枸杞果实振动脱落特性模拟仿真及试验研究

为深入研究枸杞果实-果柄振动分离特性,确定成熟枸杞果实-果柄分离用时最短的激振振幅与频率组合,研究了枸杞果实振动脱落机理,并通过仿真试验得到了最佳振幅和频率、枸杞脱落数量与时间的关系曲线、振动杆加速度和枸杞果实的加速度。搭建了枸杞振动试验台,以脱落所需时间为指标,分别对成熟和未成熟枸杞进行了振动脱落正交试验,获得了不同激振组合参数下振动杆的加速度及枸杞的脱落情况,最终确定了试验因素的最佳组合为:激振振幅12mm,激振频率16Hz。该条件下成熟枸杞脱落用时为1. 39 s,激振方向最大加速度为162. 81m/s2。本研究可为振动式枸杞机械收获装置的设计提供理论依据与数据支撑。     

拖拉机座椅振动对驾驶员腰部疲劳影响研究——以积分肌电值和主观感受评价值为指标

为了解决拖拉机座椅振动对驾驶员腰部疲劳的影响,模拟拖拉机作业时的振动状态,在不同振动加速度和频率作用下测试了受试者腰部多裂肌和竖脊肌的表面肌电信号(sEMG),并分析其积分肌电值(iEMG)的变化规律.结果表明:腰部多裂肌和竖脊肌的iEMG在振动频率为4.0Hz的条件下,随振动加速度的增大而增加,在2.0m/s2 时出现最大值;在加速度为1.2m/s2 的条件下,随振动频率增大其变化不大;驾驶员主观感受的腰部肌肉疲劳随振动加速度和频率的增大而加重.     

离心泵关死点内流诱导振动测试

采用加速度传感器对一比转数为65的离心泵关死工况下的流动诱导振动进行了测试,并对试验结果进行了详细分析。试验结果表明:1轴向振动加速度脉动呈现一定的弱周期性规律,径向振动加速度脉动没有任何周期性;2蜗壳隔舌处的振动加速度脉动幅值最大;3各测点的最大振动加速度均出现在1 400 Hz附近,大约是叶片通过频率的10倍;4蜗壳5断面处的轴向振动程度是最为剧烈的,而7断面处的径向振动程度是最弱的。     

农田行驶工况下拖拉机振动特性研究

为更了解国产拖拉机的振动情况,对拖拉机行驶在不同工作路面条件下的振动特性进行研究。以CF700拖拉机为研究对象,测试拖拉机分别行驶在水田、小麦秸秆田、稻秸秆田和田间小路四种不同的农田道路上时的振动加速度。试验过程中,对拖拉机前桥、后桥、驾驶室底板与座椅位置纵向、横向和垂向共4个位置8个方向的振动加速度进行测试。结果得到,同等条件下,拖拉机在水田行驶时的振动加速度均方根值最小,在水稻秸秆田行驶时的振动加速度均方根值最大;加速度功率谱的峰值频率主要集中在1~5 Hz,垂向的峰值频率一般大于纵向和横向的峰值频率;前、后轮动载荷系数随速度的增加而增大,均在安全行驶的范围内。该研究为后期设计适合国内路面情况的拖拉机减振装置提高理论依据。     

农业机械振动的测量与控制

拖拉机及其它农业机械在工作中常产生强烈振动,使操作者在使用这些机械时感到很不舒服。为了使振动能够控制在最小范围之内,测量农业机械设备中产生的振动并加以控制是很必要的。1振动的测量在振动研究中有三种最重要的量,即位移、速度和加速度。当比较速度变化时,使用被称为加速度表的加速度灵敏传感器较为理想。另外,电子求积器因其可根据速度和位移的变化而改变加速度表的输出信号,所以用于这种测量更为有效。农业机械中产生的大多数振动都是无规则的,为了预测农业机器中振动所产生的结果,分析振动的频率十分必要。各种电子频率…     

拖拉机座椅振动加速度对驾驶疲劳的影响——以心率增加率和疲劳评价值为指标

为了减轻拖拉机驾驶疲劳,在模拟拖拉机座椅振动的条件下,试验研究了振动加速度对被验者的心率变化及其身体疲劳的影响.结果表明:座椅的垂直加速度azw在w0.8～2.0m/s2、且联合加权加速度Aω在1.1~2.3m/s2的范围内,被验者的心率增加率随振动加速度增加逐渐减小,其平均值减小13%;azw在2.0～2.4m/s2、且Aw在2.3～2.7m/s2范围内,被验者的心率增加率减小缓慢,平均减小2%;被验者心率增加率与座椅振动加速度呈二次曲线规律变化,具有密切的相关性;被验者身体各部位的疲劳程度随振动加速度增加而加重,头部和胸背部的疲劳明显高于其它部位.     

基于频谱技术的某客车振动测试分析

针对某型客车在70km/h至90km/h速度范围内行驶时后排座椅处地板振动较大问题,进行了车身骨架有限元模态分析和整车道路试验。利用频谱分析技术对道路试验数据进行处理分析后发现,后悬架振动和车辆在较高速行驶时发动机产生的高频振动是后排座椅处地板振动的两个能量来源,其中来自后悬架的振动是主要振动原因,车身骨架模态频率与发动机在这一行驶条件下激励频率重叠是另一个振动原因。     

振动攻丝的重复切削次数研究

分析了振动攻丝过程中由于重复切削而使攻丝扭矩降低的原因，根据试验结果，利用曲线拟合的方法建立了振动攻丝的平均攻丝扭矩地。随重复切削次数Q变化的关系式。根据建立的关系式，对本文试验条件下的重复切削次数Q进行了优化。此种方法可以指导实际生产中的重复切削次数Q的选用。     

微耕机非作业状态的振动测试及分析

采用QLVC-ZSA1振动信号分析仪及压电式加速度传感器,分别测试微耕机在非作业状态下发动机处于典型工况时微耕机发动机壳体、扶手的振动信号,并对其进行时域和频域分析,得到微耕机在非作业状态各种工况下振动信号的特征值及频谱图。分析结果表明:在发动机转速由小变大的过程中,微耕机扶手的振动频率加大,但在怠速时的振动均方根值最大,发动机壳体的振动频率加大,振动加速度值变大且其均方根值的最大值是最小值的1.8倍,引起发动机振动的频率范围在26~131Hz的低频段之间,在怠速工况下扶手处的振动已变为高频振动。     

振动参数对果树采收影响的试验研究

从乔木类果品采收实际要求出发,旨在解决乔木类果树的连续机械振动采收问题。为此,进行了连续激振式采收过程中影响果树振动效果的试验。通过电动振动试验系统对果树主干不同位置进行夹持,施加不同类型激振力进行振动试验,利用动态信号测试分析系统进行数据采集和输出,获得不同振动频率、振幅下果树不同位置的加速度数据及曲线,并进行分析和对比。结果表明:当夹持主干的位置距离果树固定端为60cm、振动测试系统输出振动频率为25Hz、激振位移为5mm时,果树获得加速度较大;树枝和果实之间的相对加速度也较大。该试验为振动采收装置的研究提供必要的理论依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。