of unintended side effects will challenge residue chemistry as well, as in the case of following the fate of environmental endocrine disruptors associated with some pesticides as well as nonpesticide contaminants from packaging materials and other familiar articles. Continued funding and other resources to ensure better training, international cooperation, and accelerated research and development activities will be a constant need in pesticide residue chemistry as it is for all areas of science that aim to mitigate or eliminate contaminants that can affect human and environmental health and safety.     

Refinements in acute dietary exposure assessments for chlorpyrifos.

Food pesticide residue data are used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to determine potential dietary risk from chronic and acute exposures. An acute dietary risk assessment determines the pesticide exposure resulting from a single-day consumption of food, and uses stepwise refinement of residue estimates to better judge actual exposures. All exposure refinements use estimates of the fraction of crops treated and food residues measured increasingly closer to the point of actual food consumption, without changes in the pesticide uses. Exposure distributions at all levels of data refinement were extremely right skewed. At the highest level evaluated, estimated exposures at the 99.9th percentile were 0.00087 mg/kgBW/day compared to 0.2648 mg/kgBW/day at the tolerance level for children 1-6 years, theoretically the highest-exposed population sub-group. The estimated exposure at the 99.9th percentile of the U.S. population was approximately twice the exposure at the 99th percentile and 33 times the exposure at the 90th percentile. This evaluation showed the calculated exposure at the highest tier of assessment was 300 times lower than the tolerance level assessment for children 1-6 years at the 99.9th percentile. Reduction in exposure estimates between these tiers was due to a combination of the following factors: food residue measurements in a specially designed market-basket study, government-sponsored monitoring data, probabilistic methodologies, market share information, and food processing data. This case study demonstrates that an improved understanding of the uncertainties of acute dietary exposure from pesticides is possible by using well-established statistical tools and applying them to comprehensive exposure information, including residue monitoring data, consumption data, and pesticide use information.     

农产品中农药残留分析技术研究进展

农药残留的极性中毒事件和农产品进出口贸易中农药残留超标问题时有发生,农药残留分析是保证人民群众食品安全和进出口企业利益的重要手段,近年来农产品中农药残留分析技术有了快速的发展。本文主要在农药残留分析中的样品前处理和仪器检测2方面对近5年来的研究进展进行分析和讨论,主要探讨了前处理中的QuEChERS方法的应用、改进和发展,以及仪器检测手段中串联质谱的应用现状及高分辨质谱的应用前景,最后对农药残留分析这两方面的发展进行了展望。     

Effect of commercial processing on pesticide residues in selected fruits and vegetables

Commercial food processing operations such as washing, blanching, and cooking remove major portions of the pesticide residues that are currently permitted on the raw agricultural crop. These unit operations are reviewed for selected products, along with degree of residue removal at each step. For example, washing plus peeling removes 99% of carbaryl and malathion residues from tomatoes. Washing removes 83% of benomyl residue from tomatoes and further processing reduces the residue by 98% in tomato puree and catsup. Even in the most concentrated fraction from tomatoes (tomato paste), residues were below the initial level in the raw product.     

The FDA pesticides program: goals and new approaches

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has carried out a large-scale monitoring program for pesticide residues in foods since the 1960s. The program has evolved continuously as evidenced by a number of recently incorporated modifications and initiatives. Included are greater emphasis on imports; increased and more specific targeting of pesticide/commodity combinations by geographic area or country; development of individual district sampling plans for domestic and imported foods; expanded use of single residue methods; linkage of information on foreign pesticide usage with food import volumes; development of an analytical methods research plan; and increased cooperative sampling and data exchange with the states. Initiatives to acquire and utilize private sector and other monitoring data are being explored, and aggressive steps are being taken to inform the public of FDA monitoring results in a timely and understandable manner.     

叶类蔬菜低农药残留基因型筛选研究

采用气相色谱法（GC-NPD,ECD）测定毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯残留量,研究了菠菜（Spinacia oleracea L.）和不结球白菜（Brassica campestris L. ssp. Chinensis Makino var. communis Tsen et Lee）中毒死蜱、氰戊菊酯的残留动态。结果表明,菠菜中毒死蜱残留量、不结球白菜中毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯残留量存在着明显的基因型差异。同一不结球白菜基因型,毒死蜱和氰戊菊酯的残留量达到《GB 2763—2005食品中农药最大残留限量》中规定的叶类蔬菜农药最大残留限量所需要的时间存在明显差异,且毒死蜱达到最大残留限量所需要的时间比氰戊菊酯长,因此在选择低农药残留基因型时,应首先考虑农药残留时间长、最大农药残留限量低的农药品种。菠菜品种sp0723、卡尔以及不结球白菜品种矮抗青、无锡605和青选3号属于低农药残留的基因型,在生产上推广应用有利于提高叶类蔬菜的食用安全水平。     

硝酸稀土对菠菜中毒死蜱残留的降解作用研究

菠菜是我国蔬菜出口的重要品种之一,其毒死蜱残留量直接关系到我国农产品的出口和消费者的安全。采用气相色谱法（GC-NPD）测定毒死蜱残留量,研究了硝酸稀土对菠菜中毒死蜱残留动态的影响。结果表明,不论是喷施农药之前2d还是喷施农药之后2d喷施硝酸稀土,不同的硝酸稀土对菠菜中的毒死蜱残留都有不同程度的降解作用,且随着喷药后时间的延长,毒死蜱在菠菜中的残留量逐渐减少。不同时间喷施硝酸稀土,对菠菜中毒死蜱残留降解的效果存在差异,药后喷施的效果优于药前喷施。在硝酸稀土种类的选择上,首先选择对毒死蜱降解效果好的硝酸铈和硝酸钕,其次选择常乐益植素和硝酸镧。根据稀土农用的安全性分析,参考植物性食品中稀土最大残留限量标准,选择硝酸稀土作为农药残留降解制剂用于蔬菜安全生产,在技术上是可行的,人类食用是安全的。     

表面增强拉曼光谱检测脐橙果皮混合农药残留

为了研究果皮农药残留快速检测方法。该文以脐橙为例,混合农药(亚胺硫磷和乐果)为研究对象,选用银纳米线作为增强基底,利用共焦显微拉曼光谱仪对农药残留进行检测。通过表面增强拉曼光谱(surface enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)技术,采集脐橙表皮混合农药残留的SERS光谱。对混合农药定性分析,银纳米线对2种农药都有较好的增强效果。对采集的光谱进行预处理后,建立模型,进行定量分析,研究结果表明,经过二阶微分预处理后光谱数据结合偏最小二乘法(partial least squares,PLS)得到的模型预测效果最好,预测相关系数(R_p)为0.954,其预测均方根误差(root-mean-square prediction error,RMSEP)为4.822 mg/L。挑选两种农药特征峰的特征波段,混合农药中亚胺硫磷的特征波段经多元散射校正(multiplicative scatter correction,MSC)处理后,建模效果较好,其中R_p为0.898,RMSEP为6.621 mg/L;混合农药中乐果的特征波段经基线校正处理后,建模效果较好,其中R_p为0.911,RMSEP为7.369 mg/L。研究结果表明SERS技术是一种快速、可靠的检测混合农药残留的方法。     

Codex alimentarius approach to pesticide residue standards

To protect consumers' health, most countries have maximum legal limits for pesticide residues in foods. Trade difficulties can arise when limits differ between countries. The Codex Alimentarius Commission was established in 1962 to implement the Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, the purpose of which is to protect consumer health and ensure fair practices in international food trade. The Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues (CCPR), an intergovernmental body which advises the Commission on matters related to pesticide residues, is responsible for establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides in foods and feeds that move in international trade. Codex MRLs are based on residue data obtained mainly from supervised trials that reflect approved pesticide use in accordance with "good agricultural practice." MRLs must be toxicologically acceptable in terms of estimated pesticide intake by consumers. CCPR Working Groups examine problems related to establishing and implementing MRLs, including sampling and methods of analysis. Despite time and effort expended, acceptance and application of Codex MRLs face many problems in international trade.