Automatic segmentation method for live fish eggs microscopic image analysis

Automatic visual inspection (AVI) is a popular tool for object detection and analysis in many fields. In fisheries, AVI systems designed for fish egg development analysis are used for fish egg assessments in commercial and experimental fish production systems and in ecological monitoring. The first step in AVI systems is to subdivide an image into meaningful regions. The accuracy of this segmentation directly influences the success of subsequent image analysis operations such as feature selection and classification. At present, a lot of image segmentation techniques are available, but there is no universal segmentation technique suitable for all kinds of images.This paper presents a cascading automatic segmentation method for microscopic digitised images of live common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) eggs in Petri dishes filled with water. The proposed method involves five main steps:1) image pre-processing, 2) image initial segmentation by Otsu’s method, 3) segmentation post-processing based on morphological operations, 4) image edge detection and morphological operations to remove incomplete eggs, and finally 5) a Watershed method was used to resolve the problem of separating adjoining fish eggs. Testing the method in Matlab software verified that fish eggs were recognized, segmented and counted with 100% accuracy compared to manual observation in all 96 test cases.     

Fatty acid nutritional quality of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) eggs and endotrophic larvae: relevance for feeding of marine larval fish

Sea urchin eggs and larvae have been suggested as potential live prey for marine fish larval feeding. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition of Paracentrotus lividus eggs, prisms and four-armed plutei, obtained from wild and captive broodstocks fed on raw diets: maize, seaweed and a combination of maize and seaweed. Amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA) for marine fish larvae [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)] were determined in eggs and endotrophic larvae. ARA ranged from 3.93% in eggs from combination to 18.7% in plutei from maize diets. In any developmental stage, EPA amounts were always lower than 5% for the raw diets, and DHA showed null or trace amounts including the wild diet. Thus, broodstock-prepared diets had to be formulated based on different lipid sources (Algamac, linseed oil, cod liver oil and olive oil) in order to test eggs and larvae EFA enhancement. EFA improvement was possible for all tested prepared diets. Algamac diet lead to superior EFA enhancement mainly in DHA (7.24%, 4.92% and 6.09% for eggs, prisms and plutei, respectively) followed by cod liver oil diet. Only these two lipid sources should be considered for prepared broodstock diets in order to obtain suitable live prey for fish larval feeding.     

Fatty acid and carotenoid composition of eggs from two nonanadromous Atlantic salmon stocks of cultured and wild origin

Two Swedish landlocked (nonanadromous) salmon (Salmo salar) stocks were investigated with the aim of characterising their egg fatty acid (FA) and carotenoid profiles. Fish from one of the stocks were also cultured over the past few decades as part of the Swedish program for genetic preservation, allowing a comparison between the eggs from females on a diet based on lipids of limnic (natural food chain) origin and eggs from females fed an artificial diet of marine origin. No significant differences in the FA profile of the phospholipid (PL) or triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction were found between the two wild stocks. The content of EPA (20:5n-3, eicosapentaenoic acid) in PL fraction was significantly higher in eggs from cultured females (13.0%) compared with eggs from both wild stocks (5.7 and 6.4%). Further, in PL fraction, AA (20:4n-6, arachidonic acid) levels in these eggs were significantly lower (2.4% versus 6.7 and 6.2%). The AA content of the TAG fraction differed greatly between wild (4.4 and 4.9%) and cultured (1.2%) eggs, whereas this fraction showed almost no corresponding difference in EPA content. The level of DHA (22:6n-3, docosahexaenoic acid) did not differ between the two wild stocks or between wild and cultured fish. This was in spite of widely different levels of DHA in the diet. The composition of carotenoids was altered in the cultured eggs which had a higher proportion and higher content (1.16 g egg^–1) of astaxanthin than the wild eggs (0.56 and 0.62 g egg^–1, respectively). Hatching success varied markedly between wild (>95%) and cultured fish (40–75%). We conclude that changes in the lipid source in the diet of female salmon during gonadal maturation will alter the egg fatty acid composition with an increased risk of disturbances in embryonic development as a consequence. Further, the lack of any difference between wild and cultured females in terms of their egg DHA content indicates that there is a strong genetic influence on levels of this fatty acid in salmon eggs.     

Flat fish eggs,larvae and their development

Studies on development of eight species of flat fishes (Psettodes erumei, Brachypleura novae-zeelandiae, Pseudorhombus arsius, Bothus myriaster, Synaptura albomaculata, S. commersoniana, Cynoglossus arel and C. monopus) were carried out with plankton collections and with laboratory reared larvae. The development stages of Cynoglossus arel and C. monopus from egg to metamorphosis are described.     

基于DNA条形码技术的永暑礁泻湖鱼卵鉴定研究

为了解南海珊瑚礁鱼类的产卵时间、产卵地点和种类分布,本研究以南海永暑礁泻湖鱼卵为研究对象,根据形态学特征和DNA条形码序列信息对其进行种属鉴定分析。71个鱼卵样品根据形态学特征分为圆形和椭圆形2种类型,圆形鱼卵44个,椭圆形鱼卵27个。利用DNA条形码技术扩增测序获得了30个鱼卵样品的线粒体COI条形码序列,经BOLD数据库比对分析显示30个鱼卵样品均可鉴定到种,分属于1个目,7个科,13个种。双斑栉齿刺尾鱼有10个鱼卵,白尾栉齿刺尾鱼有4个鱼卵,为该海域的优势种类,其余各种类均为1~2个鱼卵。根据线粒体COI序列计算种内的K2P(Kimura-2-parameter)遗传距离为0.002,同一个属种间的遗传距离为0.004~0.132,而同一个科不同属间的遗传距离为0.117~0.185。该研究结果表明DNA条形码技术可以作为鉴定南沙群岛珊瑚礁海域鱼卵的有效方法,能被广泛应用于南沙群岛珊瑚海区域鱼卵和仔稚鱼的鉴定工作。     

海水鱼卵子石蜡切片的方法改进

利用戊二醛作固定液,通过对脱水、透明、透蜡、染色技术的改进,在海水鱼卵子石蜡切片过程中,省略了卵膜剥离程序,获得了良好的切片效果。     

从鱼糜下脚料中提取鱼油的研究

研究以金线鱼和长蛇鲻的混合鱼糜生产下脚料为材料,利用钾法提取鱼油。结果表明,钾法提取鱼油的工艺参数为水解pH为7.5,水解温度70℃,水解时间55min,硝酸钾用量4.5%,盐析时间30min,在该条件下鱼油的提取率达到64.5%。鱼油的理化性质达到了SC/T3502-2000标准粗鱼油的二级要求。鱼油中饱和脂肪酸的含量较高,占总量的48.59%;单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的含量相当,分别为24.48%和24.49%,多不饱和脂肪酸主要是DHA和EPA,含量分别为11.18%和5.17%。     

大亚湾鱼卵数量分布及种类组成特征

根据2003-2005年大亚湾8个航次鱼卵调查数据,分析大亚湾鱼卵数量和种类组成的年间变化和季节变化。结果表明,大亚湾鱼卵数量具有较大的年间波动和显著的季节变化,鱼卵数量高峰期出现在5-9月,以9月为最高峰。鱼卵数量的空间分布极不均匀,且季节变化明显。鱼卵全年以鲾科(Leiognathidae)、小沙丁鱼(Sardinells sp).、小公鱼(Stolephorus sp).、舌鳎科(Synoglossidae)、斑(Clupanodon punctatus)、褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)和鲷科(Sparidae)鱼类占优势,其鱼卵数量在2003-2004年占总数的90.6%,2004-2005年占总数的90.7%。其中,尤以鲾科鱼卵所占比例最大,在2003-2004年春、夏、秋季分别占总数的71.7%、73.1%和86.0%,冬季则以斑、褐菖鲉和鲷科鱼类占绝对优势。大亚湾鱼卵的数量变动与鱼类种群结构变化有关,空间分布与海流及浮游动物的分布有关。     

加速溶剂萃取技术提取海刀豆中总黄酮的工艺研究

运用加速溶剂萃取技术（accelerated solvent extraction,ASE）,通过单因素试验和响应面分析法优化海刀豆（Canavalia maritima）中总黄酮的提取工艺。在单因素试验的基础上,选取萃取温度、萃取时间和甲醇体积分数3个因素为自变量,总黄酮提取率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,研究各因素的显著性及其交互作用对总黄酮提取率的影响。利用Design Expert软件,建立了提取率与各因素的二次多项式数学模型,得到了海刀豆中总黄酮的最佳提取条件：萃取压力10.3 MPa,萃取温度130 ℃,萃取时间16 min,甲醇体积分数66%,循环次数2次,总黄酮提取率为83.43%,与理论值相对偏差-1.63%。     

Effects of temperature on development and mortality of Atlantic mackerel fish eggs

The development of Northeast Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) eggs, obtained from artificial fertilisation during the spawning season in the Biscay Bay area, was monitored at five temperatures (ranging from 8.6 to 17.8 °C). The times to intermediate stages (III–V) and total hatching, obtained in this study, agree with the results of previous studies undertaken some years ago. However, the times over stages IA, IB and 50% hatching indicate that development rates differed significantly between the studies; this could be related to an effect of the previous thermal history of the eggs, or to experimental biases. Daily mortality (Z) during the embryonic period was found to vary between 0.17 and 0.38, using traditional exponential decay models. The estimates of mortality rate were found to range consistently with those derived from previous studies on Northwest Atlantic mackerel eggs without predation. However, the shape of the survivorship-curve during the development pursued in this study has indicated that mortality is not constant in time. Similarly, the suitability of an exponential model to describe daily mortality should be considered.     

过氧化氢作为鱼卵水霉病防治药物的应用

孔雀石绿和福尔马林长期以来就用于淡水养殖鱼类鱼卵水霉病治疗。然而,孔雀石绿由于有诱发畸形、鱼体残留影响不明等弊病,美国食品与药品管理局自1991年就已禁止用于水产养殖,而福尔马林由于有损害作业人员健康、引起鱼体甲醛残留、影响水域环境等弊病,在日本等许多国家也已禁止使用。作为孔雀石绿和福尔马林等代用药物,近10年来,美国和日本等国家对过氧化氢对淡水养殖鱼类,尤其是淡化养殖鲑鳟鱼类鱼卵水霉病防治效果进行了大量研究。     

Surface disinfection of eggs from marine fish: evaluation of four chemicals

For surface disinfection of marine fish eggs Buffodine (1.06% free iodine), glutaraldehyde, chloramine-T and sodium hypochlorite (5% free chlorine) were tested using plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) as the main species for evaluation. Glutaraldehyde was the most promising candidate of the four chemicals tested. Good bactericidal effects without any documented negative effects on eggs and larvae were obtained at concentrations of 400–600 mg l^–1 and contact times of 5–10 min. Replicated experiments under identical disinfection conditions revealed a clear correlation between the degree of successful surface disinfection and the initial bacterial load of the egg batch.     

Oversight probability in presence–absence sampling for detection of fish eggs

ABSTRACT:   Presence–absence sampling (PAS) is a sampling technique that observes only the presence or absence of objects, such as eggs, in sampling units. The purpose of the present paper was to study the oversight probability in a PAS study for detecting fish eggs in connection with the spatial distribution of eggs. It was shown that the oversight probability of presence of eggs under no-eggs observation is a monotone decreasing function of the parameter of the degree of contagion.     

不投饵网箱套养鳜鱼试验

鳜鱼（siniperca ehuatsi）俗名季花鱼、胖鳜、桂鱼。鳜鱼肉质细嫩，味道鲜美，是淡水名贵鱼类，由于生态环境变化及捕捞强度增大，使野生鳜鱼资源量日趋枯竭，市场前景十分看好。     

超声波辅助提取金枪鱼蒸煮液鱼油工艺研究及品质分析

为探索金枪鱼蒸煮液鱼油高值化开发利用技术,对超声辅助乙醇提取金枪鱼蒸煮液鱼油工艺进行优化,通过单因素试验研究液料比、温度、时间和功率对鱼油提取率的影响,在此基础上采用响应面法进一步优化工艺条件.试验结果表明,最优工艺条件为:提取温度34℃,提取时长60 min,超声功率154 W.该工艺条件下鱼油的提取率为91.32％...     

集约化养殖鱼类脂肪肝疾病及其防治

近年来,笔者在华北水产养殖地区水产技术服务和科研中了解到高密度养殖生产的养殖鱼类常发生脂肪肝病,特别是养殖后期,临近收获,引起大批死亡,给生产和效益造成了巨大的经济损失.     

赤水河赤水市江段鱼卵漂流密度的昼夜变化特征

基于2011-2012年6-7月赤水河赤水市江段鱼类早期资源昼夜24 h连续采样情况,对该江段鱼卵漂流密度的昼夜变化特征进行了研究。7个昼夜共采集银（ Squalidus argentatus）、宜昌鳅（ Gobiobotia filifer）、鳜（ Siniperca chuatsi）、寡鳞飘鱼（ Pseudolaubuca engraulis）、犁头鳅（ Lepturichthys fimbriata）、四川华吸鳅（ Sinogastro-myzon szechuanensis）、长薄鳅（ Leptobotia elongata）、中华沙鳅（ Botia superciliaris）、紫薄鳅（ Leptobotia taeniops）和花斑副沙鳅（ Parabotia fasciata）10种鱼类的卵粒9099枚。结果显示,这些鱼卵漂流密度的昼夜变化特征不尽一致,其中银、四川华吸鳅、紫薄鳅和花斑副沙鳅夜间的漂流密度显著大于白天（Mann-Whitney U-tests, P＜0.05）,宜昌鳅和犁头鳅白天的漂流密度显著大于夜间（Mann-Whitney U-tests, P＜0.05）,而中华沙鳅和长薄鳅的漂流密度昼夜差异不显著（ Mann-Whitney U-tests, P＞0.05）。根据采集鱼卵所处发育期和孵化水温推算可知,银、宜昌鳅、长薄鳅、紫薄鳅、中华沙鳅和花斑副沙鳅的繁殖活动集中在白天时段,而犁头鳅和四川华吸鳅的繁殖活动主要发生在夜间时段。繁殖时间的昼夜分化可能是导致鱼卵漂流密度昼夜差异的主要原因。     

Efficiency of presence-absence sampling used to estimate the mean abundance of fish eggs

ABSTRACT:   Statistical properties of estimators relating to the mean abundance of fish eggs were investigated using the data from the presence-absence sampling (PAS) and counting sampling (CS). PAS, which focuses on the presence-absence of eggs in a sample, is more cost-effective yet is unlikely to give more precise estimates than CS, which counts the number of eggs. But when limitations are given on the sampling cost and number of sampling stations, PAS may have advantages. This study shows that the mean square error (MSE) of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) based on PAS may become smaller than the MSE of the MLE based on counting data when the number of observations for PAS becomes larger. The observation number for PAS is determined, which minimizes the MSE of a combined estimator from the two MLE under a restriction of the total cost of observation. A dual problem is also solved. It is shown that MSE of the MLE in PAS is a monotone increasing function of the oversight probability. PAS becomes more informative as the distribution of the number of eggs is more aggregated.     

马鞍列岛人工鱼礁区鱼卵与仔稚鱼的群落结构

为了解人工鱼礁投放对鱼卵和仔稚鱼分布的影响,于2018年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、7月(夏季)和10月(秋季)利用大型浮游生物网在马鞍列岛海洋牧场开展了4个航次的水平拖网调查。根据鱼卵、仔稚鱼的种类组成、数量分布等群落结构特征,对投礁区和未投礁区鱼卵、仔稚鱼的资源分布进行研究。结果显示,2018年在马鞍列岛海洋牧场共采集鱼卵5 642粒、仔稚鱼1 013尾,隶属于10目21科49种。鱼卵优势种为龙头鱼、短吻红舌鳎和小黄鱼;仔稚鱼的优势种为褐菖鲉、花鲈和小公鱼属未定种。投礁区和未投礁区鱼卵仔稚鱼的优势种种类组成基本一致,但是群落结构差异显著,投礁区各个季节的多样性指数、丰富度指数及均匀度指数均高于未投礁区,与未投礁区差异显著,且春季投礁区的生物多样性最高。聚类分析显示,春季鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构最为稳定,冬季群落结构最简单,夏、秋两季相似度较高,群落结构更复杂。研究表明,马鞍列岛海洋牧场人工鱼礁的投放对鱼卵、仔稚鱼具有一定的聚集和庇护作用,温度(T)、盐度(S)、水体浑浊度(Turb.)等海洋物理环境因子对鱼卵、仔稚鱼分布影响显著。     

基于栖息地指数的渤海湾鱼卵环境适应性

为深入了解渤海湾鱼卵与栖息环境间的关系,掌握鱼卵分布的区域特征,本研究基于2014年至2018年(各年5-7月)渤海湾鱼卵和海洋环境调查数据,根据海水表面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海水表面盐度(sea surface salinity,SSS)和海水pH,采用几何平均法(geome...